Studies on radionuclide imaging and contrast ultrasound for sentinel node diagnostics in breast cancer and melanoma

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Nielsen, Kristina Rue ^a  

^a Rigshospitalet   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NANOCOLL TC 99M; PERFLEXANE; PERFLUBUTANE; PERFLUTREN; SONOVUE; CONTRAST MEDIUM;

ARTICLE; ASPIRATION BIOPSY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCINTISCANNING; CANCER SIZE; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCED LYMPHOULTRASONOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE QUALITY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INJECTION SITE BURNING; INJECTION SITE CONTUSION; INJECTION SITE PAIN; INJECTION SITE PARESTHESIA; INJECTION SITE REACTION; IONIZING RADIATION; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; MELANOMA; NONHUMAN; RADIATION DOSE; RADIOACTIVITY; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; TISSUE INJURY; TISSUE NECROSIS; ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER; ANIMAL; BREAST TUMOR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; ECHOGRAPHY; FEMALE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MOUSE; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCINTISCANNING; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; CONTRAST MEDIA; FEMALE; LOGISTIC MODELS; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MELANOMA; MICE; ODDS RATIO; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 78951493608     PISSN: 16039629     EISSN: 16039629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Kiluk JV, Ly QP, Santillan AA, Meade T, Ramos D, Reintgen DS et al. Erratum to: Axillary Recurrence Rate Following Negative Sentinel Node Biopsy for Invasive Breast Cancer: Long-Term Follow-Up. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;
2. Balch CM, Soong S, Ross MI, Urist MM, Karakousis CP, Temple WJ et al. Long-term results of a multiinstitutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7:87-97.
3. Chakera AH, Drzewiecki KT, Eigtved A, Juhl BR. Sentinel node biopsy for melanoma: a study of 241 patients. Melanoma Res 2004; 14:521-526.
4. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF, Lee JE, Colome MI, Tseng CH et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:976-983.
5. Goldberg BB, Merton DA, Liu JB, Thakur M, Murphy GF, Needleman L et al. Sentinel lymph nodes in a swine model with melanoma: contrast-enhanced lymphatic US. Radiology 2004; 230:727-734.
6. Goldberg BB, Merton DA, Liu JB, Murphy G, Forsberg F. Contrast-enhanced sonographic imaging of lymphaticchannels and sentinel lymph nodes. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24:953-965.
7. Lock-Andersen J, Horn J, Sjostrand H, Nurnberg BM, Stokholm KH. Sentinel node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2006; 40:24-31.
8. RF, Kono Y, Baker K, Peterson T. Sentinel lymph node imaging with microbubble ultrasound contrast material. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 1:S231-S235.
9. Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA, Th Rutgers EJ, Kroon BB. History of sentinel node and validation of the technique. Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3:109-112.
10. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992; 127:392-399.
11. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1994; 220:391-398.
12. Lock-Andersen J, Rossing N, Drzewiecki KT. Preoperative cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma. Cancer 1989; 63:77-82.
13. Alex JC, Weaver DL, Fairbank JT, Rankin BS, Krag DN. Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma. Surg Oncol 1993; 2:303-308.
14. Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol 1993; 2:335-339.
15. Chakera AH, Hesse B, Burak Z, Ballinger JR, Britten A, Caraco C et al. EANM-EORTC general recommendations for sentinel node diagnostics in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1713-1742.
16. Alkureishi LW, Burak Z, Alvarez JA, Ballinger J, Bilde A, Britten AJ et al. Joint practice guidelines for radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node localization in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1915-1936.
17. Voit CA, van Akkooi AC, Schafer-Hesterberg G, Schoengen A, Schmitz PI, Sterry W et al. Rotterdam Criteria for sentinel node (SN) tumor burden and the accuracy of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC): can US-guided FNAC replace SN staging in patients with melanoma? J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4994-5000.
18. Clement O, Luciani A. Imaging the lymphatic system: possibilities and clinical applications. Eur Radiol 2004; 14:1498-1507.
19. Lurie DM, Seguin B, Schneider PD, Verstraete FJ, Wisner ER. Contrast-assisted ultrasound for sentinel lymphnode detection in spontaneously arising canine head and neck tumors. Invest Radiol 2006; 41:415-421.
20. Omoto K, Mizunuma H, Ogura S, Hozumi Y, Nagai H, Taniguchi N et al. New method of sentinel node identification with ultrasonography using albumin as contrast agent: a study in pigs. Ultrasound Med Biol 2002; 28:1115-1122.
21. Wisner ER, Ferrara K, Gabe JD, Patel D, Nyland TG, Short RE et al. Contrast enhanced intermittent power Doppler ultrasound with sub-micron bubbles for sentinel node detection. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 2:S389-S391.
22. Wisner ER, Ferrara KW, Short RE, Ottoboni TB, Gabe JD, Patel D. Sentinel node detection using contrastenhanced power Doppler ultrasound lymphography. Invest Radiol 2003; 38:358-365.
23. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorized medicinal products for human use - SonoVue. Summary of product characteristics, annex I. European Medicines Agency.2008. http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/humans/epar/sonovue/sonovue.htm. 25 Feb 2008.
24. European Medicines Agency. EPARs for authorized medicinal products for human use - Luminity. Summary of product characteristics, annex I. European Medicines Agency.2008. http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/humans/epar/luminity/luminity.htm. 25 Feb 2008.
25. Watanabe R, Matsumura M, Chen CJ, Kaneda Y, Ishihara M, Fujimaki M. Gray-scale liver enhancement with Sonazoid (NC100100), a novel ultrasound contrast agent; detection of hepatic tumors in a rabbit model. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:1272-1277.
26. Riber-Hansen R, Sjoegren P, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Steiniche T. Extensive pathological analysis of selected melanoma sentinel lymph nodes: high metastasis detection rates at reduced workload. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:1492-1501.
27. Uren RF. SPECT/CT Lymphoscintigraphy to locate the sentinel lymph node in patients with melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1459-1460.
28. Colleoni M, Rotmensz N, Peruzzotti G, Maisonneuve P, Mazzarol G, Pruneri G et al. Size of breast cancer metastases in axillary lymph nodes: clinical relevance of minimal lymph node involvement. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:1379-1389.
29. Cox CE, Kiluk JV, Riker AI, Cox JM, Allred N, Ramos DC et al. Significance of sentinel lymph node micrometastases in human breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 206:261-268.
30. Dabbs DJ, Fung M, Landsittel D, McManus K, Johnson R. Sentinel lymph node micrometastasis as a predictor of axillary tumor burden. Breast J 2004; 10:101-105.
31. Gobardhan PD, Elias SG, Madsen EV, Bongers V, Ruitenberg HJ, Perre CI et al. Prognostic value of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with breast carcinoma: a cohort study. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:41-48.
32. van Akkooi AC, Nowecki ZI, Voit C, Schafer-Hesterberg G, Michej W, de Wilt JH et al. Sentinel node tumor burden according to the Rotterdam criteria is the most important prognostic factor for survival in melanoma patients: a multicenter study in 388 patients with positive sentinel nodes. Ann Surg 2008; 248:949-955.
33. Langer I, Guller U, Viehl CT, Moch H, Wight E, Harder F et al. Axillary Lymph Node Dissection for Sentinel Lymph Node Micrometastases May Be Safely Omitted in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients: Long-Term Outcomes of a Prospective Study. Ann Surg Oncol 2009
34. Moroi Y. Significance of sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant melanoma: overview of international data. Int J Clin Oncol 2009; 14:485-489.
35. Hakim AA, Terada KY. Sentinel node dissection in vulvar cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2006; 7:85-91.
36. Kroon BK, Valdes Olmos RA, van Tinteren H, Nieweg OE, Horenblas S. Reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy for lymphatic mapping in patients with penile carcinoma. J Urol 2005; 174:2214-2217.
37. Ayhan A, Celik H, Dursun P. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in gynecological cancers: a critical review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 2008; 6:53
38. Bastide C, Brenot-Rossi I, Garcia S, Rossi D. Radioisotope guided sentinel lymph node dissection in patients with localized prostate cancer: Results of the first 100 cases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008;
39. El-Ghobashy AE, Saidi SA. Sentinel lymph node sampling in gynaecological cancers: Techniques and clinical applications. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008;
40. Knapp DW, Adams LG, Degrand AM, Niles JD, Ramos-Vara JA, Weil AB et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping of invasive urinary bladder cancer in animal models using invisible light. Eur Urol 2007; 52:1700-1708.
41. Ozmen MM, Ozmen F, Zulfikaroglu B. Lymph nodes in gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:476-481.
42. Holl G, Dorn R, Wengenmair H, Weckermann D, Sciuk J. Validation of sentinel lymph node dissection in prostate cancer: experience in more than 2,000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1377-1382.
43. Giuliano AE. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in primary breast carcinoma: an alternative to routine axillary dissection. J Surg Oncol 1996; 62:75-77.
44. Krag DN, Meijer SJ, Weaver DL, Loggie BW, Harlow SP, Tanabe KK et al. Minimal-access surgery for staging of malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 1995; 130:654-658.
45. Ross MI, Reintgen D, Balch CM. Selective lymphadenectomy: emerging role for lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the management of early stage melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1993; 9:219-223.
46. L, Goyal A, Newcombe RG, McNeill F, Mansel RE. Adverse reactions to patent blue V dye - The NEW START and ALMANAC experience. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009;
47. Montgomery LL, Thorne AC, Van Zee KJ, Fey J, Heerdt AS, Gemignani M et al. Isosulfan blue dye reactions during sentinel lymph node mapping for breast cancer. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:385-8, table.
48. Buscombe J, Paganelli G, Burak ZE, Waddington W, Maublant J, Prats E et al. Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural guidelines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:2154-2159.
49. Burak WE, Jr., Walker MJ, Yee LD, Kim JA, Saha S, Hinkle G et al. Routine preoperative lymphoscintigraphy is not necessary prior to sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer. Am J Surg 1999; 177:445-449.
50. Gutman F, Sanson A, Piquenot JM, Hitzel A, Ladonne JM, Dessogne P et al. Intra-individual comparison of sentinel lymph node scintigraphy on the day of injection and on the following day in breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2006; 27:5-9.
51. Koizumi M, Nomura E, Yamada Y, Takiguchi T, Tanaka K, Yoshimoto M et al. Sentinel node detection using 99mTc-rhenium sulphide colloid in breast cancer patients: evaluation of 1 day and 2 day protocols, and a dose-finding study. Nucl Med Commun 2003; 24:663-670.
52. Seok JW, Kim IJ, Heo YJ, Yang YJ, Choi YS, Kim BG et al. Comparison of subareolar injection lymphoscintigraphy with the 1-day and the 2-day protocols for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Ann Nucl Med 2009; 23:465-469.
53. van ES, Hobbelink M, Van Isselt JW, Mali WP, Borel R, I, van HR. Comparison of a 1-day and a 2-day protocol for lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with nonpalpable breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1383-1387.
54. Wang L, Yu JM, Wang YS, Zuo WS, Gao Y, Fan JM et al. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy predicts the successful identification but is not necessary in sentinel lymphnodes biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:2215-2220.
55. Chakera AH, Friis E, Hesse U, Al-Suliman N, Zerahn B, Hesse B. Factors of importance for scintigraphic nonvisualisation of sentinel nodes in breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32:286-293.
56. Chakera AH, Lock-Andersen J, Hesse U, Nurnberg BM, Juhl BR, Stokholm KH et al. One-day or two-day procedure for sentinel node biopsy in melanoma? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:928-937.
57. McMasters KM, Wong SL, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ, Brown CM, Dirk NR et al. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for breast cancer does not improve the ability to identify axillary sentinel lymph nodes. Ann Surg 2000; 231:724-731.
58. Upponi SS, McIntosh SA, Wishart GC, Balan KK, Purushotham AD. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer--is lymphoscintigraphy really necessary? Eur J Surg Oncol 2002; 28:479-480.
59. Tiourina T, Arends B, Huysmans D, Rutten H, Lemaire B, Muller S. Evaluation of surgical gamma probes for radioguided sentinel node localisation. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25:1224-1231.
60. van LA, Bosma AM, Pijpers R. Evaluation of surgical gamma probes. Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26:183-184.
61. Zamburlini M, Keymeulen K, Bemelmans M, Brans B, Kemerink GJ. Comparison of sentinel gamma probes for 99mTc breast cancer surgery based on NEMA NU3-2004 standard. Nucl Med Commun 2009; 30:854-861.
62. Estourgie SH, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA, Rutgers EJ, Peterse JL, Kroon BB. Eight false negative sentinel node procedures in breast cancer: what went wrong? Eur J Surg Oncol 2003; 29:336-340.
63. Lam TK, Uren RF, Scolyer RA, Quinn MJ, Shannon KF, Thompson JF. False-negative sentinel node biopsy because of obstruction of lymphatics by metastatic melanoma: the value of ultrasound in conjunction with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. Melanoma Res 2009; 19:94-99.
64. Goyal A, Mansel RE. Recent advances in sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2008; 20:621-626.
65. Shimazu K, Tamaki Y, Taguchi T, Takamura Y, Noguchi S. Comparison between periareolar and peritumoral injection of radiotracer for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. Surgery 2002; 131:277-286.
66. Tuttle TM, Colbert M, Christensen R, Ose KJ, Jones T, Wetherille R et al. Subareolar injection of 99mTc facilitatesfacilitates sentinel lymph node identification. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9:77-81.
67. McMasters KM, Wong SL, Martin RC, Chao C, Tuttle TM, Noyes RD et al. Dermal injection of radioactive colloid is superior to peritumoral injection for breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy: results of a multiinstitutional study. Ann Surg 2001; 233:676-687.
68. Domenech-Vilardell A, Bajen MT, Benitez AM, Ricart Y, Mora J, Rodriguez-Bel L et al. Removal of the internal mammary sentinel node in breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2009; 30:962-970.
69. Noguchi M, Inokuchi M, Zen Y. Complement of peritumoral and subareolar injection in breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy. J Surg Oncol 2009; 100:100-105.
70. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, Valagussa P, Zucali R. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients. 30-year results of a randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:1320-1325.
71. Hong J, Choy E, Soni N, Carmalt H, Gillett D, Spillane AJ. Extra-axillary sentinel node biopsy in the management of early breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31:942-948.
72. Singletary SE, Allred C, Ashley P, Bassett LW, Berry D, Bland KI et al. Revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:3628-3636.
73. Klauber-Demore N, Bevilacqua JL, Van Zee KJ, Borgen P, Cody HS, III. Comprehensive review of the management of internal mammary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 193:547-555.
74. Lawson LL, Sandler M, Martin W, Beauchamp RD, Kelley MC. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy do not enhance the accuracy of lymphatic mapping for breast cancer. Am Surg 2004; 70:1050-1055.
75. van dP, I, Oldenburg HS, Rutgers EJ, Baas-Vrancken Peeters MJ, Kroon BB, Valdes Olmos RA et al. Lymphatic Drainage Patterns from the Treated Breast. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;
76. Doting MH, Stiekema HM, de VJ, Lemstra C, Hoekstra HJ, Vrieling M et al. Immediate dynamic lymphoscintigraphy delivers no additional value to lymphoscintigraphy 3 hr after tracer injection in sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 2007; 95:469-475.
77. Covarelli P, Tomassini GM, Simonetti S, Messina S, Cini C, Petrina A et al. The single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography: a new procedure to perform the sentinel node biopsy in patients withhead and neck melanoma. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:323-328.
78. Ishihara T, Kaguchi A, Matsushita S, Shiraishi S, Tomiguchi S, Yamashita Y et al. Management of sentinel lymph nodes in malignant skin tumors using dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and the single-photon-emission computed tomography/computed tomography combined system. Int J Clin Oncol 2006; 11:214-220.
79. Vermeeren L, van dP, I, Olmos RA, Meinhardt W, Klop WM, Kroon BB et al. SPECT/CT for preoperative sentinel node localization. J Surg Oncol 2009;
80. Kretschmer L, Altenvoerde G, Meller J, Zutt M, Funke M, Neumann C et al. Dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and image fusion of SPECT and pelvic CT-scans allow mapping of aberrant pelvic sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:175-183.
81. van dP, I, Valdes Olmos RA, Kroon BB, Wouters MW, van den Brekel MW, Vogel WV et al. The yield of SPECT/CT for anatomical lymphatic mapping in patients with melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1537-1542.
82. Even-Sapir E, Lerman H, Lievshitz G, Khafif A, Fliss DM, Schwartz A et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid SPECT/CT system. J Nucl Med 2003; 44:1413-1420.
83. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M, MacKie RM, Belli F. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomized trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 1998; 351:793-796.
84. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, Mozzillo N, Elashoff R, Essner R et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1307-1317.
85. Dessureault S, Soong SJ, Ross MI, Thompson JF, Kirkwood JM, Gershenwald JE et al. Improved staging of node-negative patients with intermediate to thick melanomas (>1 mm) with the use of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8:766-770.
86. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF, Lee JE, Colome MI, Tseng CH et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:976-983.
87. Morton DL, Wanek L, Nizze JA, Elashoff RM, Wong JH. Improved long-term survival after lymphadenectomy of melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. Analysis of prognostic factors in 1134 patients from the John Wayne Cancer Clinic. Ann Surg 1991; 214:491-499.
88. Wagner JD, Ranieri J, Evdokimow DZ, Logan T, Chuang TY, Johnson CS et al. Patterns of initial recurrence and prognosis after sentinel lymph node biopsy and selective lymphadenectomy for melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112:486-497.
89. Neumann PJ, Tunis SR. Medicare and Medical Technology -- The Growing Demand for Relevant Outcomes. N Engl J Med 2010;
90. Rossi CR, Mocellin S, Scagnet B, Foletto M, Vecchiato A, Pilati P et al. The role of preoperative ultrasound scan in detecting lymph node metastasis before sentinel node biopsy in melanoma patients. J Surg Oncol 2003; 83:80-84.
91. Starritt EC, Uren RF, Scolyer RA, Quinn MJ, Thompson JF. Ultrasound examination of sentinel nodes in the initial assessment of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12:18-23.
92. Sanki A, Uren RF, Moncrieff M, Tran KL, Scolyer RA, Lin HY et al. Targeted high-resolution ultrasound is not an effective substitute for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5614-5619.
93. Bonnema J, van Geel AN, van OB, Mali SP, Tjiam SL, Henzen-Logmans SC et al. Ultrasound-guided aspiration biopsy for detection of nonpalpable axillary node metastases in breast cancer patients: new diagnostic method. World J Surg 1997; 21:270-274.
94. de Kanter AY, van Eijck CH, van Geel AN, Kruijt RH, Henzen SC, Paul MA et al. Multicentre study of ultrasonographically guided axillary node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 1999; 86:1459-1462.
95. Kunte C, Schuh T, Eberle JY, Baumert J, Konz B, Volkenandt M et al. The use of high-resolution ultrasonography for preoperative detection of metastases in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with cutaneous melanoma. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35:1757-1765.
96. Sibon C, Chagnon S, Tchakerian A, Bafounta ML, Longvert C, Clerici T et al. The contribution of high-resolution ultrasonography in preoperatively detecting sentinelnode metastases in melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:233-237.
97. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Thompson JF, Shaw HM, Roberts JM, Bernard E et al. High-resolution ultrasound to diagnose melanoma metastases in patients with clinically palpable lymph nodes. Australas Radiol 1999; 43:148-152.
98. Y, Cheng Z, Li J, Tang J. Gray-scale contrastenhanced utrasonography in detecting sentinel lymph nodes: An animal study. Eur J Radiol 2009;
99. Wang Y, Wang W, Li J, Tang J. Gray-scale contrastenhanced ultrasonography of sentinel lymph nodes in ametastatic breast cancer model. Acad Radiol 2009; 16:957-962.
100. Omoto K, Hozumi Y, Omoto Y, Taniguchi N, Itoh K, Fujii Y et al. Sentinel node detection in breast cancer using contrast-enhanced sonography with 25% albumin--Initial clinical experience. J Clin Ultrasound 2006; 34:317-326.
101. Omoto K, Matsunaga H, Take N, Hozumi Y, Takehara M, Omoto Y et al. Sentinel node detection method using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with sonazoid in breast cancer: preliminary clinical study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2009; 35:1249-1256.
102. Sever A, Jones S, Cox K, Weeks J, Mills P, Jones P. Preoperative localization of sentinel lymph nodes using intradermal microbubbles and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 2009; 96:1295-1299.
103. Halpern EJ, McCue PA, Aksnes AK, Hagen EK, Frauscher F, Gomella LG. Contrast-enhanced US of the prostate with Sonazoid: comparison with whole-mount prostatectomy specimens in 12 patients. Radiology 2002; 222:361-366.
104. Ultrasound Contrast Medium Sonazoid(R) Gets Import Approval. www.daiichisankyo.com.2006. http://www.daiichisankyo.com/news/yymmddnn.html?bnewsreleasen1eng.detail[id]=223.3&b_newsrelease_n1_eng.year_selector[id]=223.3&b_newsrelease_n1_eng.category_selector[id]=223.3 25 Feb 2008.
105. Mariani G, Moresco L, Viale G, Villa G, Bagnasco M, Canavese G et al. Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:1198-1215.
106. Wilhelm AJ, Mijnhout GS, Franssen EJ. Radiopharmaceuticals in sentinel lymph-node detection - an overview. Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26:S36-S42.
107. Dyce K.M., Sack W.O., Wensing C.J.G. Textbook of veterinary anatomy. 2. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1996.
108. Misselwitz B, Schmitt-Willich H, Michaelis M, Oellinger JJ. Interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography using a polymeric t1 contrast agent: initial experience with Gadomer-17. Invest Radiol 2002; 37:146-151.
109. Ruehm SG, Corot C, Debatin JF. Interstitial MR lymphography with a conventional extracellular gadolinium-based agent: assessment in rabbits. Radiology 2001; 218:664-669.
110. Staatz G, Nolte-Ernsting CC, Adam GB, Grosskortenhaus S, Misselwitz B, Bucker A et al. Interstitial T1-weighted MR lymphography: lipophilic perfluorinated gadolinium chelates in pigs. Radiology 2001; 220:129-134.
111. Kimura K, Tanigawa N, Matsuki M, Nohara T, Iwamoto M, Sumiyoshi K et al. High-resolution MR lymphography using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) in the evaluation of axillary lymph nodes in patients with early stage breast cancer: preliminary results. Breast Cancer 2009;
112. Wisner ER, Katzberg RW, Koblik PD, Shelton DK, Fisher PE, Griffey SM et al. Iodinated nanoparticles for indirect computed tomography lymphography of the craniocervical and thoracic lymph nodes in normal dogs. Acad Radiol 1994; 1:377-384.
113. Wisner ER, Katzberg RW, Koblik PD, McGahan JP, Griffey SM, Drake CM et al. Indirect computed tomography lymphography of subdiaphragmatic lymph nodes using iodinated nanoparticles in normal dogs. Acad Radiol 1995; 2:405-412.
114. Wisner ER, Katzberg RW, Griffey SM, Drake CM, Haley PJ, Vessey AR. Indirect computed tomography lymphography using iodinated nanoparticles: time and dose response in normal canine lymph nodes. Acad Radiol 1995; 2:985-993.
115. Wisner ER, Katzberg RW, Link DP, Griffey SM, Drake CM, Vessey AR et al. Indirect computed tomography lymphography using iodinated nanoparticles to detect cancerous lymph nodes in a cutaneous melanoma model. Acad Radiol 1996; 3:40-48.
116. Crippa F, Gerali A, Alessi A, Agresti R, Bombardieri E. FDG-PET for axillary lymph node staging in primary breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31 Suppl 1:S97-102.
117. Heusner TA, Kuemmel S, Hahn S, Koeninger A, Otterbach F, Hamami ME et al. Diagnostic value of full-dose FDG PET/CT for axillary lymph node staging in breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1543-1550.