Tertiary excess of fibroblast growth factor 23 and hypophosphatemia following kidney transplantation

Pediatric Transplantation

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 37-46

  Seeherunvong, Wacharee ^a   Wolf, Myles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

fibroblast growth factor 23; hypophosphatemia; kidney transplantation

Indexed keywords

CINACALCET; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23; PHOSPHATE;

ARTICLE; BONE TURNOVER; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MINERAL METABOLISM; PHOSPHATE EXCRETION; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHILD; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; PHOSPHATES; PHOSPHORUS; RISK; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 78751673627     PISSN: 13973142     EISSN: 13993046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01405.x     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. U nited S tates R enal D ata S ystem. Annual data report 2009: Volume 2. Chapter 8: Pediatric ESRD. Available at: http://wwwusrdsorg/2009/pdf/V2-08-09PDF (accessed June 1, 2010).
2. Muneeruddin S, Chandar J, Abitbol CA, et al. Two decades of pediatric kidney transplantation in a multi-ethnic cohort. Pediatr Transplant 2010: 14: 667-674.
3. Shroff R, Ledermann S,. Long-term outcome of chronic dialysis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2009: 24: 463-474.
4. N orth A merican P ediatric R enal T rials and C ollaborative S tudies (NAPRTCS) Annual report 2008. Available at: https://webemmescom/study/ped/ annlrept/Annual%20-Report%20-2008pdf (accessed June 10, 2010).
5. Shapiro R, Sarwal MM,. Pediatric kidney transplantation. Pediatr Clin North Am 2010: 57: 393-400.
6. Ambuhl PM, Meier D, Wolf B, Dydak U, Boesiger P, Binswanger U,. Metabolic aspects of phosphate replacement therapy for hypophosphatemia after renal transplantation: Impact on muscular phosphate content, mineral metabolism, and acid/base homeostasis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999: 34: 875-883.
7. Bhan I, Shah A, Holmes J, et al. Post-transplant hypophosphatemia: Tertiary 'Hyper-Phosphatoninism'? Kidney Int 2006: 70: 1486-1494.
8. Evenepoel P, Naesens M, Claes K, Kuypers D, Vanrenterghem Y,. Tertiary 'hyperphosphatoninism' accentuates hypophosphatemia and suppresses calcitriol levels in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2007: 7: 1193-1200.
9. Sanjad SA, Ibrahim A, Al Shorafa S, et al. Renal tubular dysfunction following kidney transplantation: A prospective study in 31 children. Transplant Proc 2001: 33: 2830-2831.
10. Evenepoel P, Meijers BK, De Jonge H, et al. Recovery of hyperphosphatoninism and renal phosphorus wasting one year after successful renal transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008: 3: 1829-1836.
11. Economidou D, Dovas S, Papagianni A, Pateinakis P, Memmos D,. FGF-23 Levels before and after renal transplantation. J Transplant 2009: 2009: 379-382.
12. Higgins RM, Richardson AJ, Endre ZH, Frostick SP, Morris PJ,. Hypophosphataemia after renal transplantation: Relationship to immunosuppressive drug therapy and effects on muscle detected by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990: 5: 62-68.
13. Julian BA, Quarles LD, Niemann KM,. Musculoskeletal complications after renal transplantation: Pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 1992: 19: 99-120.
14. Cruz EA, Lugon JR, Jorgetti V, Draibe SA, Carvalho AB,. Histologic evolution of bone disease 6 months after successful kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2004: 44: 747-756.
15. Tyden G, Fehrman I, Siden A, Persson A,. Hypophosphataemia and reversible neurological dysfunction in a patient subjected to combined renal and pancreatic transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988: 3: 823-825.
16. Levi M,. Post-transplant hypophosphatemia. Kidney Int 2001: 59: 2377-2387.
17. Green J, Debby H, Lederer E, Levi M, Zajicek HK, Bick T,. Evidence for a PTH-independent humoral mechanism in post-transplant hypophosphatemia and phosphaturia. Kidney Int 2001: 60: 1182-1196.
18. Rosenbaum RW, Hruska KA, Korkor A, Anderson C, Slatopolsky E,. Decreased phosphate reabsorption after renal transplantation: Evidence for a mechanism independent of calcium and parathyroid hormone. Kidney Int 1981: 19: 568-578.
19. Graf H, Kovarik J, Stummvoll HK, Wolf A, Pinggera WF,. Handling of phosphate by the transplanted kidney. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1979: 16: 624-629.
20. Parfitt AM, Kleerekoper M, Cruz C,. Reduced phosphate reabsorption unrelated to parathyroid hormone after renal transplantation: Implications for the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1986: 12: 356-362.
21. Steiner RW, Ziegler M, Halasz NA, Catherwood BD, Manolagas S, Deftos LJ,. Effect of daily oral vitamin D and calcium therapy, hypophosphatemia, and endogenous 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol on parathyroid hormone and phosphate wasting in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993: 56: 843-846.
22. Loffing J, Lotscher M, Kaissling B, et al. Renal Na/H exchanger NHE-3 and Na-PO4 cotransporter NaPi-2 protein expression in glucocorticoid excess and deficient states. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998: 9: 1560-1567.
23. Falkiewicz K, Nahaczewska W, Boratynska M, et al. Tacrolimus decreases tubular phosphate wasting in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 2003: 35: 2213-2215.
24. Shane E, Rivas M, Staron RB, et al. Fracture after cardiac transplantation: A prospective longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996: 81: 1740-1746.
25. Ninkovic M, Skingle SJ, Bearcroft PW, Bishop N, Alexander GJ, Compston JE,. Incidence of vertebral fractures in the first three months after orthotopic liver transplantation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000: 12: 931-935.
26. Kempe DS, Dermaku-Sopjani M, Frohlich H, et al. Rapamycin-induced phosphaturia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010: 25: 2938-2944.
27. Rowe PS,. Molecular biology of hypophosphataemic rickets and oncogenic osteomalacia. Hum Genet 1994: 94: 457-467.
28. Yamashita T, Yoshioka M, Itoh N,. Identification of a novel fibroblast growth factor, FGF-23, preferentially expressed in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus of the brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000: 277: 494-498.
29. ADHR Consortium,. Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23. Nat Genet 2000: 26: 345-348.
30. Shimada T, Mizutani S, Muto T, et al. Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor of tumor-induced osteomalacia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001: 98: 6500-6505.
31. Jonsson KB, Zahradnik R, Larsson T, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 in oncogenic osteomalacia and X-linked hypophosphatemia. N Engl J Med 2003: 348: 1656-1663.
32. Yamazaki Y, Okazaki R, Shibata M, et al. Increased circulatory level of biologically active full-length FGF-23 in patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002: 87: 4957-4960.
33. Liu S, Tang W, Zhou J, Vierthaler L, Quarles LD,. Distinct roles for intrinsic osteocyte abnormalities and systemic factors in regulation of FGF23 and bone mineralization in Hyp mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007: 293: E1636-E1644.
34. Riminucci M, Collins MT, Fedarko NS, et al. FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting. J Clin Invest 2003: 112: 683-692.
35. Itoh N, Ornitz DM,. Functional evolutionary history of the mouse Fgf gene family. Dev Dyn 2008: 237: 18-27.
36. Kurosu H, Ogawa Y, Miyoshi M, et al. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 signaling by klotho. J Biol Chem 2006: 281: 6120-6123.
37. Urakawa I, Yamazaki Y, Shimada T, et al. Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature 2006: 444: 770-774.
38. Saito H, Kusano K, Kinosaki M, et al. Human fibroblast growth factor-23 mutants suppress Na+-dependent phosphate co-transport activity and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. J Biol Chem 2003: 278: 2206-2211.
39. Shimada T, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki Y, et al. FGF-23 is a potent regulator of vitamin D metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res 2004: 19: 429-435.
40. Perwad F, Azam N, Zhang MY, Yamashita T, Tenenhouse HS, Portale AA,. Dietary and serum phosphorus regulate fibroblast growth factor 23 expression and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism in mice. Endocrinology 2005: 146: 5358-5364.
41. Ben-Dov IZ, Galitzer H, Lavi-Moshayoff V, et al. The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats. J Clin Invest 2007: 117: 4003-4008.
42. Saito H, Maeda A, Ohtomo S, et al. Circulating FGF-23 is regulated by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and phosphorus in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005: 280: 2543-2549.
43. Ito N, Fukumoto S, Takeuchi Y, et al. Effect of acute changes of serum phosphate on fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 levels in humans. J Bone Miner Metab 2007: 25: 419-422.
44. Nishida Y, Taketani Y, Yamanaka-Okumura H, et al. Acute effect of oral phosphate loading on serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in healthy men. Kidney Int 2006: 70: 2141-2147.
45. Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Wassel CL, Whooley MA,. Fibroblast growth factor-23 and early decrements in kidney function: The Heart and Soul Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010: 25: 993-997.
46. Gutierrez O, Isakova T, Rhee E, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005: 16: 2205-2215.
47. Larsson T, Nisbeth U, Ljunggren O, Juppner H, Jonsson KB,. Circulating concentration of FGF-23 increases as renal function declines in patients with chronic kidney disease, but does not change in response to variation in phosphate intake in healthy volunteers. Kidney Int 2003: 64: 2272-2279.
48. Moe SM, Chen NX, Seifert MF, et al. A rat model of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder. Kidney Int 2009: 75: 176-184.
49. Hasegawa H, Nagano N, Urakawa I, et al. Direct evidence for a causative role of FGF23 in the abnormal renal phosphate handling and vitamin D metabolism in rats with early-stage chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2010: Sep 15 [Epub ahead of print].
50. Yamazaki Y, Tamada T, Kasai N, et al. Anti-FGF23 neutralizing antibodies show the physiological role and structural features of FGF23. J Bone Miner Res 2008: 23: 1509-1518.
51. Aono Y, Yamazaki Y, Yasutake J, et al. Therapeutic effects of anti-FGF23 antibodies in hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. J Bone Miner Res 2009: 24: 1879-1888.
52. Shimada T, Urakawa I, Isakova T, et al. Circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by peritoneal dialysis is intact and biologically active. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010: 95: 578-585.
53. Nogueira PC, Rey N, Said MH, Cochat P,. Evolution of hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation in children - effect of pre-emptive transplantation and duration of dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997: 12: 984-987.
54. Bacchetta J, Dubourg L, Harambat J, et al. The influence of glomerular filtration rate and age on fibroblast growth factor 23 serum levels in pediatric chronic kidney disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010: 95: 1741-1748.
55. Shigematsu T, Kazama JJ, Yamashita T, et al. Possible involvement of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 2004: 44: 250-256.
56. Van Husen M, Fischer AK, Lehnhardt A, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and bone metabolism in children with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2010: 78: 200-206.
57. Sanchez CP, Salusky IB, Kuizon BD, et al. Bone disease in children and adolescents undergoing successful renal transplantation. Kidney Int 1998: 53: 1358-1364.
58. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl 2009: 113: S1-S130.
59. Ball AM, Gillen DL, Sherrard D, et al. Risk of hip fracture among dialysis and renal transplant recipients. JAMA 2002: 288: 3014-3018.
60. Helenius I, Remes V, Salminen S, et al. Incidence and predictors of fractures in children after solid organ transplantation: A 5-year prospective, population-based study. J Bone Miner Res 2006: 21: 380-387.
61. Wesseling-Perry K, Pereira RC, Wang H, et al. Relationship between plasma fibroblast growth factor-23 concentration and bone mineralization in children with renal failure on peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009: 94: 511-517.
62. Fliser D, Kollerits B, Neyer U, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) predicts progression of chronic kidney disease: The Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007: 18: 2600-2608.
63. Wolf M,. Forging forward with 10 burning questions on FGF23 in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010: 21: 1427-1435.
64. Oliveira RB, Cancela AL, Graciolli FG, et al. Early control of PTH and FGF23 in normophosphatemic CKD patients: A new target in CKD-MBD therapy? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010: 5: 286-291.
65. Barsotti G, Cupisti A, Moriconi L, et al. Effects of reduced protein intake in rats with congenital polycystic kidney without renal failure. Contrib Nephrol 1995: 115: 134-136.
66. Schwarz A, Mengel M, Gwinner W, et al. Risk factors for chronic allograft nephropathy after renal transplantation: A protocol biopsy study. Kidney Int 2005: 67: 341-348.
67. Pinheiro HS, Camara NO, Osaki KS, De Moura LA, Pacheco-Silva A,. Early presence of calcium oxalate deposition in kidney graft biopsies is associated with poor long-term graft survival. Am J Transplant 2005: 5: 323-329.
68. Habbig S, Beck BB, Feldkotter M, et al. Renal allograft calcification-prevalence and etiology in pediatric patients. Am J Nephrol 2009: 30: 194-200.
69. Evenepoel P, Lerut E, Naesens M, et al. Localization, etiology and impact of calcium phosphate deposits in renal allografts. Am J Transplant 2009: 9: 2470-2478.
70. Bhalla AK, Amento EP, Clemens TL, Holick MF, Krane SM,. Specific high-affinity receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Presence in monocytes and induction in T lymphocytes following activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983: 57: 1308-1310.
71. Mathieu C, Adorini L,. The coming of age of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogs as immunomodulatory agents. Trends Mol Med 2002: 8: 174-179.
72. Rigby WF, Stacy T, Fanger MW,. Inhibition of T lymphocyte mitogenesis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Clin Invest 1984: 74: 1451-1455.
73. Piemonti L, Monti P, Sironi M, et al. Vitamin D3 affects differentiation, maturation, and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 2000: 164: 4443-4451.
74. Adorini L, Penna G, Giarratana N, et al. Dendritic cells as key targets for immunomodulation by vitamin D receptor ligands. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004: 89-90: 437-441.
75. Holick MF,. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007: 357: 266-281.
76. Ahmadpoor P, Ilkhanizadeh B, Ghasemmahdi L, Makhdoomi K, Ghafari A,. Effect of active vitamin D on expression of co-stimulatory molecules and HLA-DR in renal transplant recipients. Exp Clin Transplant 2009: 7: 99-103.
77. Tanaci N, Karakose H, Guvener N, Tutuncu NB, Colak T, Haberal M,. Influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as an immunomodulator in renal transplant recipients: A retrospective cohort study. Transplant Proc 2003: 35: 2885-2887.
78. Sezer S, Uyar M, Arat Z, Ozdemir FN, Haberal M,. Potential effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2005: 37: 3109-3111.
79. Mathieu C, Jafari M,. Immunomodulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Therapeutic implications in hemodialysis and renal transplantation. Clin Nephrol 2006: 66: 275-283.
80. Amuchastegui S, Daniel KC, Adorini L,. Inhibition of acute and chronic allograft rejection in mouse models by BXL-628, a nonhypercalcemic vitamin D receptor agonist. Transplantation 2005: 80: 81-87.
81. Marcen R, Ponte B, Rodriguez-Mendiola N, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in kidney transplant recipients: Risk factors and effects of vitamin D3 supplements. Transplant Proc 2009: 41: 2388-2390.
82. Tripathi SS, Gibney EM, Gehr TW, King AL, Beckman MJ,. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in African American kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2008: 85: 767-770.
83. Ewers B, Gasbjerg A, Moelgaard C, Frederiksen AM, Marckmann P,. Vitamin D status in kidney transplant patients: Need for intensified routine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008: 87: 431-437.
84. U nited S tates R enal D ata S ystem. Annual data report. 2009. Volume 2. Chapter 7: Transplantation. Available at: http://wwwusrdsorg/2009/pdf/V2-07- 09PDF (accessed June 1, 2010).
85. Basiratnia M, Fazel M, Lotfi M, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis and related risk factors in renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 2010: 25: 343-348.
86. Wilson AC, Greenbaum LA, Barletta GM, et al. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and associated left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2010: 14: 52-60.
87. Gutierrez OM, Mannstadt M, Isakova T, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2008: 359: 584-592.
88. Mirza MA, Hansen T, Johansson L, et al. Relationship between circulating FGF23 and total body atherosclerosis in the community. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009: 24: 3125-3131.
89. Mirza MA, Larsson A, Melhus H, Lind L, Larsson TE,. Serum intact FGF23 associate with left ventricular mass, hypertrophy and geometry in an elderly population. Atherosclerosis 2009: 207: 546-551.
90. Hsu HJ, Wu MS,. Fibroblast growth factor 23: A possible cause of left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients. Am J Med Sci 2009: 337: 116-122.
91. Gutierrez OM, Januzzi JL, Isakova T, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. Circulation 2009: 119: 2545-2552.
92. Seeherunvong W, Abitbol C, Chandar J, Rusconi P, Zilleruelo G, Freundlich M,. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) in Children on Dialysis. (Abstract accepted to presented at The Annual Meeting of American Society of Nephrology 2010).
93. Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM,. Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004: 15: 2208-2218.
94. Kestenbaum B, Sampson JN, Rudser KD, et al. Serum phosphate levels and mortality risk among people with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005: 16: 520-528.
95. Voormolen N, Noordzij M, Grootendorst DC, et al. High plasma phosphate as a risk factor for decline in renal function and mortality in pre-dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007: 22: 2909-2916.
96. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, et al. Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007: 72: 1004-1013.
97. Kovesdy CP, Ahmadzadeh S, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K,. Association of activated vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2008: 168: 397-403.
98. Zeidan B, Shabtai M, Waltzer WC, Wadhwa NK, Siddarth P, Rapaport FT,. Improvement in renal transplant function after subtotal parathyroidectomy in a hypercalcemic kidney allograft recipient. Transplant Proc 1991: 23: 2285-2286.
99. Wheatley TJ, Doughman T, Veitch PS, Nicholson ML,. Clinical and physiological responses to total parathyroidectomy after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997: 29: 3054-3055.
100. Finch JL, Tokumoto M, Nakamura H, et al. Effect of paricalcitol and cinacalcet on serum phosphate, FGF-23, and bone in rats with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010: 298: F1315-F1322.
101. Alon US, Levy-Olomucki R, Moore WV, Stubbs J, Liu S, Quarles LD,. Calcimimetics as an adjuvant treatment for familial hypophosphatemic rickets. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008: 3: 658-664.
102. Serra AL, Wuhrmann C, Wuthrich RP,. Phosphatemic effect of cinacalcet in kidney transplant recipients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 2008: 52: 1151-1157.
103. Lopez V, Toledo R, Sola E, et al. Treatment with cinacalcet in 29 kidney transplant patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. Transplant Proc 2009: 41: 2394-2395.
104. Guerra R, Auyanet I, Fernandez EJ, et al. Hypercalcemia secondary to persistent hyperparathyroidism in kidney transplant patients: Analysis after a year with cinacalcet. J Nephrol 2010, May 2. [Epub ahead of print].
105. Borchhardt KA, Diarra D, Sulzbacher I, Benesch T, Haas M, Sunder-Plassmann G,. Cinacalcet decreases bone formation rate in hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation. Am J Nephrol 2010: 31: 482-489.
106. Borchhardt K, Sulzbacher I, Benesch T, Fodinger M, Sunder-Plassmann G, Haas M,. Low-turnover bone disease in hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007: 7: 2515-2521.
107. Furth SL, Cole SR, Moxey-Mims M, et al. Design and methods of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) prospective cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006: 1: 1006-1015.