Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Cardiology Clinics

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 15-34

  Gupta, Rajeev ^a,b   Deedwania, Prakash ^c  

^a FORTIS HOSPITAL   (India)

^b RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Policy initiative; Prevention

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; WARFARIN;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIABETES CONTROL; DIETARY INTAKE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING CESSATION; SOCIOECONOMICS;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; POLICY MAKING; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRIMARY PREVENTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION;

EID: 78751606175     PISSN: 07338651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2010.10.005     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Gersh B., Mayosi B., Sliwa K., et al. The epidemic of cardiovascular diseases in the developing world: global implications. Eur Heart J 2010, 31:642-648.
2. World Health Organization Preventing chronic diseases: a vital agenda 2005, World Health Organization, Geneva.
3. Fuster V., Kelly B.B., Board for Global Health Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: a critical challenge to achieve global health 2010, Institute of Medicine, Washington, Available at:, Accessed 12 September 2010. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Promoting-Cardiovascular-Health-in-the-Developing-World-A-Critical-Challenge-to-Achieve-Global-Health.aspx.
4. Yusuf S., Reddy S., Ounpuu S., et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001, 104:2746-2753.
5. Gupta R., Joshi P.P., Mohan V., et al. Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India. Heart 2008, 94:16-26.
6. Burke G.L., Bell R.A. Global trends in cardiovascular disease. Preventive cardiology 2005, 22-43. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2nd edition. N.D. Wong, H.R. Black, J.M. Gardin (Eds.).
7. Yusuf S., Hawken S., Ounpuu S., et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case control study. Lancet 2004, 364:937-952.
8. O'Donnel M.J., Xavier D., Liu L., et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet 2010, 376:112-123.
9. Leupker R.V. Decline in incident coronary heart disease. Why are rates falling?. Circulation 2008, 117:592-593.
10. Kaplan N.M., Opie L.H. Controversies in hypertension. Lancet 2006, 367:168-176.
11. Jha P., Ranson M.K., Ngyuyen S.K., et al. Estimates of global and regional smoking prevalence in 1995 by age and sex. Am J Public Health 2002, 92:1002-1006.
12. Jha P., Jacob B., Gajalakshmi V., et al. A nationally representative case-control study of smoking and death in India. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:1137-1147.
13. Gu D., Kelly T.N., Wu X., et al. Mortality attributable to smoking in China. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:150-159.
14. Monteiro C.A., Moura E.C., Conde W.L., et al. Socioeconomic status and obesity in adult population of developing countries: a review. Bull World Health Organ 2004, 82:940-946.
15. Kearney P.M., Whelton M., Reynolds K., et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005, 365:217-223.
16. Suchday S., Kapur S., Ewart C.K., et al. Urban stress and health in developing countries: development and validation of a neighbourhood stress index for India. Behav Med 2006, 32:77-86.
17. Gaziano T. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world and its cost-effective management. Circulation 2005, 112:3547-3553.
18. Gupta R., Guptha S., Agrawal A., et al. Secular trends in cholesterol lipoproteins and triglycerides and prevalence of dyslipidemias in an urban Indian population. Lipids Health Dis 2008, 7:40.
19. Gupta R., Kumar P. Global diabetes landscape - type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asia: epidemiology, risk factors and control. Insulin 2008, 3:78-94.
20. Coughlan A., McCarty D.J., Jorgensen L.N., et al. The epidemic of NIDDM in Asian and Pacific island populations: prevalence and risk factors. Horm Metab Res 1997, 29:323-331.
21. Marmot M., Wilkinson R.G. Social determinants of health 1999, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
22. MONICA monograph and multimedia sourcebook 2003, World Health Organization, Geneva. H. Tunstall-Pedoe (Ed.).
23. World Health Organization Prevention of cardiovascular disease. Guidelines for risk assessment and management of cardiovascular risk 2007, World Health Organization, Geneva.
24. World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva.
25. Brook R.D., Greenland P. Secondary prevention. Preventive cardiology 2000, 515-542. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2nd edition. N.D. Wong, H.R. Black, J.M. Gardin (Eds.).
26. Deedwania P.C., Gupta R. Prevention of coronary heart disease in Asian populations. Preventive cardiology 2000, 503-516. McGraw-Hill, New York. N.D. Wong, H.R. Black, J.M. Gardin (Eds.).
27. Bambra C., Gibson M., Sowden A., et al. Tracking the wider social determinants of health and health inequities: evidence from systematic reviews. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010, 64:284-291.
28. Brindle P., Beswick A., Fahey T., et al. Accuracy and impact of risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Heart 2006, 92:1752-1759.
29. Dunbar J.A. The quality and outcomes framework reduces disparities in health outcomes for cardiovascular disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010, 64:841-842.
30. Pearson T.A., Blair S.N., Daniels S.R., et al. AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update. Circulation 2002, 106:388-391.
31. Smith S.C., Allen J., Blair S.N., et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation 2006, 113:2363-2372.
32. Reddy K.S., Shah B., Varghese C., et al. Responding to the threat of chronic diseases in India. Lancet 2005, 336:1744-1749.
33. Vartiainen E., Laatikainen T., Peltonen M., et al. Thirty five year trends in cardiovascular risk factors in Finland. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39:504-518.
34. Kesteloot H., Sans S., Kromhout D. Dynamics of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in Western and Eastern Europe between 1970 and 2000. Eur Heart J 2006, 27:107-113.
35. Muller-Riemenschneider F., Andersohn F., Willich S.N. Trends in age-standardised and age-specific mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Germany. Clin Res Cardiol 2010, 99:511-518.
36. Allender S., Scarborough P., O'Flaherty M., et al. Patterns of coronary heart disease mortality over the 20th century in England and Wales: possible plateaus in the rate of decline. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:148.
37. Taylor R., Dobson A., Mirzaei M. Contribution of changes in risk factors to the decline of coronary heart disease mortality in Australia over three decades. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006, 13:760-768.
38. Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., Croft J.B., et al. Explaining the decrease in US deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:2388-2398.
39. Cheng J., Zhao D., Zeng Z., et al. The impact of demographic and risk factor changes on coronary heart disease deaths in Beijing, 1999-2010. BMC Public Health 2009, 9:30.
40. Reddy K.S. Cardiovascular disease in non-Western countries. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2438-2440.
41. Rose G. Rose's Strategy of Preventive Medicine 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
42. Khaw K.T., Marmot M. The Rose concept and applications: commentary. Rose's Strategy of Preventive Medicine 2008, 3-31. Oxford University Press, Oxford. G. Rose (Ed.).
43. Gupta R., Kumar P. Social evils, poverty, and health. Indian J Med Res 2007, 126:279-288.
44. Sen A. Development as freedom 1999, Alfred A Knopf, New York.
45. Gaziano T., Reddy K.S., Paccaud F., et al. Cardiovascular disease. Disease control priorities in developing countries 2006, 645-662. Oxford University Press and World Bank, New York. 2nd edition. D.T. Jamison, J.G. Breman, A.R. Measham, G. Alleyne, M. Cleason, D.B. Evans, P. Jha, A. Mills, P. Musgrove (Eds.).
46. DeWatt D.A., Berkman N.D., Sheridan T., et al. Literacy and health outcomes: a systematic review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med 2004, 19:1228-1239.
47. Sun J., Wang Y., Chen X., et al. An integrated intervention program to control diabetes in overweight Chinese women and men with type 2 diabetes. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008, 17:514-524.
48. Chen M.H. Asia Pacific agrees health financing plan. Lancet 2010, 375:1426.
49. Brown J.R., O'Connor G.T. Coronary heart disease and prevention in the United States. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:2150-2153.
50. Van Doorslaer E., O'Donnell O., Rannan-Eliya R., et al. Effect of payments for health care on poverty estimates in 11 countries in Asia: an analysis of household survey data. Lancet 2006, 368:1357-1364.
51. Nishtar S. Prevention of coronary heart disease in South Asia. Lancet 2002, 360:1015-1018.
52. D'Agostino R.B., Vasan R.S., Pencina M.J., et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008, 117:743-753.
53. Beaglehole R., Ebrahim S., Reddy S., Vote J., Leeder S., Chronic Diseases Action Group Prevention of chronic diseases: a call to action. Lancet 2007, 370:2152-2157.
54. World Health Organization WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Available at:, Accessed 10 May 2010. http://www.who.int/fctc/text_download/en/index.html.
55. Mackay D.F., Irfan M.O., Haw S., Pell J.P. Meta-analysis of the effect of comprehensive smoke-free legislation on acute coronary events. Heart 2010, 96:1525-1530.
56. World Health Organization Diet, nutrition and prevention of chronic diseases 2002, World Health Organization, Geneva.
57. Lawrence M. Do food regulatory systems protect public health?. Public Health Nutr 2009, 12:2247-2249.
58. Mozaffarian D., Katan M.B., Ascherio A., et al. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2006, 3554:1601-1613.
59. Strazzullo P., D'Elia L., Kandala N.B., et al. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009, 338:b4567.
60. Costanzo S., Di Castelnuovo A., Donati M.B., et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 55:1339-1347.
61. Pate R.R., Pratt M., Blair S.N., et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995, 273:402-407.
62. Conn V., Hafdahl A., Cooper P., et al. Meta-analysis of workplace physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med 2009, 37:330-339.
63. Abraham C., Graham Rowe E. Are worksite interventions effective in increasing physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2009, 3:108-144.
64. Prabhakaran D., Jeemon P., Goenka S., et al. Impact of a worksite intervention program on cardiovascular risk factors: a demonstration project in an Indian industrial population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:1718-1728.
65. Katz D.L. School based interventions for health promotion and weight control: not just waiting on the world to change. Annu Rev Public Health 2009, 30:253-272.
66. Enas E.A., Singh V.N., Munjal Y.P., et al. Recommendations of the second Indo-US health summit on prevention and control of cardiovascular disease among Asian Indians. Indian Heart J 2009, 61:265-274.
67. Kochtitzky C.S., Frumkin H., Rodriguez R., et al. Urban planning and public health at CDC. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006, 50(Suppl 2):34-38.
68. Brownson R.C., Kelly C.M., Eyler A.A., et al. Environmental and policy approaches for promoting physical activity in the United States: a research agenda. J Phys Act Health 2008, 5:488-503.
69. Frumkin H. Urban sprawl and public health. Public Health Rep 2002, 117:201-217.
70. Wilson M.A., Pearson T.A. Primary prevention. Preventive cardiology 2005, 493-514. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2nd Ed. N.D. Wong, H.R. Black, J.M. Gardin (Eds.).
71. Ridker P.M., Danielson E., Fonseca F.A.H., et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:2195-2207.
72. Wald N.J., Law M.R. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003, 326:1419-1422.
73. The Indian Polycap Study (TIPS), Yusuf S., Pais P., Afzal R., et al. Effects of a polypill (Polycap) on risk factors in middle aged individuals without cardiovascular disease (TIPS): a phase II, double blind, randomized trial. Lancet 2009, 373:1341-1351.
74. Reddy K.S. The preventive polypill: much promise, insufficient evidence. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:212.
75. Vishwanathan M., Kraschnewski J., Nishikawa B., et al. Outcomes of community health worker interventions. Evid Rep Technol Assess 2009, 181:1-144.
76. Arifeen S.E., Hoque D.M., Akter T., et al. Effects of the integrated management of childhood illness strategy on childhood mortality and nutrition in a rural area in Bangladesh: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2009, 374:393-403.
77. Xavier D., Pais P., Devereaux P.J., et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes in India (CREATE): a prospective analysis of registry data. Lancet 2008, 371:1435-1442.
78. Kotseva K., Wood D., De Backer G., et al. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet 2009, 373:929-940.
79. Sharma K.K., Gupta R., Agrawal A., et al. Low use of statins and other coronary secondary prevention therapies in primary and secondary care in India. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009, 5:1004-1013.
80. Khoury M.J., Gwinn M., Ioannidis P.A. The emergence of translational epidemiology: from scientific discovery to population health impact. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 172:517-524.
81. Sundewall J., Swanson R.C., Betigeri A., et al. Health systems strengthening: current and future activities. Lancet 2010, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60679-4.