The Business Model in Practice and its Implications for Entrepreneurship Research

Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 83-111

  George, Gerard ^a   Bock, Adam J ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78751539206     PISSN: 10422587     EISSN: 15406520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00424.x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Afuah, A. (2003). Business models: A strategic management approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2. Amit, R. & Zott, C. (2001). Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), 493-520.
3. Andries, P. & Debackere, K. (2007). Adaptation and performance in new businesses: Understanding the moderating effects of independence and industry. Small Business Economics, 29(1-2), 81-99.
4. Bienstock, C.C., Gillenson, M.L., & Sanders, T.C. (2002). The complete taxonomy of web business models. Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, 3(2), 173-186.
5. Bigliardi, B., Nosella, A., & Verbano, C. (2005). Business models in Italian biotechnology industry: A quantitative analysis. Technovation, 25(11), 1299-1306.
6. Boulton, R.E.S. & Libert, B.D. (2000). A business model for the new economy. Journal of Business Strategy, 21(4), 29-35.
7. Bower, J. & Doz, Y. (1979). Strategy formulation: A social and political view. In D. Schendel & C. Hofer (Eds.), Strategic management (pp. 152-166). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
8. Brown, M.E. & Gioia, D.A. (2002). Making things click-Distributive leadership in an online division of an offline organization. Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), 397-419.
9. Chandler, A.D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
10. Chesbrough, H. & Rosenbloom, R.S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: Evidence from Xerox Corporation's technology spin-off companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), 529-555.
11. Christensen, C.M., Verlinden, M., & Westerman, G. (2002). Disruption, disintegration and the dissipation of differentiability. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(5), 955-993.
12. Chung, W.W.C., Yam, A.Y.K., & Chan, M.F.S. (2004). Networked enterprise: A new business model for global sourcing. International Journal of Production Economics, 87(3), 267-280.
13. Cohen, B. & Winn, M.I. (2007). Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 29-49.
14. Cule, P.E. & Robey, D. (2004). A dual-motor, constructive process model of organizational transition. Organization Studies, 25(2), 229-260.
15. Daft, R.L. & Weick, K.E. (1984). Towards a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 284-295.
16. Downing, S. (2005). The social construction of entrepreneurship: Narrative and dramatic processes in the coproduction of organizations and identities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(2), 185-204.
17. Eden, C. & Ackermann, F. (2000). Mapping distinctive competencies: A systemic approach. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 51(1), 12-20.
18. Eisenmann, T.R. (2006). Internet companies' growth strategies: Determinants of investment intensity and long-term performance. Strategic Management Journal, 27(12), 1183-1204.
19. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse. New York: Routledge.
20. Fay, S. (2004). Partial-repeat-bidding in the Name-Your-Own-Price channel. Marketing Science, 23(3), 407-418.
21. Fiet, J.O. & Patel, P.C. (2008). Forgiving business models for new ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(4), 749-761.
22. Foucault, M. (1982). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. New York: Pantheon Books.
23. Francis, D. & Bessant, J. (2005). Targeting innovation and implications for capability development. Technovation, 25(3), 171-183.
24. Franke, N., Gruber, M., Harhoff, D., & Henkel, J. (2008). Venture capitalists' evaluations of start-up teams: Trade-offs, knock-out criteria, and the impact of VC experience. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3), 459-483.
25. Gabriel, Y. (2000). Storytelling in organizations: Facts, fictions, and fantasies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
26. Garnsey, E., Lorenzoni, G., & Ferriani, S. (2008). Speciation through entrepreneurial spin-off: The Acorn-ARM story. Research Policy, 37(2), 210-224.
27. George, G. & Bock, A.J. (2008). Inventing entrepreneurs. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
28. George, G. & Nathusius, E. (2007). European venture capital market: Scaling beyond current boundaries. European Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (EVCA): An EVCA Special Paper.
29. Ghoshal, S. & Bartlett, C.A. (1994). Linking organizational context and managerial action: The dimensions of quality of management. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 91-112.
30. Hamel, G. (1999). Bringing Silicon Valley inside. Harvard Business Review, 77(5), 70-84.
31. Heirman, A. & Clarysse, B. (2004). How and why do research-based start-ups differ at founding? A resource-based configurational perspective. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3), 247-268.
32. Hunt, R.G. (1970). Technology and organization. Academy of Management Journal, 13(3), 235-252.
33. Hurt, M. & Hurt, S. (2005). Transfer of managerial practices by French food retailers to operations in Poland. Academy of Management Executive, 19(2), 36-49.
34. Ijiri, Y. (1964). Business firm growth and size. The American Economic Review, 54(2), 77-89.
35. Kostova, T., Roth, K., & Dacin, M.T. (2008). Institutional theory in the study of multinational corporations: A critique and new directions. Academy of Management Review, 33(4), 994-1006.
36. Landis, J.R. & Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174.
37. Lechner, U. & Hummel, J. (2002). Business models and system architectures of virtual communities: From a sociological phenomenon to peer-to-peer architectures. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(3), 41-53.
38. Lewin, A.Y., Long, C.P., & Carroll, T.N. (1999). The coevolution of new organizational forms. Organization Science, 10(5), 535-550.
39. Lounsbury, M. & Glynn, M.A. (2001). Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7), 545.
40. Lovins, A.B., Lovins, L.H., & Hawken, P. (1999). A road map for natural capitalism. Harvard Business Review, 77(3), 145-161.
41. Magretta, J. (2002). Why business models matter. Harvard Business Review, 80(5), 86-93.
42. Mahadevan, B. (2000). Business models for Internet-based e-commerce: An anatomy. California Management Review, 42(4), 55-69.
43. Mangematin, V., Lemarie, S., Boissin, J.P., Catherine, D., Corolleur, F., Coronini, R., et al. (2003). Development of SMEs and heterogeneity of trajectories: The case of biotechnology in France. Research Policy, 32(4), 621-638.
44. Markides, C. (2008). Game-changing strategies: How to create new market space in established industries by breaking the rules. New York: Jossey-Bass.
45. Markides, C. & Charitou, C.D. (2004). Competing with dual business models: A contingency approach. Academy of Management Executive, 18(3), 22-36.
46. McEvily, S.K., Das, S., & McCabe, K. (2000). Avoiding competence substitution through knowledge sharing. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 294-311.
47. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., & Allen, J. (2005). The entrepreneur's business model: Toward a unified perspective. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 726-735.
48. Nag, R., Hambrick, D.C., & Chen, M.J. (2007). What is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field. Strategic Management Journal, 28(9), 935-955.
49. Nelson, R. & Winter, S. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
50. Nosella, A., Petroni, G., & Verbano, C. (2005). Characteristics of the Italian biotechnology industry and new business models: The initial results of an empirical study. Technovation, 25(8), 841-855.
51. O'Connor, E.S. (1995). Paradoxes of participation-Textual analysis and organizational change. Organization Studies, 16(5), 769-803.
52. Osterwalder, A. & Pigneur, Y. (2005). Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the concept. Communications of AIS, 2005(16), 1-25.
53. Perlow, L.A., Okhuysen, G.A., & Repenning, N.P. (2002). The speed trap: Exploring the relationship between decision making and temporal context. Academy of Management Journal, 45(5), 931-955.
54. Phillips, N. & Hardy, C. (2002). Discourse analysis: Investigating processes of social construction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
55. Porter, M.E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review, 79(3), 62-79.
56. Richtel, M. (2004, September 6). Craig's to-do list: Leave millions on the table. New York Times, pp. C1-C3.
57. Roberts, E.B. & Senturia, T.A. (1996). Globalizing the emerging high-technology company. Industrial Marketing Management, 25(6), 491-506.
58. Sanders, W.G. & Boivie, S. (2004). Sorting things out: Valuation of new firms in uncertain markets. Strategic Management Journal, 25(2), 167-186.
59. Slywotzky, A. (1999). Creating your next business model. Leader to Leader, 11(Winter), 35-40.
60. Slywotzky, A. & Wise, R. (2003). How to grow when markets don't. New York: Time Warner.
61. Stemler, S. (2001). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 7(17). Available at, accessed 8 November 2010.
62. Timmers, P. (1998). Business models for electronic markets. Electronic Markets, 8(2), 3-8.
63. Tracey, P. & Jarvis, O. (2007). Toward a theory of social venture franchising. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(5), 667-685.
64. Uhlenbruck, K., Hitt, M.A., & Semadeni, M. (2006). Market value effects of acquisitions involving Internet firms: A resource-based analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 27(10), 899-913.
65. Utterback, J.M. & Abernathy, W.J. (1975). A dynamic model of process and product innovation. Omega-International Journal of Management Science, 3(6), 639-656.
66. Venkatraman, N. & Henderson, J.C. (1998). Real strategies for virtual organizing. Sloan Management Review, 40(1), 33-48.
67. Weber, M. (1949). The methodology of the social sciences. New York: The Free Press.
68. Weber, R.P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage University Press.
69. Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
70. Willemstein, L., van der Valk, T., & Meeus, M.T.H. (2007). Dynamics in business models: An empirical analysis of medical biotechnology firms in the Netherlands. Technovation, 27, 221-232.
71. Williamson, O.E. (1979). Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations. The Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 233-261.
72. Winter, S.G. & Szulanski, G. (2001). Replication as strategy. Organization Science, 12(6), 730-743.
73. Zald, M.N. (1996). More fragmentation? Unfinished business in linking the social sciences and the humanities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 251-261.
74. Zimmerman, M.A. & Zeitz, G.J. (2002). Beyond survival: Achieving new venture growth by building legitimacy. Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 414-431.
75. Zott, C. & Amit, R. (2007). Business model design and the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Organization Science, 18(2), 181-199.
76. Zott, C. & Amit, R. (2008). The fit between product market strategy and business model: Implications for firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 29(1), 1-26.