The bridge to retirement: Older workers' engagement in post-career entrepreneurship and wage-and-salary employment

Journal of Entrepreneurship

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 55-76

  Kerr, Gerry ^a   Armstrong Stassen, Marjorie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

bridge employment; older entrepreneur; older worker

Indexed keywords

EID: 78751509609     PISSN: 09713557     EISSN: 09730745     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/097135571002000103     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Auer, P., & Fortuny, M. (2000). Ageing of the labour force in OECD countries: Economic and social consequences. Geneva: International Labour Office.
2. Blau, G. (1985). The measurement and prediction of career commitment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58(4), 277-88.
3. Bond, J.T., Galinsky, E.M., Pitt-Catsouphes, M. & Smyer, M.A. (2005). The diverse employment experiences of older men and women in the workforce. Chestnut Hill, MA: Families and Work Institute.
4. Brown, S.K. (2003). Staying ahead of the curve 2003: The AARP Working in Retirement Study. Washington, DC: AARP.
5. Bruce, D., Holtz-Eakin, D. & Quinn, J. (2000). Self-employment and labor market transitions at older ages. Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research, Boston College.
6. Cahill, K.E., Giandrea, M.D. & Quinn, J.F. (2006). Retirement patterns from career employment. The Gerontologist, 46(4), 514-23.
7. Cahill, K.E., Giandrea, M.D. (2007). Down shifting: The role of bridge jobs after career employment. Issue brief 06. Chestnut Hill, MA: The Center on Aging and Work, Boston College.
8. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
9. Davis, M. A. (2003). Factors related to bridge employment participation among private sector early retirees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63 (1), 55-71.
10. de Bruin, A., & Firkin, P. (2001a). An exploration of ageing and self-employment. In Massey, C., Cardow, A., Ingley, C. (Eds). Creating innovative growth companies: Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand, 14-17 September 2001. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Centre for SME Research, Massey University. Available online at: http://sme-entre.massey.ac.nz/files/deBruin_&_Firkin.pdf. (accessed on 14 July 2008).
11. de Bruin, A. (2001b). Self-employment of the older worker. Working paper No. 4. Labour Market Dynamics Research Programme. Auckland, NZ: Massey University.
12. Dendinger, V.M., Adams, G.A. & Jacobson, J.D. (2005). Reasons for working and their relationship to retirement attitudes, job satisfaction and occupational self-efficacy of bridge employees. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 61(1), 21-35.
13. Feinsod, R., Davenport, T. & Arthurs, R. (2005). The business case for workers age 50+: Planning for tomorrow's talent needs in today's competitive environment. Washington, DC: AARP.
14. Feldman, D.C., & Kim, S. (2000). Bridge employment during retirement: A field study of individual and organizational experiences with post-retirement employment. Human Resource Planning, 23(1), 14-25.
15. Felfe, J., Schmook, R., Schyns, B. & Six, B. (2008). Does the form of employment make a difference?-Commitment of traditional, temporary, and self-employed workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(1), 81-94.
16. Fontana, A., & Frey, J.H. (1990). Post-retirement workers in the labor force. Work and Occupations, 17(3), 355-61.
17. Giandrea, M.D., Cahill, K.E. & Quinn, J.F. (2008). Self-employment transitions among older American workers with career jobs. Working Paper 418. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor.
18. Griffin, B., & Hesketh, B. (2008). Post-retirement work: The individual determinants of paid and volunteer work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(1), 101-21.
19. Hayward, M.D., Crimmins, E.M. & Wray, L.A. (1994). The relationship between retirement life cycle changes and older men's labor force participation rates. Journal of Gerontology, 49(5), S219-S230.
20. Jamal, M. (1997). Job stress, satisfaction, and mental health: An empirical examination of self-employed and non-self-employed Canadians. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(4), 48-57.
21. Kalleberg, A.L., & Reynolds, J. (2000). Work attitudes and nonstandard work arrangement in the United States, Japan and Europe. Paper presented at the Conference on Nonstandard Work Arrangements in Japan, Europe, and the United States, 25-26 August 2000. Kalamazoo, Michigan.
22. Karoly, L.A., & Zissimopoulos, J. (2004a). Self-employment among older U.S. workers. Monthly Labor Review, 127(7), 24-47.
23. Karoly, L.A., & Zissimopoulos, J. (2004b). Self-employment and the 50+ population. Washington, DC: AARP.
24. Kim, H., & DeVaney, S.A. (2005). The selection of partial or full retirement by older workers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26(3), 371-94.
25. London, M., & Howat, G. (1978). The relationship between employee commitment and conflict resolution behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 13(1), 1-14.
26. Lyons, T.F. (1971). Role clarity, need for clarity, satisfaction, tension, and withdrawal. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6(1), 99-110.
27. Malchow-Moller, N., Markussen, J.R. & Skaksen, J.R. (2010). Labour market institutions, learning and self-employment. Small Business Economics, 35(1), 35-52.
28. Meyer, J.P, Allen, N.J. & Smith, C.A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-51.
29. Moore, C.S., & Mueller, R.E. (2002). The transition from paid to self-employment in Canada: The importance of push factors. Applied Economics, 34(6), 791-801.
30. Nair, K.R.G., & Pandey, A. (2006). Characteristics of entrepreneurs: An empirical analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 47-61.
31. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). Ageing and employment policies-Canada. Paris: OECD.
32. Parker, S., & Rougier, J. (2007). The retirement behavior of the self-employed in Britain. Applied Economics, 39(6), 697-713.
33. Quinn, J.F. (1999). Retirement patterns and bridge jobs in the 1990s. EBRI Issue Brief Number 206. Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute.
34. Quinn, J.F., & Kozy, M. (1996). The role of bridge jobs in the retirement transition: Gender, race, and ethnicity. The Gerontologist, 36(3), 363-72.
35. Roberts, I. (2006). Taking age out of the workplace: Putting older workers back in?Work, Employment and Society, 20(1), 67-86.
36. Singh, G., & DeNoble, A. (2003). Early retirees as the next generation of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(3), 207-26.
37. Smeaton, D., & McKay, S. (2003). Working after state pension age: Quantitative analysis. Department of Work and Pensions, Research Report No. 182. Available online at: http://www.bris.ac.uk/geography/research/pfrc/themes/sse/pfrc0305.pdf. (accessed 12 October 2010).
38. Taylor, M.A., & Shore, L.M. (1995). Predictors of planned retirement age: An application of Beehr's model. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 76-83.
39. Taylor, P. (2006). Employment initiatives for an ageing workforce in the EU15. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
40. Thompson, C.A., Kopelman, R.E., & Schriesheim, C.A. (1992). Putting all one's eggs in the same basket: A comparison of commitment and satisfaction among self- and organizationally employed men. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 738-43.
41. Turner, N., & Williams, L. (2005). The ageing workforce. London: The Work Foundation.
42. Walker, E.A., & Webster, B.J. (2007). Gender, age and self-employment: Some things change, some stay the same. Women in Management Review, 22(2), 122-35.
43. Weber, P., & Schaper, M. (2004). Understanding the grey entrepreneur. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(2), 147-64.
44. Zissimopoulos, J.M., & Karoly, L.A. (2007a). Transitions to self-employment at older ages: The role of wealth, health, health insurance and other factors. Labour Economics, 14(2), 269-95.
45. Zissimopoulos, J.M., & Karoly, L.A. (2007b). Work and well-being among the self-employed at older ages. Washington, DC: AARP.