Language Acquisition Meets Language Evolution

Cognitive Science

Volumn 34, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1131-1157

  Chater, Nick ^a   Christiansen, Morten H ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Cornell University ^*  (United States)

^c SANTA FE INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological adaptation; Cognitive development; Cultural evolution; Evolutionary psychology; Induction; Language acquisition; Language evolution; Natural selection; Universal grammar

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651509122     PISSN: 03640213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01049.x     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Adger, D. (2003). Core syntax. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
2. Alexander, R. M. (2003). Principles of animal locomotion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3. Ancel, L. (1999). A quantitative model of the Simpson-Baldwin effect. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 196, 197-209.
4. Anderson, M. B. (1994). Sexual selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Baker, C. L., & McCarthy, J. J. (Eds.) (1981). The logical problem of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
6. Baldwin, J. M. (1896). A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist, 30, 441-451.
7. Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (Eds.) (1992). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Barlow, H. B. (1983). Intelligence, guesswork, language. Nature, 304, 207-209.
9. Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert Kennedy, & C. Knight (Eds.), Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases (pp. 405-426). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
10. Bates, E., & MacWhinney, B. (1979). A functionalist approach to the acquisition of grammar. In E. Ochs & B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp. 167-209). New York: Academic Press.
11. Bates, E., & MacWhinney, B. (1987). Competition, variation, and language learning. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition (pp. 157-193). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Bekoff, M. & Byers, J. A. (Eds.) (1998). Animal play: Evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
13. Bever, T. G. (1970). The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In R. Hayes (Ed.), Cognition and language development (pp. 277-360). New York: Wiley & Sons.
14. Bickerton, D. (1984). The language bio-program hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 173-212.
15. Bickerton, D. (1995). Language and human behavior. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
16. Boeckx, C. (2006). Linguistic minimalism: Origins, concepts, methods, and aims. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. De Boer, B. (2000). Self-organization in vowel systems. Journal of Phonetics, 28, 441-465.
18. Botha, R. P. (1999). On Chomsky's "fable" of instantaneous language evolution. Language and Communication, 19, 243-257.
19. Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (2005). The origin and evolution of cultures. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
20. Bregman, A. S. (1990). Auditory scene analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
21. Brighton, H., Smith, K., & Kirby, S. (2005). Language as an evolutionary system. Physics of Life Reviews, 2, 177-226.
22. Byrne, R. W., & Byrne, J. M. E. (1993). Complex leaf-gathering skills of mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. berengei): Variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology, 31, 241-261.
23. Carey, S., & Spelke, E. S. (1996). Science and core knowledge. Philosophy of Science, 63, 515-533.
24. Carroll, S. B. (2001). Chance and necessity: The evolution of morphological complexity and diversity. Nature, 409, 1102-1109.
25. Cartwright, N. (1999). The dappled world: A study of the boundaries of science. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
26. Chater, N., Reali, F., & Christiansen, M. H. (2009). Restrictions on biological adaptation in language evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 1015-1020.
27. Chater, N., & Vitányi, P. (2007). "Ideal learning" of natural language: Positive results about learning from positive evidence. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 51, 135-163.
28. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
29. Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and representations. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
30. Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Foris Publications.
31. Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of language. New York: Praeger.
32. Chomsky, N. (1995). The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
33. Chomsky, N. (2005). Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry, 36, 1-22.
34. Christiansen, M. H. (1994). Infinite languages, finite minds: Connectionism, learning and linguistic structure. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh.
35. Christiansen, M. H., & Chater, N. (2008). Language as shaped by the brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 489-558.
36. Christiansen, M. H., Chater, N., & Reali, F. (in press). The biological and cultural foundations of language. Communicative and Integrative Biology.
37. Clark, H. H. (1975). Bridging. In R. C. Schank & B. L. Nash-Webber (Eds.), Theoretical issues in natural language processing (pp. 169-174). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
38. Clark, H. H., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986). Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition, 22, 1-39.
39. Comrie, B. (1989). Language typology and language change. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
40. Conway, C. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2001). Sequential learning in non-human primates. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 539-546.
41. Crain, S. (1991). Language acquisition in the absence of experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 597-650.
42. Crain, S., Goro, T., & Thornton, R. (2006). Language acquisition is language change. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 35, 31-49.
43. Crain, S., & Lillo-Martin, D. C. (1999). An introduction to linguistic theory and language acquisition. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
44. Crain, S., & Pietroski, P. (2001). Nature, nurture and universal grammar. Linguistics and Philosophy, 24, 139-186.
45. Crain, S., & Pietroski, P. (2006). Is generative grammar deceptively simple or simply deceptive? Lingua, 116, 64-68.
46. Croft, W. (2001). Radical construction grammar: Syntactic theory in typological perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Crowley, J., & Katz, L. (1999). Development of ocular dominance columns in the absence of retinal input. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 1125-1130.
48. Culicover, P. W., & Jackendoff, R. (2005). Simpler syntax. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Culicover, P. W., & Nowak, A. (2003). Dynamical grammar. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
50. Deacon, T. W. (1997). The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W. W. Norton.
51. Dediu, D., & Ladd, D. R. (2007). Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, Microcephalin and ASPM. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 10944-10949.
52. Dienes, Z., & McLeod, P. (1993). How to catch a cricket ball. Perception, 22, 1427-1439.
53. Dyer, F. C. (2002). The biology of the dance language. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 917-949.
54. Elman, J. L., Bates, E. A., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D., & Plunkett, K. (1996). Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
55. Evans, N., & Levinson, S. (2008). The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
56. Evans, J., & Saffran, J. R. (2005). Statistical learning in children with specific language impairment. Boston, MA: Paper presented at the Boston University Conference on Language Development.
57. Farmer, T. A., Christiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P. (2006). Phonological typicality influences on-line sentence comprehension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 12203-12208.
58. Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature, 415, 137-140.
59. Feldman, J. (1997). The structure of perceptual categories. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 41, 145-170.
60. Field, D. J. (1987). Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response profiles of cortical cells. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 4, 2379-2394.
61. Fitneva, S. A., Christiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P. (in press). From sound to syntax: Phonological constraints on children's lexical categorization of new words. Journal of Child Language.
62. Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York: W.W. Norton.
63. Galef, B. G., & Laland, K. N. (2005). Social learning in animals: Empirical studies and theoretical models. Bioscience, 55, 489-499.
64. Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D. J., & Koelling, R. A.. (1955). Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science, 122, 157-158.
65. Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York: Basic Books.
66. Goldberg, A. E. (2006). Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. New York: Oxford University Press.
67. Goldberg, A. E. (2008). Universal Grammar? Or prerequisites for natural language? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 522-523.
68. Golinkoff, R. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Bloom, L., Smith, L., Woodward, A., Akhtar, N., Tomasello, M., & Hollich, G. (Eds.) (2000). Becoming a word learner: A debate on lexical acquisition. New York: Oxford University Press.
69. Gómez, R. L., & Gerken, L. A. (2000). Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 178-186.
70. Gopnik, M., & Crago, M. B. (1991). Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder. Cognition, 39, 1-50.
71. Gopnik, A., Meltzoff, A. N., & Kuhl, P. K. (1999). The scientist in the crib: What early learning tells us about the mind. New York: HarperCollins.
72. Gould, S. J. (1993). Eight little piggies: Reflections in natural history. New York: Norton.
73. Gray, R. D., & Atkinson, Q. D. (2003). Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin. Nature, 426, 435-439.
74. Griffiths, T. L., & Kalish, M. L. (2005). A Bayesian view of language evolution by iterated learning. In B. G. Bara, L. W. Barsalou, & M. Bucciarelli (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 827-832). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
75. Hare, M., & Elman, J. L. (1995). Learning and morphological change. Cognition, 56, 61-98.
76. Harman, G., & Kulkarni, S. (2007). Reliable reasoning: Induction and statistical learning theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
77. Hauser, M. D. (2006). Moral minds: How nature designed our universal sense of right and wrong. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins.
78. Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569-1579.
79. Hauser, M. D., & Fitch, W. T. (2003). What are the uniquely human components of the language faculty? In M. H. Christiansen & S. Kirby (Eds.), Language evolution (pp. 158-181). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
80. Hawkins, J. A. (1994). A performance theory of order and constituency. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
81. Hawkins, J. A. (2004). Complexity and efficiency in grammars. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
82. Healy, S. D., & Hurly, T. A. (2004). Spatial learning and memory in birds. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 63, 211-220.
83. Healy, S. D., Walsh, P., & Hansell, M. (2008). Nest building in birds. Current Biology, 18, R271-R273.
84. Holmes, W. G., & Sherman, P. W. (1982). The ontogeny of kin recognition in two species of ground squirrels. American Zoologist, 22, 491-517.
85. Hopper, P., & Traugott, E. (1993). Grammaticalization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
86. Hornstein, N., & Lightfoot, D. (Eds.) (1981). Explanations in linguistics: The logical problem of language acquisition. London: Longman.
87. Hsu, H.-J., Christiansen, M. H., Tomblin, J. B., Zhang, X., & Gómez, R. L. (2006). Statistical learning of nonadjacent dependencies in adolescents with and without language impairment. Madison, WI: Poster presented at the 2006 Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders.
88. Hudson Kam, C. L., & Newport, E. L. (2005). Regularizing unpredictable variation: The roles of adult and child learners in language formation and change. Language Learning and Development, 1, 151-195.
89. Hurley, S., & Chater, N. (Eds.) (2005). Perspectives on imitation: From neuroscience to social science. Volume 1. Mechanisms of imitation and imitation in animals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
90. Jackendoff, R. (2000). Foundations of language. New York: Oxford University Press.
91. Jenkins, L. (2000). Biolinguistics: Exploring the biology of language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
92. Karmiloff-Smith, A., & Inhelder, B. (1973). If you want to get ahead get a theory. Cognition, 3, 195-212.
93. Kirby, S. (1999). Function, selection and innateness: The emergence of language universals. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
94. Kirby, S. (2007). The evolution of meaning-space structure through iterated learning. In C. Lyon, C. Nehaniv, & A. Cangelosi (Eds.), Emergence of communication and language (pp. 253-268). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
95. Kirby, S., Dowman, M., & Griffiths, T. (2007). Innateness and culture in the evolution of language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 5241-5245.
96. Kirby, S., & Hurford, J. R. (2002). The emergence of linguistic structure: An overview of the iterated learning model. In A. Cangelosi & D. Parisi (Eds.), Simulating the evolution of language (pp. 121-148). London: Springer Verlag.
97. Laurence, S., & Margolis, E. (2001). The poverty of the stimulus argument. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 52, 217-276.
98. Levinson, S. C. (1987). Pragmatics and the grammar of anaphora: A partial pragmatic reduction of binding and control phenomena. Journal of Linguistics, 23, 379-434.
99. Levinson, S. C. (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
100. Li, M., & Vitányi, P. (1997). An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity theory and its applications (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer.
101. Lieberman, P. (1984). The biology and evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
102. Lightfoot, D. (2000). The spandrels of the linguistic genotype. In C. Knight, M. Studdert-Kennedy, & J. R. Hurford (Eds.), The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form (pp. 231-247). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
103. MacDonald, M. C., Pearlmutter, N. J., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1994). The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review, 101, 676-703.
104. Marler, P. & Slabbekoorn, H. (Eds.) (2004). Nature's music: The science of birdsong. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
105. Mesoudi, A., Whiten, A., & Laland, K. (2006). Toward a unified science of cultural evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 329-383.
106. Monaghan, P., & Christiansen, M. H. (2008). Integration of multiple probabilistic cues in syntax acquisition. In H. Behrens (Ed.), Trends in corpus research: Finding structure in data (TILAR Series) (pp. 139-163). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
107. Morgan, J. L., & Demuth, K. (1996). Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
108. Müller, R.-A. (2009). Language universals in the brain: How linguistic are they? In M. H. Christiansen, C. Collins, & S. Edelman (Eds.), Language universals (pp. 224-252). New York: Oxford University Press.
109. Nadig, A. S., & Sedivy, J. C. (2002). Evidence of perspective-taking constraints in children's on-line reference resolution. Psychological Science, 13, 329-336.
110. Nettle, D. (1999). Linguistic diversity. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
111. Niyogi, P. (2006). The computational nature of language learning and evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
112. Nowak, M. A., Komarova, N. L., & Niyogi, P. (2001). Evolution of universal grammar. Science, 291, 114-118.
113. O'Grady, W. (2005). Syntactic carpentry: An emergentist approach to syntax. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
114. Oller, D. K. (2000). The emergence of the speech capacity. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
115. Olson, K. R., & Spelke, E. S. (2008). Foundations of cooperation in young children. Cognition, 108, 222-231.
116. Oudeyer, P.-Y. (2005). The self-organization of speech sounds. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 233, 435-449.
117. Piattelli-Palmarini, M. (1989). Evolution, selection and cognition: From "learning" to parameter setting in biology and in the study of language. Cognition, 31, 1-44.
118. Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2004). Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 169-225.
119. Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: How the mind creates language. New York: William Morrow and Company.
120. Pinker, S., & Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Brain and Behavioral Sciences, 13, 707-727.
121. Pinker, S., & Jackendoff, R. (2005). The faculty of language: What's special about it? Cognition, 95, 201-236.
122. Pinker, S., & Jackendoff, R. (2009). The components of language: What's specific to language, and what's specific to humans? In M. H. Christiansen, C. Collins, & S. Edelman (Eds.), Language universals (pp. 126-151). New York: Oxford University Press.
123. Pomerantz, J. R., & Kubovy, M. (1986). Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance volume 2: Cognitive processes and performance (pp. 36-1-36-46). New York: Wiley.
124. Pullum, G. K., & Scholz, B. (2002). Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments. Linguistic Review, 19, 9-50.
125. Reali, F., & Christiansen, M. H. (2005). Uncovering the richness of the stimulus: Structure dependence and indirect statistical evidence. Cognitive Science, 29, 1007-1028.
126. Reinhart, T. (1983). Anaphora and semantic interpretation. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
127. Reuland, E. (2008). Why neo-adaptationism fails. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 531-532.
128. Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (2005). Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
129. Roberts, M., Onnis, L., & Chater, N. (2005). Language Acquisition and Language Evolution: Two puzzles for the price of one. In M. Tallerman (Ed.), Prerequisites for the evolution of language (pp. 334-356). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
130. Roth, F. P. (1984). Accelerating language learning in young children. Child Language, 11, 89-107.
131. De Ruiter, J. P., & Levinson, S. C. (2008). A biological infrastructure for communication underlies the cultural evolution of language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 518.
132. Saffran, J. R. (2003). Statistical language learning: Mechanisms and constraints. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 110-114.
133. Sandler, W., Meir, I., Padden, C., & Aronoff, M. (2005). The emergence of grammar: Systematic structure in a new language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 2661-2665.
134. Schelling, T. C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
135. Searcy, W. A., & Nowicki, S. (2001). The evolution of animal communication: Realiability and deception in signaling systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
136. Seidenberg, M. S., & MacDonald, M. (2001). Constraint-satisfaction in language acquisition. In M. H. Christiansen & N. Chater (Eds.), Connectionist psycholinguistics (pp. 281-318). Westport, CT: Ablex.
137. Senghas, A., Kita, S., & Özyürek, A. (2004). Children creating core properties of language: Evidence from an emerging sign language in Nicaragua. Science, 305, 1779-1782.
138. Shadmehr, R., & Wise, S. P. (2005). The computational neurobiology of reaching and pointing: A foundation for motor learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
139. Slobin, D. I. (1973). Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. In C. A. Ferguson & D. I. Slobin (Eds.), Studies of child language development (pp. 175-208). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
140. Snedeker, J., & Trueswell, J. C. (2004). The developing constraints on parsing decisions: The role of lexical-biases and referential scenes in child and adult sentence processing. Cognitive Psychology, 49, 238-299.
141. Stephens, D. W., Brown, J. S., & Ydenberg, R. C. (2007). Foraging: Behavior and ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
142. Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 299-351.
143. Tanenhaus, M. K., & Trueswell, J. C. (1995). Sentence comprehension. In J. Miller & P. Eimas (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and perception (pp. 217-262). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
144. Tenenbaum, J. B. (1999). Bayesian modeling of human concept learning. In M. Kearns, S. Solla, & D. Cohn (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems 11 (pp. 59-65). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
145. Tenenbaum, J. B., Kemp, C., & Shafto, P. (2007). Theory-based Bayesian models of inductive reasoning. In A. Feeney & E. Heit (Eds.), Inductive reasoning (pp. 114-136). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
146. Tomasello, M. (2000). Do you children have adult syntactic competence? Cognition, 74, 209-253.
147. Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
148. Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675-691.
149. Tomblin, J. B., Mainela-Arnold, E., & Zhang, X. (2007). Procedural learning in adolescents with and without specific language impairment. Language Learning and Development, 3, 269-293.
150. Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
151. Trueswell, J. C., Sekerina, I., Hill, N. M., & Logrip, M. L. (1999). The kindergartenpath effect: Studying on-line sentence processing in young children. Cognition, 73, 89-134.
152. Ullman, S. (1979). The interpretation of visual motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
153. Ullman, M. T., & Pierpont, E. I. (2005). Specific language impairment is not specific to language: The procedural deficit hypothesis. Cortex, 41, 399-433.
154. Van der Lely, H. K. J., & Battell, J. (2003). WH-movement in children with grammatical SLI: A test of the RDDR hypothesis. Language, 79, 153-181.
155. Wang, D., & Li, H. (2007). Nonverbal language in cross-cultural communication. Sino-US English Teaching, 4, 66-70.
156. Weber, B. H. & Depew, D. J. (Eds.) (2003). Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
157. Weissenborn, J. & Höhle, B. (Eds.) (2001). Approaches to bootstrapping: Phonological, lexical, syntactic and neurophysiological aspects of early language acquisition. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
158. Wexler, K. (2004). Lennenberg's dream. In L. Jenkins (Ed.), Variation and universals in biolinguistics (pp. 239-284). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
159. Wilson, E. O. (1971). The insect societies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
160. Wynne, T., & Coolidge, F. L. (2008). A stone-age meeting of minds. American Scientist, 96, 44-51.
161. Yang, C. (2002). Knowledge and learning in natural language. New York: Oxford University Press.
162. Zipf, G. K. (1949). Human behavior and the principle of least-effort. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
163. Zuidema, W. (2003). How the poverty of the stimulus solves the poverty of the stimulus. In S. Becker, S. Thrun, & K. Obermayer (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems 15 (pp. 51-58). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.