Suspicious Minds at Risk? The Role of Meaning in Processing War and Peacekeeping Experiences

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 61-81

  Schok, Michaela L ^a   Kleber, Rolf J ^b   Lensvelt Mulders, Gerty J L M ^c   Elands, Martin ^a   Weerts, Jos ^a  

^a Veterans Institute Centre for Research and Expertise   (Netherlands)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c University for Humanistics   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651507664     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: 15591816     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00702.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., & Spiro, A. (1994). Vulnerability and resilience to combat exposure: Can stress have lifelong effects? Psychology and Aging, 1, 34-44.
2. Antoni, M. H., Lehman, J. M., Kilbourn, K. M., Boyers, A. E., Culver, J. L., Alferi, S. M., et al. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention decreases the prevalence of depression and enhances benefit finding among women under treatment for early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychology, 20, 20-32.
3. Arbuckle, J. L. (2003). AMOS (Version 5.0.1) [Computer software]. Spring House, PA: Amos Development Corporation.
4. Barrett, D. H., Doebbeling, C. C., Schwartz D. A., Voelker, M. D., Falter, K. H., Woolson, R. F., et al. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder and self-reported physical health status among U.S. military personnel serving during the Gulf War period: A population-based study. Psychosomatics, 43, 195-205.
5. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Fit indexes, lagrange multipliers, constraint changes, and incomplete data in structural models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 163-172.
6. Bolton, E. E., Glenn, D. M., Orsilli, S., Roemer, L., & Litz, B. T. (2003). The relationship between self-disclosure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers deployed to Somalia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 203-210.
7. Bolton, E. E., Litz, B. T., Glenn, D. M., Orsilli, S., & Roemer, L. (2002). The impact of homecoming reception on the adaptation of peacekeepers following deployment. Military Psychology, 14, 241-251.
8. Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, J. E., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (1997). Deelname aan Vredesmissies: gevolgen, opvang en nazorg [Participation in peacekeeping mission: Consequences, reception, and follow-up]. Amsterdam: EMGO-instituut.
9. Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000). Predeployment personality traits and exposure to trauma as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A prospective study of former peacekeepers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1115-1119.
10. Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., van Esch, S. C. M., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2001). Consistency of self-reports of traumatic events in a population of Dutch peacekeepers: Reason for optimism? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 733-740.
11. Bramsen, I., Klaarenbeek, M. T. A., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (1995). Militaire gevechtservaringen in de jaren 1940-1945. Klachten en gezondheidsbeleving van oorlogsveteranen vijftig jaar later [Military combat experiences between 1940-1945. Health complaints and perceptions of war veterans fifty years later]. In H. M. van der Ploeg & J. M. P. Weerts (Eds.), Veteranen in Nederland. Onderzoek naar de gevolgen van oorlogservaringen-Tweede Wereldoorlog-Politionele Acties-Korea (pp. 93-111). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger B.V.
12. Brewin, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 339-376.
13. Britt, T. W., Adler, A. B., & Bartone, P. T. (2001). Deriving benefits from stressful events: The role of engagement in meaningful work and hardiness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 53-63.
14. Brom, D., & Kleber, R. J. (1985). De Schokverwerkingslijst [The Impact of Event Scale]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 40, 164-168.
15. Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65-76.
16. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17. nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18. Dalgliesh, T. (2004). Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multirepresentational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 228-260.
19. Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 561-574.
20. Dekel, R., Solomon, Z., Elklit, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2004). World assumptions and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 407-420.
21. De Vries, J., & Van Heck, G. L. (1996). Nederlandse WHOQOL-Bref [Dutch WHOQOL-Bref]. Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University.
22. Dirkzwager, A. J. E. (2002). Posttraumatic stress among Dutch military veterans: A longitudinal study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
23. Dohrenwend, B. P., Neria, Y., Turner, J. B., Turse, N., Marshall, R., Lewis-Fernandez, R., et al. (2004). Positive tertiary appraisals and post-traumatic stress disorder in U.S. male veterans of the war in Vietnam: The roles of positive affirmation, positive reformulation, and defensive denial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, 417-433.
24. Eaker, S., Bergström, R., Bergström, A., Adami, H. O., & Nyren, O. (1998). Response rate to mailed epidemiologic questionnaires: A population-based randomized trial variations in design and mailing routines. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 74-82.
25. Elder, G. H., Jr., & Clipp, E. C. (1989). Combat experience and emotional health: Impairment and resilience in later life. Journal of Personality, 57, 310-341.
26. Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (1998). Psychological benefits and liabilities of traumatic exposure in the war zone. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 485-503.
27. Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 797-816.
28. Herman, L. J. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
29. Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress response syndromes. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
30. Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A study of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
31. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
32. Janoff-Bulman, R., & Frantz, C. M. (1997). The impact of trauma on meaning: From meaningless world to meaningful life. In M. Power & C. R. Brewin (Eds.), The transformation of meaning in psychological therapies (pp. 91-106). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
33. Jongedijk, R. A., Carlier, I. V. E., Schreuder, B. J. N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (1996). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of PTSD and DES NOS among Dutch war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 577-586.
34. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
35. Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9, 262-280.
36. Kleber, R. J., & Brom, D. (1992). Coping with trauma: Theory, prevention, and treatment. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger B.V.
37. Klep, C., & van Gils, R. (2005). Van Korea tot Kabul [From Korea to Kabul]. The Hague, The Netherlands: SDU Uitgevers.
38. nd ed.) New York: Guilford.
39. Mehlum, L. (1995). Positive and negative consequences of serving in a UN peacekeeping mission. A follow-up study. International Review of Armed Forces Medical Services, 68, 289-295.
40. Mooren, G. T. M., & Kleber, R. J. (2001). The impact of war in Bosnia and Hercegovina: Devastated trust. International Journal of Mental Health, 30, 6-21.
41. Poulin, M., & Cohen Silver, R. (2008). World benevolence beliefs and well-being across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 23, 13-23.
42. Royal Dutch Army. (2003). Questionnaire aftercare-Royal Army. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Division Individual Care & Division Behavioural Sciences.
43. Schnurr, P. P., Hayes, A. F., Lunney, C. A., McFall, M., & Uddo, M. (2006). Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between symptoms and quality of life in veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 707-713.
44. Schok, M. L., Kleber, R. J., Elands, M., & Weerts, J. M. P. (2008). Meaning as a mission: A review of empirical studies on appraisals of war and peacekeeping experiences. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 357-365.
45. Spiro, A., Schnurr, P. P., & Aldwin, C. M. (1999). A life-span perspective on the effects of military service. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30, 92-128.
46. Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
47. Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161-1173.
48. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-471.
49. van der Ploeg, E., Mooren, G. T. T., Kleber, R. J., van der Velden, P. G., & Brom, D. (2004). Construct validation of the Dutch version of the Impact of Event Scale. Psychological Assessment, 16, 16-26.
50. van Esch, S. C. M., Bramsen, I., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2001). Actief dienenden en veteranen: verschil in psychologisch welbevinden [Servicemen and veterans: Differences in psychological well-being]. Nederlands Militair Geneeskundig Tijdschrift, 6, 177-183.
51. Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J., & Thompson, C. P. (2003). Life is pleasant-and memory helps to keep it that way! Review of General Psychology, 2, 203-210.
52. Wentz, R., & Kwan, I. (2002). Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: Systematic review. British Journal of Medicine, 324, 1183-1185.
53. World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Group. (1994). Development of the WHOQOL: Rationale and current status. International Journal of Mental Health, 23, 24-56.
54. World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Group. (1998). The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science and Medicine, 12, 1569-1585.
55. Wong, P. T. P., & Weiner, B. (1981). When people ask "why" questions and the heuristics of attributional search. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 650-663.
56. Zatzick, D. F., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Browner, W. S., Metzler, T. J., Golding, J. M., et al. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1690-1695.
57. Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology: A critical review and introduction of a two-component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 626-653.