Attachment, Self-Compassion, Empathy, and Subjective Well-Being Among College Students and Community Adults

Journal of Personality

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 191-221

  Wei, Meifen ^a   Liao, Kelly Yu Hsin ^a   Ku, Tsun Yao ^a   Shaffer, Phillip A ^a  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; DEMOGRAPHY; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; OBJECT RELATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SATISFACTION; SELF CONCEPT; SELF REPORT; STUDENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; QUESTIONNAIRES; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SELF CONCEPT; SELF REPORT; STUDENTS;

EID: 78651245477     PISSN: 00223506     EISSN: 14676494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00677.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
2. Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 189-203). North-Holland: Elsevier.
3. Bennett-Goleman, T. (2001). Emotional alchemy: How the mind can heal the heart. New York: Three Rivers Press.
4. Brach, T. (2003). Radical acceptance: Embracing your life with the heart of a Buddha. New York: Bantam Books.
5. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In, J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
6. Britton, P. C., & Fuendeling, J. M. (2005). The relations among varieties of adult attachment and the components of empathy. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 519-530.
7. Buie, D. H. (1981). Empathy: Its nature and limitations. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 29, 281-307.
8. Cantazaro, A. E., & Wei, M. (2010). Adult attachment, dependence, self-criticism, and depressive symptoms: A test of a mediational model. Journal of Personality, 78, 1135-1162.
9. Davila, J., Burge, D., & Hammen, C. (1997). Why does attachment style change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 826-838.
10. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
11. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
12. Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81-84.
13. Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
14. Fraley, R. C., Davis, K. E., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Dismissing-avoidance and the defensive organization of emotion, cognition and behavior. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 249-279). New York: Guilford Press.
15. Gilbert, P. (Ed.). (2005). Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy. New York: Routledge.
16. Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). An attachment-theoretical approach to compassion and altruism. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 121-147). New York: Routledge.
17. Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073-1082.
18. Holmbeck, G. M. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599-610.
19. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
20. Joireman, J. A., Needham, T. L., & Cummings, A.-L. (2001). Relationships between dimensions of attachment and empathy. North American Journal of Psychology, 3, 63-80.
21. Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (2003). LISREL 8.54. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
22. La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384.
23. Lent, R. W., Singley, D., Sheu, H.-B., Gainor, K. A., Brenner, B. R., Treistman, D., et al. (2005). Social cognitive predictors of domain and life satisfaction: Exploring the theoretical precursors of subjective well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 429-442.
24. Ling, X., Jiang, G.-R., & Xia, Q. (2008). Relationship between normal university freshmen's adult attachment towards different subjects and subjective well-being. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, 71-73.
25. Lopez, F. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). Dynamic processes underlying adult attachment organization: Toward an attachment theoretical perspective on the healthy and effective self. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 283-301.
26. Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discrimination validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 616-628.
27. Mallinckrodt, B. (2000). Attachment, social competencies, social support, and interpersonal process in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 10, 239-266.
28. Mallinckrodt, B., Abraham, W. T., Wei, M., & Russell, D. W. (2006). Advances in testing the statistical significance of mediation effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 372-378.
29. Mehrabian, A. (2000). Manual for the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES). (Available from Albert Mehrabian, 1130 Alta Mesa Road, Monterey, CA, USA 93940).
30. Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others' needs: Evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathetic response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1205-1224.
31. Mikulincer, M., & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 917-925.
32. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2005). Attachment security, compassion, and altruism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 34-38.
33. Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamic development and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 77-102.
34. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10-18.
35. Neff, K. D. (2003a). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
36. Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-102.
37. Neff, K. D. (2004). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9, 27-37.
38. Neff, K. D. (2008, February). Self-compassion and other-focused responding. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM.
39. Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9, 225-240.
40. Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 908-916.
41. Pietromonaco, P. R., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2000). The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the self in relation to others? Review of General Psychology, 4, 155-175.
42. Pistole, M. C. (1989). Attachment: Implications for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 190-193.
43. Pistole, M. C. (1999). Caregiving in attachment relationships: A perspective for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 437-446.
44. Robbins, S. B., & Kliewer, W. L. (2000). Advances in theory and research on subjective well-being. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed., pp. 310-345). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
45. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1988). Scaling corrections for chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. In American Statistical Association 1988 proceedings of the business and economic section (pp. 308-313). Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
46. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514.
47. Sawyer, F. H. (1975). A conceptual analysis of empathy. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 3, 27-47.
48. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
49. Shanafelt, T. D., West, C., Zhao, X., Novotny, P., Kolars, J., Habermann, T., et al. (2005). Relationship between increased personal well-being and enhanced empathy among internal medicine residents. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20, 559-564.
50. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
51. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S. (1992). Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 434-446.
52. Tkach, C. T. (2006). Unlocking the treasury of human kindness: Enduring improvements in mood, happiness, and self-evaluations (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Riverside, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International, 67, 603.
53. Torquati, J. C., & Raffaelli, M. (2004). Daily experiences of emotions and social contexts of securely and insecurely attached young adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 740-758.
54. Trusty, J., Ng, K.-M., & Watts, R. E. (2005). Model of effects of adult attachment on emotional empathy of counseling students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83, 66-77.
55. Van Buren, A., & Cooley, E. L. (2002). Attachment styles, view of self and negative affect. North American Journal of Psychology, 4, 417-430.
56. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
57. Wearden, A. J., Lamberton, N., Crook, N., & Walsh, V. (2005). Adult attachment, alexithymia, and symptom reporting: An extension to the four-category model of attachment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 279-288.
58. Wei, M., & Liao, K. Y.-H. (2006). Reliability and validity of the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale for college students. Unpublished manuscript.
59. Wei, M., Mallinckrodt, B., Larson, L. A., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Attachment, depressive symptoms, and validation from self versus others. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 368-377.
60. Wei, M., Mallinckrodt, M., Russell, D. W., & Abraham, T. W. (2004). Maladaptive perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between adult attachment and depressive mood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 201-212.