Gender and the Communication of Emotion Via Touch

Sex Roles

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 70-80

  Hertenstein, Matthew J ^a   Keltner, Dacher ^b  

^a DEPAUW UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Contact; Emotional communication; Gender differences; Tactile; Touch

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650945132     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-010-9842-y     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Argyle, M. (1975). Bodily communication. Oxford: International Universities Press.
2. Bailenson, J. N., Yee, N., Brave, S., Merget, D., & Koslow, D. (2007). Virtual interpersonal touch: Expressing and recognizing emotions through haptic devices. Human-Computer Interaction, 22, 325-353.
3. Banse, R., & Scherer, K. R. (1996). Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 614-636.
4. Becker, D. V., Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Blackwell, K. C., & Smith, D. M. (2007). The confounded nature of angry men and happy women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 179-190.
5. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
6. Biernat, M. (2003). Toward a broader view of social stereotyping. The American Psychologist, 58, 1019-1027.
7. Birnbaum, D. W. (1984). The etiology of children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality. Sex Roles, 10, 677-691.
8. Brody, L. R. (1993). On understanding gender differences in the expression of emotion: Gender roles, socialization and language. In S. L. Ablon, D. Brown, E. J. Khantzian, & J. E. Mack (Eds.), Human feelings: Exploration in affect development and meaning (pp. 87-121). England: Analytic.
9. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 338-349). New York: Guilford.
10. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2008). Gender and emotion in context. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 395-408). New York: Guilford.
11. Citrin, L. B., Roberts, T., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Objectification theory and emotions: A feminist psychological perspective on gendered affect. In L. Z. Tiedens & C. W. Leach (Eds.), The social life of emotions (pp. 203-223). New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Clark, C. (1997). Misery and company: Sympathy in everyday life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
13. Clark, R. D., & Shields, G. (1997). Family communication and delinquency. Adolescence, 32, 81-92.
14. Clynes, M., & Nettheim, N. (1982). The living quality of music: Neurobiologic patterns of communicating feeling. In M. Clynes (Ed.), Music, mind and brain: The neuropsychology of music (pp. 47-82). New York: Plenum.
15. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1994). Evolutionary psychology of male violence. In J. Archer (Ed.), Male violence (pp. 253-288). New York: Routledge.
16. Day, A. L., & Carroll, S. A. (2004). Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1443-1458.
17. Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
18. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Miller, P. A., Fultz, J., Shell, R., Mathy, R. M., et al. (1989). Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: A multimethod study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 55-66.
19. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation 1971 (pp. 207-283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
20. Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expressions of emotion. The American Psychologist, 48, 384-392.
21. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists.
22. Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 203-235.
23. Fischer, A. H. (1993). Sex differences in emotionality: Fact or stereotype? Feminism & Psychology, 3, 303-318.
24. Fivush, R., Reese, E., & Haden, C. A. (2006). Elaborating on elaborations: Role of maternal reminiscing style in cognitive and socioemotional development. Child Development, 77, 1568-1588.
25. Frank, M. G., & Stennett, J. (2001). The forced-choice paradigm and the perception of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 75-85.
26. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
27. Goetz, J. L., & Keltner, D. (2007). Shifting meanings of self-conscious emotions across cultures: A social-functional approach. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 153-173). New York: Guilford.
28. Gohm, C. L., & Clore, G. L. (2000). Individual differences in emotional experience: Mapping available scales to processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 679-697.
29. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1998). Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170-191.
30. Gross, J. J., Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1994). The psychophysiology of crying. Psychophysiology, 31, 460-468.
31. Halberstadt, A. G., Hayes, C. W., & Pike, K. (1988). Gender and gender role differences in smiling and communication consistency. Sex Roles, 19, 589-604.
32. Hall, J. A. (1990). Nonverbal sex difference: Accuracy of communication and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
33. Hall, J. A., Carter, J. D., & Horgan, T. G. (2000). Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 97-117). New York: Cambridge University Press.
34. Hall, J. A., Carney, D. R., & Murphy, N. A. (2002). Gender differences in smiling. In M. H. Abel (Ed.), An empirical reflection on the smile (pp. 155-185). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen.
35. Hall, J. A., Coats, E. J., & Smith LeBeau, L. (2005). Nonverbal behavior and the vertical dimension of social relations: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 898-924.
36. Henley, N. M. (1973). Status and sex: Some touching observations. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 91-93.
37. Henley, N. (1977). Body politics: Power, sex and nonverbal communication. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
38. Henley, N. M. (1995). Body politics revisited: What do you know today? In P. J. Kalbfleisch & M. J. Cody (Eds.), Gender, power, and communication in human relationships (pp. 27-61). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
39. Hertenstein, M. J. (2002). Touch: Its communicative functions in infancy. Human Development, 45, 70-94.
40. Hertenstein, M. J. (2010). Cautions in the study of infant emotional displays. Emotion Review, 2, 130-131.
41. Hertenstein, M. J., & Campos, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation via maternal touch. Infancy, 2, 549-566.
42. Hertenstein, M. J., Keltner, D., App, B., Bulleit, B. A., & Jaskolka, A. R. (2006a). Touch communicates distinct emotions. Emotion, 6, 528-533.
43. Hertenstein, M. J., Verkamp, J. M., Kerestes, A. M., & Holmes, R. M. (2006b). The communicative functions of touch in humans, nonhuman primates, and rats: A review and synthesis of the empirical research. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132, 5-94.
44. Hertenstein, M. J., Holmes, R., McCullough, M., & Keltner, D. (2009). The communication of emotion via touch. Emotion, 9, 566-573.
45. Hess, U., Senécal, S., Kirouac, G., Herrera, P., Philippot, P., & Kleck, R. E. (2000). Emotional expressivity in men and women: Stereotypes and self-perceptions. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 609-642.
46. Hess, U., Adams, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2004). Facial appearance, gender, and emotion expression. Emotion, 4, 378-388.
47. Hess, U., Adams, R., & Kleck, R. (2007). When two do the same, it might not mean the same: The perception of emotional expressions shown by men and women. In U. Hess & P. Philippot (Eds.), Group dynamics and emotional expression (pp. 33-50). New York: Cambridge University Press.
48. Izard, C. E. (1979). The maximally discriminative facial movement coding system (MAX). Unpublished manuscript. Available from Instructional Resource Center, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
49. Jones, S. E., & Yarbrough, A. E. (1985). A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch. Communication Monographs, 52, 19-56.
50. Kagan, J. (2007). What is emotion? History, measures, and meaning. New Haven: Yale University Press.
51. Kenrick, D., Trost, M., & Sundie, J. (2004). Sex roles as adaptations: An evolutionary perspective on gender differences and similarities. In A. H. Eagly, R. J. Sternberg, & A. E. Beall (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd ed., pp. 65-91). New York: Guilford.
52. Kirouac, G., & Hess, U. (1999). Group membership and the decoding of nonverbal behavior. In P. Philippot, R. S. Feldman, & E. J. Coats (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior (pp. 182-210). New York: Cambridge University Press.
53. Knapp, M. L., & Hall, J. A. (1997). Nonverbal communication in human interaction (4th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College.
54. Kring, A. M. (2000). Gender and anger. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 211-231). New York: Cambridge University Press.
55. Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686-703.
56. LaFrance, M., & Henley, N. M. (1994). On oppressing hypotheses: Or differences in nonverbal sensitivity revisited. In H. L. Radtke & H. J. Stam (Eds.), Power/gender: Social relations in theory and practice (pp. 287-311). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
57. LaFrance, M., & Hecht, M. A. (1999). Option or obligation to smile: The effects of power and gender on facial expression. In P. Philippot, R. S. Feldman, & E. J. Coats (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior (pp. 45-70). New York: Cambridge University Press.
58. LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A., & Paluck, E. L. (2003). The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 305-334.
59. Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
60. Plant, E. A., Hyde, J. S., Keltner, D., & Devine, P. G. (2000). The gender stereotyping of emotions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 81-92.
61. Rimé, B., Corsini, S., & Herbette, G. (2002). Emotion, verbal expression, and the social sharing of emotion. In S. R. Fussell (Ed.), The verbal communication of emotions: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 185-208). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
62. Robinson, M. D., & Johnson, J. T. (1997). Is it emotion or is it stress? Gender stereotypes and the perception of subjective experience. Sex Roles, 36, 235-258.
63. Roter, D. L., Hall, J. A., & Aoki, Y. (2002). Physician gender effects in medical communication: A meta-analytic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 756-764.
64. Scherer, K. R., Johnstone, T., & Klasmeyer, G. (2003). Vocal expression of emotion. In R. J. Davidson, H. H. Goldsmith, & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 433-456). New York: Oxford University Press.
65. Shields, S. (2000). Thinking about gender, thinking about theory: Gender and emotional experience. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 3-23). New York: Cambridge University Press.
66. Shiota, M., Keltner, D., & John, O. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 61-71.
67. Simon, R. W., & Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: Do men and women differ in self-reports of feelings and expressive behavior? The American Journal of Sociology, 109, 1137-1176.
68. Smith, J., & MacLean, K. (2007). Communicating emotion through a haptic link: Design space and methodology. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 65, 376-387.
69. Stier, D. S., & Hall, J. A. (1984). Gender differences in touch: An empirical and theoretical review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 440-459.
70. Tiedens, L. Z., & Leach, C. W. (2004). The social life of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
71. Timmers, M., Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2003). Ability versus vulnerability: Beliefs about men's and women's emotional behavior. Cognition & Emotion, 17, 41-63.
72. Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Schriber, R. A. (2009). Development of a FACS-verified set of basic and self-conscious emotion expressions. Emotion, 9, 554-559.
73. Weiss, S. J. (1992). Measurement of the sensory qualities in tactile interaction. Nursing Research, 41, 82-86.
74. Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699-727.