Tehran: Paradox city

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 66, 2010, Pages 99-122

  Bayat, Asef ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 78650735888     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. 'Iran smog "kills 3, 600 in month"', bbc News website, 9 January 2007; Economist Intelligence Unit, The Global Liveability Report, August 2010.
2. John Gurney, 'The Transformation of Tehran in the Later 19th Century', in Chahryar Adle and Bernard Hourcade, eds, Teheran Capitale Bicentenaire, Tehran 1992.
3. Data from the Association of the Iranian Engineering Consultants, and Middle East Economic Digest, 1 April 1983, p. 14.
4. See Kaveh Ehsani, 'Survival through Dispossession: Privatization of Public Goods in the Islamic Republic', Middle East Report, no. 250, Spring 2009.
5. Ettelaat, 11 Esfand 1363 (2 March 1984).
6. Ehsani, 'Survival through Dispossession'.
7. Data from Association of the Iranian Engineering Consultants.
8. Masserat Amir Ebrahimi, 'Public and Private', Pages, no. 1, February 2004.
9. For a good survey see Azam Khatam, 'Houzeh-ye Hamegani va Fazaha-ye Omoumi dar Iran', Andishe-ye Iranshahr, no. 3, spring 2005, pp. 10-5.
10. See also Kaveh Ehsani, 'Municipality Matters: The Urbanization of Consciousness and Political Change in Tehran', Middle East Report 212, Fall 1999, p. 26.
11. Zahra Arabshahi, 'Barrasi-ye Daraamad-e Sarane-ye Shahr-dariha-ye Kalan-e Shahrha-ye Keshvar, 1996-2002', Faslname-ye Modiriyat-e Shahri, no. 17, Spring 2004, p. 71.
12. Masserat Amir Ebrahimi, 'Ta'sir-e Farhangsara-ye bahman bar Zendeghi-ye Ejtima'ii va Farhangui-ye Zana va Javanan-e Tehran', Goftogu, no. 9, Fall 1995, pp. 17-25.
13. Ehsani, 'Municipal Matters', p. 24.
14. Sohrab Behdad, 'From Populism to Economic Liberalism: The Iranian Predicament', in Parvin Alizadeh, ed., The Economy of Iran: The Dilemma of an Islamic Republic, London 2000.
15. Cited in Kar, no. 45, 22 Mehr 1371 (14 October 1993), p. 5.
16. Ehsani, 'Survival through Dispossession'.
17. Sohrab Behdad and Farhad Nomani, 'What a Revolution! Thirty Years of Social Class Reshuffling in Iran', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 29, no. 1, 2009.
18. Arang Keshavarzian, Bazaar and State in Iran, Cambridge 2007.
19. Anonymous authors, 'Cheshm-andazha-ye Jonbesh-e Sabz', Tehran 2010. Emami died in prison, in somewhat murky circumstances, in 1999.
20. See Kasra Naji, Ahmadinejad, London 2008, pp. 49-51.
21. Mahmood Alizadeh Tabatabaii, 'Vosul-e Bedehi-ye Dowlat beh Shahr-e Tehran', Shahr-e Farda, 5 Azar 1385 (26 November 2006).
22. See Naji, Ahmadinejad, pp. 54-5.
23. Interview with the current mayor of Tehran, Mohammed Baqer Qalibaf, by Mohammad Reza Asadzadeh: 'Difficult year', in Shahr, special issue, Nowrooz 1387 (Persian New Year 2008).
24. See also Baztaab website, 13 May 2005. Qalibaf is reported to have submitted 1, 000 cases of irregularity committed by the municipality under Ahmadinejad to the supreme leader.
25. D. Jalali, 'Barrasi-ye Ravanhaa-ye Omdeh dar Budge-ye Shahrdari-ye Tehran: 1383-86', Eqtesad-e Shahr, no. 2, 2009, p. 105.
26. Ehsani, 'Survival through Dispossession', p. 6.
27. This is according to Ahmadinejad himself, cited in Bahar, 23 Farvardin 1389 (12 April 2010). In 2008
28. over 25 per cent of the unemployed (373, 000 people) were university graduates; see the Persian website Jaras, 12 Tir 1389 (2 July 2010).
29. See for example the Resolutions of Tehran City Council from 1 Esfand 1388 (20 February 2010), available on the Council's website, www.shora-tehran. ir.
30. Tabatabaii, 'Vosoul-e Bedehi-ye Dawlat'.
31. According to Sardar Fazli, a pasdaran commander
32. cited in 'Eteraf-e Sardar-e Sepah beh Dastgiri-ye Dah-hezar Nafar dar Sal-e Gozashteh', Peyke Iran, 18 Aban 1388 (9 November 2010).
33. Azadeh Asadi, 'Dozdi-ye Seriali-ye Mojassameha-ye Tehran', Radio Farda, 14 Ordibehesht 1389 (4 May 2010).
34. Bahar, 23 Farvardin 1389 (12 April 2010).
35. According to Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi, Ahmadinejad's mentor, cited in Mardomsalari, 5 Tir 1389 (27 June 2010).
36. Tehran Emrooz, 22 Farvardin 1389 (11 April 2010).
37. The words of Kamran Daneshjou, Minister of Sciences; see 'Takeed-e Mojaddad bar Prozhe-ye Amniyyat-ye Khorouj-e Daneshgah-ha az Tehran', Peyke Iran, 28 Farvardin 1389 (17 April 2010).
38. In the post-2009 election violence, some basij agents reportedly received motorbikes and others $400 for each operation.
39. 'Only 12 per cent of young people ever go to mosques', Shahrzad News, 4 October 2010.
40. Azam Khatam, 'Struggles over Defining the Moral City: The Problem Called "Youth" in Urban Iran', in Linda Herrera and Asef Bayat, eds, Being Young and Muslim: New Cultural Politics in the Global South and North, Oxford 2010, pp. 220-1. The term 'cultural nato' was notably deployed by Payam Fazil-Nejad in a 2009 book attacking the reformist movement as part of a Western conspiracy.
41. Radio Farda, 23 July 2010.
42. Nazanin Kamdar, 'Amarhaa-ye Takan-dahandeh az Paytakht-e Keshvar', roozonline, no. 1202, 7 Tir 1389 (29 June 2010).