Fluid circulation in a complex volcano-tectonic setting, inferred from self-potential and soil CO2 flux surveys: The Santa María-Cerro Quemado-Zunil volcanoes and Xela caldera (Northwestern Guatemala)

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

Volumn 199, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 216-229

  Bennati, Laura ^a   Finizola, Anthony ^b   Walker, James A ^c   Lopez, Dina L ^d   Higuera Diaz, I Camilo ^c   Schütze, Claudia ^e   Barahona, Francisco ^f   Cartagena, Rafael ^f   Conde, Vladimir ^f   Funes, Renan ^f   Rios, Cristobal ^f  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE LA RÉUNION   (France)

^c NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

^f University of El Salvador   (El Salvador)

Author keywords

Cerro Quemado; Dome growth; Guatemalan volcanoes; Hydrothermal system; Santa Mar a; Self potential; Soil CO2 flux; Structural boundaries; Tectonics; Xela caldera; Zunil

Indexed keywords

CERRO QUEMADO; GUATEMALAN VOLCANOES; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; SELF-POTENTIAL; STRUCTURAL BOUNDARY; XELA CALDERA; ZUNIL;

DOMES; GAS EMISSIONS; GEOTHERMAL FIELDS; SOILS; TECTONICS;

VOLCANOES;

CALDERA; CARBON DIOXIDE; DOME; FAULT ZONE; FLUID FLOW; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MAGMATISM; PERMEABILITY; SELF POTENTIAL; SOIL CARBON; TECTONIC SETTING; VOLCANOLOGY;

BRAZIL; GUATEMALA [CENTRAL AMERICA]; RIO GRANDE DO SUL; SANTA MARIA [RIO GRANDE DU SUL];

EID: 78650722087     PISSN: 03770273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.11.008     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Adams M.C., Mink L.L., Moore J.N., White L.D., Caicedo Anchissi A. Geochemistry and hydrology of the Zunil geothermal system, Guatemala. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Trans. 1990, 14:837-844.
2. Aizawa K. Classification of self-potential anomalies on volcanoes and possible interpretations for their subsurface structure. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2008, 175:253-268. 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.03.011.
3. Aizawa K., Uyeshima M., Nogami K. Zeta potential estimation of volcanic rocks on 11 island arc-type volcanoes in Japan: implication for the generation of local self-potential anomalies. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:B02201. 10.1029/2007JB005058.
4. Allard P., Carbonnelle J., Dajlevic D., Le Bronec J., Morel P., Robe M.C., Maurenas J.M., Faivre-Pierret R., Martin D., Sabroux J.C., Zettwoog P. Eruptive and diffuse emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna. Nature 1991, 351:387-391.
5. Anderson S.W., Fink J.H., Rose W.I. Mount St. Helens and Santiaguito lava domes: the effect of short-term eruption rate on surface texture and degassing processes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1995, 69:105-116.
6. Asturias F. Reservoir assessment of Zunil I and II geothermal fields, Guatemala. Geothermal Training Program 3 2003, 1-32. The United Nations University.
7. Aubert M., Kieffer G. Evolution d'une intrusion magmatique dans le flanc Sud de l'Etna entre juin 1982 et juin 1983. Résultats de potentiel spontané (PS) et essai d'interprétation de l'éruption de 1983. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. 1984, 293:379-382.
8. Ball L., Ge S., Caine J.S., Revil A., Jardani A. Constraining fault-zone hydrogeology through integrated hydrological and geoelectrical analysis. Hydrogeol. J. 2010, 18:1057-1067. 10.1007/s10040-010-0587-z.
9. Barde-Cabusson S., Levieux G., Lénat J.-F., Finizola A., Revil A., Chaput M., Dumont S., Duputel Z., Guy A., Mathieu L., Saumet S., Sorbadère F., Vieille M. Transient self-potential anomalies associated with recent lava flows at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion Island, Indian Ocean). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2009, 187:158-166. 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.09.003.
10. Barde-Cabusson S., Finizola A., Revil A., Ricci T., Piscitelli S., Rizzo E., Angeletti B., Balasco M., Bennati L., Byrdina S., Carzaniga N., Crespy A., Di Gangi F., Morin J., Perrone A., Rossi M., Roulleau E., Suski B., Villeneuve N. New geological insights and structural control on fluid circulation in La Fossa cone (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2009, 185:231-245. 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.06.002.
11. Barmin A., Melnik O., Sparks R.S.J. Periodic behavior in lava dome eruptions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 199:173-184.
12. Brueckner H.K., Avé Lallemant H.G., Sisson V.B., Harlow G.E., Hemming S.R., Martens U., Tsujimori T., Sorensen S.S. Metamorphic reworking of a high pressure-low temperature mélange along the Motagua fault, Guatemala: a record of neocomian and Maastrichtian transpressional tectonics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 284:228-235. 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.04.032.
13. Buisson C., Merle O. Experiments on internal strain in lava dome cross sections. Bull. Volcanol. 2002, 64:363-371. 10.1007/s00445-002-0213-6.
14. Cáceres D., Monterroso D., Tavakoli B. Crustal deformation in northern Central America. Tectonophysics 2005, 404:119-131. 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.008.
15. Caicedo Anchissi A., Palma J. Present status of exploration and development of the geothermal resources of Guatemala. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Trans. 1990, 14:97-105.
16. Carr M.J. Symmetrical and segmented variation of physical and geochemical characteristics of the Central American volcanic front. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1984, 20:231-252.
17. Carr M.J., Rose W.I., Stoiber R.E. Central America. Andesites 1982, 149-166. John Wiley, New York. R.S. Thorpe (Ed.).
18. Cartagena R., Olmos R., López D.L., Soriano T., Barahona F., Hernandez P.A., Pérez N.M. Diffuse soil degassing of carbon dioxide, radon, and mercury at San Miguel volcano, El Salvador. Natural hazards in El Salvador: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper. 375 2004, 203-212. W.I. Rose, J.J. Bommer, D.L. López, M.J. Carr, J.J. Major (Eds.).
19. Chiodini G., Frondini F., Raco B. Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa crater, Vulcano Island (Italy). Bull. Volcanol. 1996, 85:41-50.
20. Chiodini G., Cioni R., Guidi M., Raco B., Marini L. Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas. Appl. Geochem. 1998, 13(5):543-552.
21. Conway F.M., Vallance J.W., Rose W.I., Johns G.W., Paniagua S. Cerro Quemado, Guatemala: the volcanic history and hazards of an exogenous volcanic dome complex. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1992, 52(4). 303-308, 311-323.
22. Conway F.M., Diehl J.F., Rose W.I., Matias O. Age and magma flux of Santa María volcano, Guatemala: correlation of paleomagnetic waveforms with the 28,000 to 25,000yr B.P. Mono Lake excursion. Geology 1994, 102:11-24.
23. Corwin R.F., Hoover D.B. The Self-Potential method in geothermal exploration. Geophysics 1979, 44:226-245.
24. Cox R.T., Lumsden D.N., Gough K., Lloyd R., Talnagi J. Investigation of late Quaternary fault uplift along the Motagua/Swan Islands fault system: implications for seismic/tsunami hazard for the Bay of Honduras. Tectonophysics 2008, 457:30-41. 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.05.014.
25. D'Amore F.D., Tenorio Mejia J. Chemical and physical reservoir parameters at initial conditions in Berlin geothermal field, El Salvador: a first assessment. Geothermics 1999, 28:45-73.
26. DeMelts C. A new estimate for present-day Cocos-Caribbean plate motion: implications for slip along the Central American volcanic arc. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28(21):4043-4046.
27. DeMelts C., Jansma P.E., Mattioli G.S., Dixon T.H., Farina F., Bilham R., Calais E., Mann P. GPS geodetic constraints on Caribbean-North America plate motion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27:437-440.
28. Donnelly T.W., Horne G.S., Finch R.C., López-Ramos E. Northern Central America: the Maya and Chortís blocks. The Caribbean region: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America. H 1990, 37-76. G. Dengo, J.E. Case (Eds.).
29. Duffield W., Heiken G., Foley D., McEwen A. Oblique synoptic images, produced from digital data, display strong evidence of a "new" caldera in south-western Guatemala. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1993, 55(3-4):217-224.
30. Escobar-Wolf R.P., Diehl J.F., Singer B.S., Rose W.I. 40Ar/39Ar and paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of Volcán de Santa María, Guatemala. GSA Bull. 2010, 122(5-6):757-771. 10.1130/B26569.1.
31. Etiope G., Beneduce P., Calcara M., Favali P., Frugoni F., Schiattarella M., Smriglio G. Structural pattern and CO2-CH4 degassing of Ustica island, Southern Tyrrhenian basin. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1999, 88:291-304.
32. Farrar C.D., Neil J.M., Howle J.F. Magmatic carbon emissions at Mammoth Mountain, California. U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report. 98-4217 1999.
33. Finizola A., Sortino F., Lénat J.-F., Valenza M. Fluid circulation at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) from self-potential and CO2 surveys. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2002, 116:1-18.
34. Finizola A., Sortino F., Lénat J.-F., Aubert M., Ripepe M., Valenza M. The summit hydrothermal system of Stromboli. New insights from self-potential, temperature, CO2 and fumarolic fluid measurements, with structural and monitoring implications. Bull. Volcanol. 2003, 65(7):486-504.
35. Finizola A., Lénat J.-F., Macedo O., Ramos D., Thouret J.-C., Sortino F. Fluid circulation and structural discontinuities inside Misti volcano (Peru) inferred from self-potential measurements. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2004, 135(4):343-360.
36. Finizola A., Revil A., Rizzo E., Piscitelli S., Ricci T., Morin J., Angeletti B., Mocochain L., Sortino F. Hydrogeological insights at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from geoelectrical, temperature, and CO2 soil degassing investigations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L17304. 10.1029/2006GL026842.
37. Finizola A., Aubert M., Revil A., Schütze C., Sortino F. Importance of structural history in the summit area of Stromboli during the 2002-2003 eruptive crisis inferred from temperature, soil CO2, self-potential, and electrical resistivity tomography. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2009, 183:213-227. 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.04.002.
38. Foley D., Moore J.N., Lutz S.J., Palma J.C., Ross H.P., Tobias E., Tripp A.C. Geology and geophysics of the Zunil geothermal system, Guatemala. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Trans. 1990, 14:1405-1412.
39. Frank D. Surficial extent and conceptual model of hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1995, 65:51-80. 10.1016/0377-0273(94)00081-Q.
40. Gerlach T., Doukas M., McGee K., Kessler R. Three-year decline of magmatic CO2 emission from soils of a Mammoth Mountain tree kill: Horseshoe Lake, CA, 1995-1997. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:1947-1950.
41. Giggenbach W.F., Garcia N., Londoño A., Rodriguez L., Rojas N., Calvache M.L. The chemistry of fumarolic vapor and thermal-spring discharges from the Nevado del Ruiz volcanic-magmatic-hydrothermal system, Colombia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1990, 42:13-39.
42. Giggenbach W.F., Paniagua de Gudiel D., Roldan Manzo A.R. Isotopic and chemical composition of water and gas discharges from the Zunil geothermal system, Guatemala. Estudios Geotérmicos con Técnicas Isotópicas y Geoquímicas en America Latina 1992, 245-278. Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, Vienna.
43. Giunta G., Beccaluva L., Coltorti M., Mortellaro D., Siena F., Cutrupia D. The peri-Caribbean ophiolites: structures, tectono-magmatic significance and geodynamic implications. Caribb. J. Earth Sci. 2002, 36:1-20.
44. González Partida E., Torres Rodriguez V., Birkle P. Plio-pleistocene volcanic history of the Ahuachapán geothermal system, El Salvador: the Concepción de Ataco Caldera. Geothermics 1997, 26:555-575.
45. Granieri D., Carapezza M.L., Chiodini G., Avino R., Caliro S., Ranaldi M., Ricci T., Tarchini L. Correlated increase in CO2 fumarolic content and diffuse emission from la Fossa crater (Vulcano, Italy): evidence of volcanic unrest or increasing gas release from a stationary deep magma body?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L13316. 10.1029/2006GL026460.
46. Harris A.J.L., Flynn L.P., Matias O., Rose W.I. The thermal stealth flows of Santiaguito dome, Guatemala: implications for the cooling and emplacement of dacitic block-lava flows. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2002, 114:533-546.
47. Harris A.J.L., Rose W.I., Flynn L.P. Temporal trends in lava dome extrusion at Santiaguito 1922-2000. Bull. Volcanol. 2003, 65(2-3):77-89.
48. Harris A.J.L., Flynn L.P., Matias O., Rose W.I., Cornejo J. The evolution of an active silicic lava flow field: an ETM perspective. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2004, 135(1-2):147-168.
49. Henley R.W., Ellis A.J. Geothermal systems ancient and modern: a geochemical review. Earth Sci. Rev. 1983, 19:1-50.
50. Hernández P.A., Pérez N.M., Salazar J.M., Notsu K., Wakita H. Diffuse emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and helium-3 from Teide volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:3311-3314.
51. Hernández P.A., Salazar J.M., Shimoike Y., Mori T., Notsu K., Pérez N.M. Diffuse emission of CO2 from Miyakejima volcano, Japan. Chem. Geol. 2001, 177:175-185.
52. Ishido T. Electrokinetic mechanism for the "W"-shaped self-potential profile on volcanoes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L15616. 10.1029/2004GL020409.
53. Jackson D.B., Kauahikaua J. Regional self-potential anomalies at Kilauea volcano: "Volcanism in Hawaii" chapter 40. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1987, 1350:947-959.
54. Kanamori H., Stewart G.S. Seismological aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976. J. Geophys. Res. 1978, 83:3427-3434.
55. Keppie J.D. Terranes of Mexico revisited: a 1.3billion year odyssey. Int. Geol. Rev. 2004, 46:765-794.
56. Lénat, J.-F., 1987. Structure et dynamique interne d'un volcan basaltique intraplaque océanique: Le Piton de la Fournaise (île de la Réunion). Thèse de doctorat ès sciences. Univ. Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand (France).
57. Lénat J.-F., Robineau B., Durand S., Bachèlery P. Etude de la zone sommitale du volcan Karthala (Grande Comore) par polarisation spontanée. C. R. Acad. Sci. 1998, 327:781-788.
58. Lewicki J.L., Connor C., St-Amand K., Stix J., Spinner W. Self-potential, soil CO2 flux, and temperature on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30(15). 1817, 1-4. 10.1029/2003GL017731.
59. Lima Lobato E.M., Palma J. The Zunil-II geothermal field, Guatemala, Central America. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, Tohoku, Japan 2000, 2133-2138.
60. Lopez D.L., Williams S.N. Catastrophic volcanic collapse: relation to hydrothermal processes. Science 1993, 260:1794-1796.
61. Lopez D.L., Ransom L., Perez N., Hernandez P., Monterrosa J. Dynamics of diffuse degassing at Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 375 "Natural Hazards in El Salvador" 2004, 191-202. W.I. Rose, J.J. Bommer, D.L. López, M.J. Carr, J.J. Major (Eds.).
62. Lorne B., Perrier F., Avouac J.-P. Streaming potential measurements, 1, Properties of the electrical double layer from crushed rock samples. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:17,857-17,877.
63. Lorne B., Perrier F., Avouac J.-P. Streaming potential measurements, 2, Relationship between electrical and hydraulic flow patterns from rock samples during deformation. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:17,879-17,896.
64. MacInnes, D.A., 1961. The Principles of Electrochemistry. Reinhold Publishing Company, Dover Publications, New York.
65. Mahar A., Lagmay F.A., Tengonciang A.M.P., Marcos H.V., Pascua C.S. A structural model guide for geothermal exploration in Ancestral Mount Bao, Leyte, Philippines. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2003, 122:133-141.
66. Malengreau B., Lénat J.-F., Bonneville A. Cartographie et surveillance temporelle des anomalies de Polarisation Spontanée (PS) sur le Piton de la Fournaise. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 1994, 165:221-232.
67. McBirney A.R. Geology of a part of the central Guatemalan Cordillera. Calif. Univ. Publ. Geol. Sci. 1963, 38:177-242.
68. Muller R.D., Sdrolias M., Gaina C., Roest W.R. Age, spreading rates and spreading symmetry of the world's ocean crust. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2008, 9:Q04006. 10.1029/2007GC001743.
69. Negraru P.T., Blackwell D.D., Erkan K. Heat flow and geothermal potential in the South-Central United States. Nat. Resour. Res. 2008, 17(4):227-243.
70. Newhall C.G. Geology of the Lake Atitlán Region, Western Guatemala. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1987, 33(1-3):23-55. 10.1016/0377-0273(87)90053-9.
71. Nieva D., Verma M.P., Santoyo E., Portugal E., Campos A. Geochemical exploration of the Chipilapa Geothermal Field, El Salvador. Geothermics 1997, 26:589-612.
72. Onizawa S., Matsushima N., Ishido T., Hase H., Takakura S., Nishi Y. Self-potential distribution on active volcano controlled by three-dimensional resistivity structure in Izu-Oshima, Japan. Geophys. J. Int. 2009, 178:1164-1181. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04203.x.
73. Ortega-Gutiérrez F., Ruiz J., Centeno-García E. Oaxaquia, a Proterozoic microcontinent accreted to North America during the late Paleozoic. Geology 1995, 23:1127-1130.
74. Ortega-Gutiérrez F., Solari L.A., Ortega-Obregón C., Elías-Herrera M., Martens U., Morán-Icál S., Chiquín M., Keppie J.D., Torres de León R., Schaaf P. The Maya-Chortís boundary: a tectonostratigraphic approach. Int. Geol. Rev. 2007, 49(11):996-1024.
75. Ortega-Obregón C., Solari L.A., Keppie J.D., Ortega-Gutiérrez F., Solé J., Morán-Ical S. Middle-Late Ordovician magmatism and Late Cretaceous collision in the southern Maya block, Rabinal-Salamá area, central Guatemala: implications for North America-Caribbean plate tectonics. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2008, 120(5-6):556-570. 10.1130/B26238.1.
76. Overbeek J.T.G. Electrochemistry of the double layer. Colloid Science. Irreversible Systems. 1 1952, 115-193. Elsevier Sci, New York. H.R. Kruyt (Ed.).
77. Pérez N.M., Salazar J.M.L., Hernández P.A., Olmos R., Barahona F., Cartagena R., Soriano T., Lopez D.L., Notsu K. Diffuse CO2 and 222Rn degassing from San Salvador volcano, El Salvador, Central America. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 375 "Natural Hazards in El Salvador" 2004, 227-236. W.I. Rose, J.J. Bommer, D.L. López, M.J. Carr, J.J. Major (Eds.).
78. Phipps Morgan J., Ranero C.R., Vannucchi P. Intra-arc extension in Central America: links between plate motions, tectonics, volcanism, and geochemistry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 272:365-371. 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.004.
79. Pribnow D.F.C., Schütze C., Hurter S.J., Flechsig C., Sass J.H. Fluid flow in the resurgent dome of Long Valley Caldera: implications from thermal data and deep electrical sounding. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2003, 127:329-345.
80. Reid M.E. Massive collapse of volcano edifices triggered by hydrothermal pressurization. Geology 2004, 32:373-376. 10.1130/G20300.1.
81. Reid M.E., Sisson T.W., Brien D.L. Volcano collapse promoted by hydrothermal alteration and edifice shape, Mount Rainier, Washington. Geology 2001, 29:779-782. 10.1130/0091-7613(2001) 029.
82. Revil A. Comment on "Rapid fluid disruption: A source for self-potential anomalies on volcanoes" by M.J.S. Johnston, J.D. Byerlee, and D. Lockner. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107(B8). 10.1029/2002JB001794.
83. Revil A., Cathles L.M. Fluid transport by solitary waves along growing faults: a field example from the South Eugene Island Basin, Gulf of Mexico. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 202(2):321-335.
84. Revil A., Cathles L.M. Erratum: fluid transport by solitary waves along growing faults: a field example from the South Eugene Island Basin, Gulf of Mexico. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 204(1-2):321-322.
85. Revil A., Leroy P. Hydroelectric coupling in a clayey material. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:1643-1646.
86. Revil A., Pezard P.A., Glover P.W.J. Streaming potential in porous media. 1. Theory of the zeta potential. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:20,021-20,031.
87. Revil A., Schwaeger H., Cathles L.M., Manhardt P.D. Streaming potential in porous media. 2. Theory and application to geothermal systems. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:20,033-20,048.
88. Revil A., Finizola A., Sortino F., Ripepe M. Geophysical investigations at Stromboli volcano, Italy: implications for ground water flow and paroxysmal activity. Geophys. J. Int. 2004, 157:426-440. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02181.x.
89. Revil A., Finizola A., Piscitelli S., Rizzo E., Ricci T., Crespy A., Angeletti B., Balasco M., Barde Cabusson S., Bennati L., Bolève A., Byrdina S., Carzaniga N., Di Gangi F., Morin J., Perrone A., Rossi M., Roulleau E., Suski B. Inner structure of La Fossa di Vulcano (Vulcano Island, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) revealed by high-resolution electric resistivity tomography coupled with self-potential, temperature, and CO2 diffuse degassing measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:B07207. 10.1029/2007JB005394.
90. Rogers, R.D., 2003. Jurassic-Recent tectonic and stratigraphic history of the Chortis block of Honduras and Nicaragua (northern Central America). The University of Texas at Austin, Ph.D., dissertation, 289 pp.
91. Rose W.I. Notes on the 1902 eruption of Santa María volcano, Guatemala. Bull. Volcanol. 1972, 36:29-45.
92. Rose W.I. Santiaguito volcanic dome, Guatemala. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1972, 83:1413-1434.
93. Rose W.I. Pattern and mechanism of volcanic activity at the Santiaguito volcanic dome, Guatemala. Bull. Volcanol. 1973, 37(1):73-94.
94. Rose W.I. Nuée ardente from Santiaguito volcano, April, 1973. Bull. Volcanol. 1974, 37:365-371.
95. Rose W.I. Volcanic activity at Santiaguito volcano, 1976-1984. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 1987, 212:17-27. J.H. Fink (Ed.).
96. Rose W.I. Santa María, Guatemala: bimodal soda-rich calc-alkalic stratovolcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1987, 33(1-3):109-129.
97. Rose W.I., Grant N.K., Hahn G.A., Lange I.M., Powell J.L., Easter J., DeGraff J.M. The evolution of Santa María volcano, Guatemala. Geology 1977, 85:63-87.
98. Rose W.I., Pearson T., Bonis S. Nuée ardente eruption from the foot of a dacite lava flow. Bull. Volcanol. 1977, 40(1):23-38.
99. Rose W.I., Conway F.M., Pullinger C.R., Deino A., McIntosh W.C. An improved age framework for late Quaternary silicic eruptions in northern Central America. Bull. Volcanol. 1999, 61:106-120. 10.1007/s004450050266.
100. Rosencrantz E., Mann P. SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea. Geology 1991, 19:690-693.
101. Sanchez Bennett E., Rose W.I., Conway F.M. Santa María, Guatemala: a decade volcano. EOS (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union) 1992, 73:521-522.
102. Scheffer F., Schachtschabel P. Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde 1989, Enke-Verlag, Stuttgart, 491 pp.
103. Stoiber R.E., Carr M.J. Quaternary volcanic and tectonic segmentation of Central America. Bull. Volcanol. 1973, 37:304-325.
104. Stoiber R.E., Rose W.I. Recent volcanic and fumarolic activity at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala. Bull. Volcanol. 1969, 33:475-502.
105. Stoiber R.E., Rose W.I. The geochemistry of Central American volcanic gas condensates. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1970, 81:2851.
106. Stoiber R.E., Rose W.I. Fumarole incrustations at active Central American volcanoes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1974, 38(4):495-516.
107. Templeton, S., 1999. Hydrothermal systems at Volcan Santa María, Guatemala. M.S. thesis, DeKalb, Illinois, Northern Illinois University, 166 pp.
108. Todesco M. Origin of fumarolic fluids at Vulcano (Italy). Insights from isotope data and numerical modeling of hydrothermal circulation. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1997, 79:63-85.
109. Tort A., Finizola A. The buried caldera of Misti volcano, Peru, revealed by combining a self-potential survey with elliptic Fourier function analysis of topography. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2005, 141:283-297. 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.005.
110. Van Wyk de Vries B., Kerle N., Petley D. Sector collapse forming at Casita volcano, Nicaragua. Geology 2000, 28:167-170.
111. Varley N.R., Armienta M.A. The absence of diffuse degassing at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico. Chem. Geol. 2001, 177:157-173.
112. Walker J.A., Templeton S., Cameron B.I. The chemistry of spring waters and fumarolic gases encircling Santa María volcano, Guatemala: insights into regional hydrothermal activity and implications for volcano monitoring. Volcanic hazards in Central America: Geol. Soc. America Special Paper. 412 2006, 59-83. 10.1130/2006.2412(04). W.I. Rose, G.J.S. Bluth, M.J. Carr, J. Ewert, L.C. Patino, J.V. Vallance (Eds.).
113. Weber B., Schaaf P., Valencia V.A., Iriondo A., Ortega-Gutiérrez F. Provenance ages of late Paleozoic sandstones (Santa Rosa Formation) from the Maya block, SE Mexico. Implications on the tectonic evolution on western Pangea. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Geol. 2006, 23(3):262-276.
114. Weyl R. Geology of Central America 1980, Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, 371 pp.
115. White R.A. The Guatemala earthquake of 1816 on the Chixoy-Polochic fault. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 1985, 75:455-473.
116. White R.A., Harlow D.H. Destructive upper-crustal earthquakes in Central America since 1990. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 1993, 83:1115-1142.
117. Williams H. Volcanic history of the Guatemalan Highlands. University of California. Geol. Sci. 1960, 38:86-90.
118. Williams S.N., Self S. The October 1902 Plinian eruption of Santa María volcano, Guatemala. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1983, 16:33-56.
119. Zablocki C.J. Mapping thermal anomalies on an active volcano by the self-potential method, Kilauea, Hawaii. Proceedings, 2d UN Symposium of the development and use of geothermal resources, San Francisco, CA, May 1975, 2 1976, 1299-1309.
120. Zlotnicki J., Nishida Y. Review on morphological insights of self-potential anomalies on volcanoes. Surv. Geophys. 2003, 24:291-338. 10.1023/B:GEOP.0000004188.67923.ac.