Petrography and high-resolution geochemical records of Lower Jurassic manganese-rich deposits from Monte Mangart, Julian Alps

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 299, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 97-109

  Sabatino, N ^a   Neri, R ^a   Bellanca, A ^a   Jenkyns, H C ^b   Masetti, D ^c   Scopelliti, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anoxic Event; Early Toarcian; Mn bearing deposits; Rare earth elements; Stable isotope stratigraphy

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC SEDIMENT; BLACK SHALE; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY; MANGANESE; MARL; PETROGRAPHY; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; REDOX CONDITIONS; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; STABLE ISOTOPE; TOARCIAN;

ALPS; EASTERN ALPS; JULIAN ALPS; MOUNT MANGART;

EID: 78650629838     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.039     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Accarie H., Renard M., Deconinck J.F., Beaudoin B., Fleury J.J. Géochimie des carbonates (Mn, Sr) et minéralogie des argiles de calcaires pélagiques sénoniens. Relations avec les variations eustatiques (massif de la Maiella, Abruzzes, Italie). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 1989, 309:1679-1685.
2. Accarie H., Renard M., Jorgensen N.O. Le manganèse dans les carbonates pélagiques: un outil d'intérêt stratigraphique et paléogéographique (le Sénonien d'Italie, de Tunisie et du Danemark). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 1993, 316:1-8.
3. Al-Suwaidi A.H., Angelozzi G.N., Baudin F., Damborenea S.E., Hesselbo S.P., Jenkyns H.C., Mañcenido M.O., Riccardi A.C. First record of the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event from the Southern Hemisphere, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. J. Geol. Soc. London 2010, 167:633-636.
4. Arthur M.A., Sageman B.B. Marine black shales: a review of depositional mechanisms and significance of ancient deposits. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1994, 22:499-551.
5. Beerling D.J., Lomas M.R., Gröcke D.R. On the nature of methane gas-hydrate dissociation during the Toarcian and Aptian oceanic anoxic event. Am. J. Sci. 2002, 302:28-49.
6. Bellanca A., Masetti D., Neri R. Rare earth elements in limestone/marlstone couplets from the Albian-Cenomanian Cismon section (Venetian region, northern Italy): assessing REE sensitivity to environmental changes. Chem. Geol. 1997, 141:141-152.
7. Bellanca A., Masetti D., Neri R., Venezia F. Geochemical and sedimentological evidence of productivity cycles recorded in Toarcian black shales from the Belluno Basin, Southern Alps, Northern Italy. J. Sed. Res. 1999, 69:466-476.
8. Berner R.A. Sedimentary pyrite formation. Am. J. Sci. 1970, 268:1-23.
9. Bernoulli D., Jenkyns H.C. Alpine, Mediterranean and Central Atlantic Mesozoic facies in relation to the early evolution of the Tethys. Spec. Publ. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Miner. 1974, 19:129-160. R.H. Dott, R.H. Shaver (Eds.).
10. Bernoulli D., Jenkyns H.C. Ancient oceans and continental margins of the Alpine-Mediterranean Tethys: deciphering clues from Mesozoic pelagic sediments and ophiolites. Sedimentology 2009, 56:149-190.
11. Bosellini A., Masetti D., Sarti M. A Jurassic 'Tongue of the Ocean' infilled with oolitic sands: the Belluno Trough, Venetian Alps, Italy. Mar. Geol. 1981, 44:59-95.
12. Breit G.N., Wanty R.B. Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: a review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis. Chem. Geol. 1991, 91:83-97.
13. Buser S. Geology of western Slovenia and its paleogeographic evolution. The role of Impact Processes in the Geological and Biological Evolution of Planet Earth 1996, 111-123. International Workshop, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. K. Drobne, Š. Goričan, B. Kotnik (Eds.).
14. Butler I.B., Ła{ogonek}ckard D. Framboidal pyrite formation via the oxidation of iron (II) monosulfide by hydrogen sulphide. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:2665-2672.
15. Claps M., Erba E., Masetti D., Melchiorri F. Milankovitch-type cycles recorded in Toarcian black shales from the Belluno Trough (Southern Alps Italy). Mem. Sci. Geol. Padova 1995, 47:179-188.
16. Corbin J.C. Evolution géochimique du Jurassique du Sud-Est de la France: influence des variations du niveau marin et de la tectonique. Mém. Sc. Terre Univ. P. et M. Curie, Paris, 94-12 1994, 177.
17. Corbin J.C., Person A., Iatzoura A., Ferré B., Renard M. Manganese in pelagic carbonates: indication of major Tectonic events during the geodynamic evolution of a passive continental margin (the Jurassic European margin of the Tethys-Ligurian Sea). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2000, 156:123-138.
18. Cousin M. Les rapports Alpes-Dinarides: les confines de l'Italie et de la Yougoslavie. Soc. Géol. du Nord Publ. 1981, 5:1042.
19. Cronan D.S., Galácz A., Mindszenty A., Moorby A., Polgári M. Tethyan ferromanganese oxides deposits from Jurassic rocks in Hungary. J. Geol. Soc. London 1991, 148:655-668.
20. Danielson A., Möller P., Dulski P. The europium anomalies in banded iron formations and the thermal history of the oceanic crust. Chem. Geol. 1992, 97:89-100.
21. de Baar H.J.W., Bacon M.P., Brewer P.G., Bruland K.W. Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49:2561-2571.
22. de Baar H.J.W., German C.R., Elderfield H., van Gaans P. Rare earth element distribution in anoxic waters of the Carioca Trench. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:1203-1219.
23. de Graciansky P.C., Jacquin T., Hesselbo S.P. The Ligurian cycle: an overview of Lower Jurassic 2nd-order transgressive/regressive facies cycles in western Europe. SEPM Spec. Publ. 1998, 60:467-479. P.C. de Graciansky, J. Hardenbol, T. Jacquin, P.R. Vail (Eds.).
24. Dean W.E., Arthur M.A. Iron-sulfur-carbon relationships in organic-carbon-rich sequences: Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. Am. J. Sci. 1989, 289:708-743.
25. Dekov V.M., Marchig V., Rajta I., Uzonyi I. Fe-Mn micronodules born in the metalliferous sediments of two spreading centres: the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Mar. Geol. 2003, 199:101-121.
26. Di Stefano P., Mindszenty A. Fe-Mn-encrusted "Kamenitza" and associated features in the Jurassic of Monte Kumeta (Sicily): subaerial and/or submarine dissolution?. Sed. Geol. 2000, 132:37-68.
27. Di Stefano P., Galacz A., Mallarino G., Mindszenty A., Vörös A. Birth and early evolution of a Jurassic escarpment: Monte Kumeta, western Sicily. Facies 2002, 46:273-298.
28. Dolenec T., Lojen S., Ramovš A. The Permian-Triassic boundary in Western Slovenia (Idrijca Valley section): magnetostratigraphy, stable isotopes, and elemental variations. Chem. Geol. 2001, 175:175-190.
29. Douville E., Bienvenu P., Charlou J.L., Donval J.P., Fouquet Y., Appriou P., Gamo T. Yttrium and rare earth elements in fluids from deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63(5):627-643.
30. Dubinin A.V. Geochemistry of rare earth elements in the ocean. Lithol. Miner. Resour. 2004, 39(4):289-307.
31. Ebli O., Vetö I., Lobitzer H., Sajgò C., Demény A., Hetényi M. Primary productivity and early diagenesis in the Toarcian Tethys on the example of the Mn-rich black shales of the Sachrang Formation, Northern Calcareous Alps. Org. Geochem. 1998, 29:1635-1647.
32. Force E.R., Cannon W.F. Depositional model for shallow-marine manganese deposits around black shale basins. Econ. Geol. 1988, 83:93-117.
33. Frakes L.A., Bolton B.R. Origin of manganese giants: sea level change and anoxic-oxic history. Geology 1984, 12:83-86.
34. Franzini M., Leoni L., Saitta M. Revisione di una metodologia analitica per fluorescenza X basata sulla correzione completa degli effetti di matrice. Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petrol. 1975, 21:99-108.
35. Froelich P.N., Klinkhammer G.P., Bender M.L., Luedtke N., Heath G.R., Cullen D., Dauphin P., Hammond P., Hartman B., Maynard V. Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1979, 43(7):1075-1090.
36. German C.R., Elderfield H. Application of the Ce anomaly as a paleoredox indicator: the ground rules. Paleoceanography 1990, 5:823-833.
37. Germann K. Verbreitung und Entstehung manganreicher Gesteine im Jura der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Tschermaks Min. Pet. Mitt 1972, 17:123-150.
38. Glasby G.P., Stüben D., Jeschke G., Stoffers P., Garbe-Schönberg C.D. A model for the formation of hydrothermal manganese crusts from the Pitcairn Island hotspot. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:4583-4597.
39. Goričan Š., Šmuc A., Baumgartner P.O. Toarcian Radiolaria from Mt. Mangart (Slovenian-Italian border) and their paleoecological implications. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2003, 49:275-301.
40. Hallam A. A revised sea-level curve for the Early Jurassic. J. Geol. Soc. London 1981, 138:735-741.
41. Hallam A. A re-evaluation of Jurassic eustasy in the light of new data and the revised Exxon curve. SEPM Spec. Publ. 1998, 42:261-273. C.K. Wilgus, B.S. Hastings, H. Posamentier, J. Van Wagoner, C.A. Ross, G. Kendall (Eds.).
42. Haq B.U., Hardenbol J., Vail P. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 1987, 235:1156-1167.
43. Hardenbol J., Thierry J., Farley M.B., Jacquin T., de Graciansky P.C., Vail P.R. Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework in European basins. SEPM Spec. Publ. 1998, 60:3-13. P.C. de Graciansky, J. Hardenbol, T. Jacquin, P.R. Vail (Eds.).
44. Haskin M.A., Haskin L.A. Rare earths in European shales: a redetermination. Science 1966, 154:507-509.
45. Hatch J.R., Leventhal J.S. Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environment and geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Stark Shale Member of the Dennis Limestone, Wabaunsee County, Kansas, U.S.A. Chem. Geol. 1992, 99:65-82.
46. Hein J.R., Koschinsky A., Halbach P., Manheim F.T., Bau M., Kang J.K., Lubick N. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 1997, 119:123-138. K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein, B. Bühn, S. Desgupta (Eds.).
47. Heiser U., Neumann T., Scholten J., Stüben D. Recycling of manganese from anoxic sediments in stagnant basins by seawater inflow: a study of surface sediments from the Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea. Mar. Geol. 2001, 177:151-166.
48. Hermoso M., Minoletti F., Le Callonnec L., Jenkyns H.C., Hesselbo S.P., Ła{ogonek}ckaby R.E.M., Renard M., de Rafelis M., Emmanuel L. Global and local forcing of Early Toarcian seawater chemistry: a comparative study of different paleoceanographic settings (Paris and Lusitanian basins). Paleoceanography 2009, 24:PA4208. 10.1029/2009PA001764.
49. Hermoso M., Renard M., Hesselbo S.P. Expression of the Early Toarcian negative carbon-isotope excursion in separated carbonate microfractions (Jurassic, Paris Basin). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 277:194-203.
50. Hesselbo S.P., Gröcke D.R., Jenkyns H.C., Bjerrum C.J., Farrimond P., Morgans Bell H.S., Green O.R. Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event. Nature 2000, 406:392-395.
51. Hesselbo S.P., Jenkyns H.C., Duarte L.V., Oliveira L.C.V. Carbon-isotope record of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) Oceanic Anoxic Event from fossil wood and marine carbonate (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 253:455-470.
52. Holser W.T. Evaluation of the application of rare earth elements to paleoceanography. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997, 132:309-323.
53. Huckriede H., Meischner D. Origin and environment of manganese-rich sediments within black-shale basin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:1399-1413.
54. Hülsemann J. On the routine analysis of carbonates in unconsolidated sediments. J. Sediment. Petrol. 1966, 36:622-625.
55. Jach R., Dudek T. Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Krížna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland. Chem. Geol. 2005, 224:136-152.
56. Jenkyns H.C. Fossil manganese nodules from the west Sicilian Jurassic. Eclog. Geol. Helv. 1970, 63:741-774.
57. Jenkyns H.C. The genesis of condensed sequences in the Tethyan Jurassic. Lethaia 1971, 4:327-352.
58. Jenkyns H.C. Fossil nodules. Marine Manganese Deposits 1977, 87-108. Elsevier, Amsterdam. G.P. Glasby (Ed.).
59. Jenkyns H.C. The the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) anoxic event: stratigraphic, sedimentary and geochemical evidence. Am. J. Sci. 1988, 288:101-151.
60. Jenkyns H.C. Evidence for rapid climate change in the Mesozoic-Paleogene greenhouse world. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A 2003, 361:1885-1916.
61. Jenkyns H.C. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2010, 11:Q03004. 10.1029/2009GC002788.
62. Jenkyns H.C., Clayton C.J. Black shales and carbon isotopes in pelagic sediments from the Tethyan Lower Jurassic. Sedimentology 1986, 33:87-106.
63. Jenkyns H.C., Clayton C.J. Lower Jurassic epicontinental carbonates and mudstones from England and Wales: chemostratigraphic signals and the early Toarcian anoxic event. Sedimentology 1997, 44:687-706.
64. Jenkyns H.C., Sarti M., Masetti D., Howarth M.K. Ammonites and stratigraphy of Lower Jurassic black shales and pelagic limestones from the Belluno Trough, Southern Alps, Italy. Eclog. Geol. Helv. 1985, 78:299-311.
65. Jenkyns H.C., Géczy B., Marshall J.D. Jurassic manganese carbonates of central Europe and the Early Toarcian anoxic event. J. Geol. 1991, 99:137-149.
66. Jenkyns H.C., Gröcke D.R., Hesselbo S.P. Nitrogen isotope evidence for water mass denitrification during the early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:593-603.
67. Jenkyns H.C., Jones C.E., Gröcke D.R., Hesselbo S.P., Parkinson D.N. Chemostratigraphy of the Jurassic System: applications, limitations and implications for palaeoceanography. J. Geol. Soc. London 2002, 159:351-378.
68. Kemp D.B., Coe A.L., Cohen A.S., Schwark L. Astronomical pacing of methane release in the early Jurassic period. Nature 2005, 437:396-399.
69. Krajewski K.P., Lefeld J., Ła{ogonek}cka B. Early diagenetic processes in the formation of carbonate-hosted Mn ore deposit (Lower Jurassic, Tatra Mountains) as indicated from its carbon isotopic record. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Earth Sci. 2001, 49:13-29.
70. Krieger P. Note on an X-ray diffraction study of the series calcite-rhodochrosite. Am. Mineral. 1930, 15:23-29.
71. Lewan M.D. Factors controlling the proportionality of vanadium to nickel in crude oils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1984, 48:2231-2238.
72. Lewan M.D., Maynard J.B. Factors controlling enrichment of vanadium and nickel in the bitumen of organic sedimentary rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1982, 46:2547-2560.
73. Li Y.H. Ultimate removal mechanisms of elements from the ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1981, 45:1659-1664.
74. Liu Y.G., Miah M.R.U., Schmitt R.A. Cerium: a chemical tracer for paleo-oceanic redox conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:1361-1371.
75. Lottermoser B.G. Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes. Ore Geol. Rev. 1992, 7:25-41.
76. MacLeod K.G., Irving A.J. Correlation of cerium anomalies with indicators of paleoenvironment. J. Sediment. Res. 1996, 66:948-988.
77. 2+ oxidation by the phyllomanganate buserite. Am. Mineral. 1997, 82:1150-1175.
78. Masetti D., Bianchin G. Geologia del Gruppo della Schiara (Dolomiti Bellunesi). Suo inquadramento nella evoluzione giurassica del margine orientale della Piattaforma di Trento. Mem. Sci. Geol. Padova 1987, 34:187-212.
79. Michard A. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1989, 53:745-750.
80. Michard A., Albarède F. The REE content of some hydrothermal fluids. Chem. Geol. 1986, 55:51-60.
81. Milodowski, A.E., Zalasiewicz, J.A., 1991. Redistribution of rare earth elements during diagenesis of turbidite/hemipelagite mudrock sequences of Llandovery age from central Wales. In: Morton, A.C., Todd, S.P., Haughton, P.D.W. (Eds.), Developments in Sedimentary Provenance. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 57, 101-124.
82. Murray R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink M.R., Jones D.L., Gerlach D.C., Russ G.P Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional environments in chert and shale. Geology 1990, 18:268-271.
83. Murray R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink M.R., Gerlach D.C., Russ G.P., Jones D.L. Rare earth, major, and trace elements in chert from the Franciscan Complex and Monterey Group, California: assessing REE sources to fine-grained marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1991, 55:1875-1895.
84. Murray R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink M.R., Gerlach D.C., Russ G.P., Jones D.L. Interoceanic variation in the rare earth, major, and trace element depositional chemistry of chert: perspectives gained from the DSDP and ODP record. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:1897-1913.
85. Neumann T., Heiser U., Leosson M.A., Kersten M. Early diagenetic processes during Mn-carbonate formation: evidence from the isotopic composition of authigenic Ca-rhodochrosites of the Baltic Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:867-879.
86. Okita P.M., Shanks W.C. Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits: example from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China. Chem. Geol. 1992, 99:139-164.
87. Okita P.M., Maynard J.B., Spiker E.C., Force E.R. Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation of stratiform manganese carbonate ore. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:2679-2685.
88. Piper D.Z. Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: a summary. Chem. Geol. 1974, 14:285-304.
89. Placer L. Contribution to the macrotectonic subdivision of the border region between Southern Alps and External Dinarides. Geologija 1999, 41:223-255.
90. Polgári M., Okita P.M., Hein J.R. Stable isotope evidence for the origin of the Úrkút manganese ore deposit, Hungary. J. Sed. Petrol. 1991, 61:384-393.
91. Polgári M., Szabó-Drubina M., Szabó Z. Theoretical model for Jurassic manganese mineralization in Central Europe, Úrkút, Hungary. Bull. Geosci. 2004, 79:53-61.
92. Pratt L.M., Force E.R., Pomerol B. Coupled manganese and carbon-isotopic events in marine carbonates at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. J. Sed. Petrol. 1991, 61(3):370-383.
93. Raiswell R., Berner R.A. Pyrite formation in euxinic and semi-euxinic sediments. Am. J. Sci. 1985, 285:710-724.
94. Rantitsch G., Melcher F., Meisel T., Rainer T. Rare earth, major and trace elements in Jurassic manganese shales of the Northern Calcareous Alps: hydrothermal versus hydrogenous origin of stratiform manganese deposits. Mineral. Petrol. 2003, 77:109-127.
95. Renard M., Letolle R. Essai d'interprétation du rôle de la profondeur de dépôt dans la répartition des teneurs en manganèse et dans l'évolution du rapport isotopique du carbone des carbonates pélagiques: influence de l'oxygénation du milieu. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 1983, 296:1737-1740.
96. Röhl H.J., Schmid-Röhl A., Oschmann W., Frimmel A., Schwark L. The Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian) of SW-Germany: An oxygen-depleted ecosystem controlled by sea level and palaeoclimate. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2001, 165:27-52.
97. Rona P.A., Klinkhammer G., Nelsen T.A., Trefry J.H., Elderfield H. Black smokers, massive sulfides, and vent biota at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 1986, 321:33-37.
98. Sabatino N., Neri R., Bellanca A., Jenkyns H.C., Baudin F., Parisi G., Masetti D. Carbon-isotope records of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) Oceanic Anoxic Event from the Valdorbia (Umbria-Marche Apennines) and Monte Mangart (Julian Alps) sections: palaeoceanographic and stratigraphic implications. Sedimentology 2009, 56:1307-1328.
99. 18O depletion in marine anaerobic pore water. Geology 1991, 19:839-842.
100. Schijf J., de Baar H.J.W., Millero F.J. Vertical distributions and speciation of dissolved rare earth elements in the anoxic brines of Bannock Basin, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:3285-3299.
101. Schouten S., van Kaam-Peters H.M.E., Rijpstra W.I.C., Schoell M., Damsté J.S.S. Effects of an oceanic anoxic event on the stable carbon isotopic composition of Early Toarcian carbon. Am. J. Sci. 2000, 300:1-22.
102. Šmuc A., Goričan Š. Jurassic sedimentary evolution of a carbonate platform into a deep-water basin, Mt. Mangart (Slovenian-Italian border). Riv. Ital. Paleont. Stratigr. 2005, 111:45-70.
103. Stumm W., Morgan J.J. Aquatic Chemistry 1981, Wiley, New York. 2nd edn.
104. Suan G., Mattioli E., Pittet B., Mailliot S., Lécuyer C. Evidence for major environmental perturbation prior to and during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Oceanic Anoxic Event from the Lustanian Basin, Portugal. Paleoceanography 2008, 23:PA1202. 10.1029/2007PA001459.
105. Takahashi Y., Manceau A., Geoffroy N., Marcus M.A., Usui A. Chemical and structural control of the partitioning of Co, Ce and Pb in marine ferromanganese oxides. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:984-1008.
106. Takematsu N., Sato Y., Okabe S. Factors controlling the chemical composition of marine manganese nodules and crusts: a review and synthesis. Mar. Chem. 1989, 26:41-56.
107. Taylor K.G., Macquaker J.H.S. Early diagenetic pyrite morphology in a mudstone-dominated succession: the Lower Jurassic Cleveland Ironstone Formation, eastern England. Sediment. Geol. 2000, 131:77-86.
108. Usui A., Bau M., Yamazaki T. Manganese microchimneys buried in the Central Pacific pelagic sediments: evidence of intraplate water circulation?. Mar. Geol. 1997, 141:269-285.
109. Vetö I., Demény A., Hertelendi E., Hetényi M. Estimation of primary productivity in the Toarcian Tethys. A novel approach based on TOC, reduced sulphur and manganese contents. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997, 132:355-371.
110. Wilkin R.T., Barnes H.L. Formation processes of framboidal pyrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:323-339.
111. Wilkin R.T., Barnes H.L., Brantley S.L. The size distribution of framboidal pyrite in modern sediments: an indicator of redox conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:3897-3912.
112. Winterer E.L., Bosellini A. Subsidence and sedimentation on Jurassic Passive Continental Margin, Southern Alps, Italy. AAPG Bull. 1981, 65:394-421.
113. Woodfine R.G., Jenkyns H.C., Sarti M., Baroncini F., Violante C. The response of two Tethyan carbonate platforms to the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event: environmental change and differential subsidence. Sedimentology 2008, 55:1011-1028.
114. Wright J., Schrader H., Holser W.T. Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:631-644.