Occupational travel

Occupational Medicine

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 6-18

  Patel, D ^a,b  

^a FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

^b Medical Advisory Service for Travellers Abroad (MASTA)   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Business traveller; Expatriate; Occupational travel; Travel health; Travel related illness; Working overseas

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650611749     PISSN: 09627480     EISSN: 14718405     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqq163     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. United Nations World Tourism Organisation. Tourism Highlights 2009 Edition. http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/highlights/UNWTO_Highlights09_en_LR.pdf (24 February 2010, date last accessed).
2. Foyle MF, Beer MD, Watson JP. Expatriate mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998;97:278-283.
3. Cossar JH, Reid D, Fallon RJ et al. A cumulative review of studies on travellers, their experience of illness and the implications of these findings. J Infection 1990;21:27-42.
4. Ahlm C, Ludberg S, Fesse K, Wistrom J. Health problems and self-medication among Swedish travellers. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:711-717.
5. HillDR. Health problems in a large cohort of Americans travelling to developing countries. J Travel Med 2000;7:259-266.
6. Brun M, Steffen S. Impact of travel-related health impairments. J Travel Med 2006;4:61-64.
7. Gautret P, Schlagenhauf P, Gaudart J et al. Multicenter Euro Trav Net/GeoSentinel study of travel-related infectious diseases in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1783-1790.
8. Bernard KW, Graitcer PL, van der Vlugt TB, Moran JS, Pulley KM. Epidemiologic surveillance in Peace Corps Volunteers: a model for monitoring health in temporary residents of developing counties. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:220-226.
9. Patel D, Easmon C, Seed P, Dow C, Snashall D. Morbidity in expatriates-a prospective cohort study. Occup Med (Lond) 2006;56:345-352.
10. Bhatta P, Simkhada P, van Teijlingen ER, Maybin S. A questionnaire study of Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) volunteers: health risk and problems encountered. J Travel Med 2009;16:332-337.
11. Dahlgren AL, Deroo L, Avril J, Bise G, Loutan L. Health risks and risk-taking behaviors among International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) expatriates returning from humanitarian missions. J Travel Med 2009;16:382-390.
12. Steffen R, van der Linde F, Meyer HE. Erkrankungsrisiken bei 10,500 Tropen- und 1300 Nordamerika-Touristen. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1978;108:1485-1495.
13. Schlagenhauf P, Chen LH, Wilson ME et al. Sex and gender differences in travel-associated disease. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:826-832.
14. Steffen R, Rickenbach M, Willhelm U, Helminger A, Schär M. Health problems after travel to developing countries. J Infect Dis 1987;156:84-91.
15. Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travellers. N Engl J Med 2006;354:119-130.
16. Liese B, Mundt K, Dell L, Nagy L, Demure B. Medical insurance claims associated with international travel. Occup Environ Med 1997;54:499-503.
17. Kemmerer T, Cetron M, Harper L, Kozarsky P. Health problems in corporate travellers: risk factors and management. J Travel Med 1998;5:184-187.
18. Chen LH, Wilson ME, Davis X et al. Illness in long-term travelers visiting GeoSentinel clinics. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1773-1782.
19. Stenbeck JL. Health hazards in Swedish field personnel in the tropics. Travel Med Int 1991;9:51-59.
20. Gambel JM, Drabick JJ, Martinez-Lopez L. Medical surveillance of multinational peacekeepers deployed in support of the United Nations Mission in Haiti, June-October 1995. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:312-318.
21. Steffen R, Desaules M, Nagel J et al. Epidemiological experience in the mission of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia. Bulletin World Health Organ 1992;70:129-133.
22. Paixao MT, Dewar RD, Cossar JH, Covell RG, Reid D. What do Scots die of when abroad? Scot Med J 1991;36: 114-116.
23. Hargarten SW, Baker T, Guptill K. Overseas fatalities of United States citizen travelers: an analysis of deaths related to international travel. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:622-626.
24. Prociv P. Death of Australian travellers overseas. Med J Australia 1995;63:27-30.
25. MacPherson DW, Gushulak BD, Sandhu J. Death and international travel-the Canadian experience: 1996 to 2004. J Travel Med 2007;14:77-84.
26. Hargarten SW, Baker SP. Fatalities in the Peace Corps. A retrospective study: 1962 through 1983. J Am Med Assoc 1985;254:1326-1329.
27. Sheik M, Gutierrez MI, Bolton P, Spiegel P, Thieren M, Burnham G. Deaths among humanitarian workers. Br Med J 2000;321:166-168.
28. Schouten EJ, Borgdorff M. Increased mortality among Dutch development workers. Br Med J 1995;311: 1343-1344.
29. Steffen R, Amitirigala I, Mutsch M. Health risks among travelers-need for regular updates. J Travel Med 2008;15:145-146.
30. Steffen R. Epidemiology of traveller's diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:S536-S540.
31. Shlim DR, Hoge CW, Rajah R, Scott R, Pandy P, Echeverria P. Persistent high risk of diarrhoea among foreigners in Nepal during the first 2 years of residence. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:613-616.
32. DuPont HL. Systematic review: prevention of travellers' diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 2008;27:741-751.
33. Wilson ME, Weld LH, Boggild A et al. Fever in returned travelers: results from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1560-1568.
34. Stienlauf S, Segal G, Sidi Y, Schwartz E. Epidemiology of travel-related hospitalization. J Travel Med 2005;12: 136-141.
35. Leder K, Black J, O'Brien D et al. Malaria in travelers: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Clin infect Dis 2004;39:1104-1112.
36. Askling HH, Nilsson J, Tegnell A, Janzon R, Ekdahl K. Malaria risk in travelers. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:436-441.
37. Smith AD, Bradley DJ, Smith V et al. Imported malaria and high risk groups: observational study using UK surveillance data 1987-2006. Br Med J 2008;337:a120.
38. Weber R, Schlagenhauf P, Amsler L, Steffen R. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of business travelers regarding malaria risk and prevention. J Travel Med 2003;10:219-224.
39. Rathnam PJ, Bryan JP, Wolfe M. Epidemiology of malaria among United States government personnel assigned to diplomatic posts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;76: 260-266.
40. Chen LH, Wilson ME, Schlagenhauf P. Prevention of malaria in long-term travelers. J Am Med Assoc 2006;296: 2234-2244.
41. Peppiat R, Byass P. A survey of the health of British missionaries. Br J Gen Pract 1991;41:159-162.
42. Hamer DH, Ruffing R, Callahan MV, Lyons SH, Abdullah AM. Knowledge and use of measures to reduce health risks by corporate expatriate employees in Western Ghana. J Travel Med 2008;15:237-242.
43. Baird J. Effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. New Engl J Med 2005;352:1565-1577.
44. Chen LH, Wilson ME, Schlagenhauf P. Controversies and misconceptions in malaria chemoprophylaxis for travelers. J Am Med Assoc 2007;297:2251-2263.
45. Schlagenhauf P, Tschopp A, Johnson R et al. Tolerability of malaria chemoprophylaxis in non-immune travellers to sub-Saharan Africa: multicentre, randomised, double blind, four arm study. Br Med J 2003;327:1078.
46. Hamlyn E, Peer A, Easterbrook P. Sexual health and HIV in travellers and expatriates. Occup Med (Lond) 2007;57: 313-321.
47. Mulhall BP, Hu M, Thompson M et al. Planned sexual behaviour of young Australian visitors to Thailand. Med J Aust 1993;158:530-535.
48. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Thomson R, Bennett A. Sexual behaviour of young people in international tourist resorts. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:43-47.
49. Batalla-Duran E, Oakeshott P, Hay P. Sun, sea and sex? Sexual behaviour of people on holiday in Tenerife. Fam Pract 2003;20:493-494.
50. de Graaf R, van Zessen G, Houweling H. Underlying reasons for sexual conduct and condom use among expatriates posted in AIDS endemic areas. AIDS Care 1998;10:651-665.
51. Richens J. Sexually transmitted infections and HIV among travellers: a review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2006;4:184-195.
52. Adams EJ, Strike PW, Green AD, Masterton RG. Sexually transmitted diseases in transient British forces in the tropics. Genitourin Med 1994;70:94-96.
53. De Graaf R, van Zessen G, Houweling H, Ligthelm RJ, van den Akker R. Sexual risks of HIV infection among expatriates posted in AIDS endemic areas. AIDS 1997;11: 1173-1181.
54. Fairhurst RJ. Accidents and the traveller. Travel Med Int 1996;1:33-44.
55. Greuters S, Christiaans H, Veenings B, Loer S, Boer C. Evaluation of repatriation parameters: does medical history matter? J Travel Med 2009;19:1-6.
56. Patel D, Easmon CJ, Dow C, Snashall DC, Seed PT. Medical repatriation of British diplomats resident overseas. J Travel Med 2000;7:64-69.
57. Hargarten SW, Bouc G. Emergency air medical transport of US citizen tourists: 1988-1990. Air Med J 1993;12: 398-402.
58. Wilks J, Walker S, Wood M, Nicol J, Oldenburg B. Tourist health services at tropical island resorts. Aust Health Rev 1995;18:45-62.
59. Beny A, Paz A, Potasman I. Psychiatric problems in returning travelers: features and associations. J Travel Med 2001;8:243-246.
60. Young D. Psychiatric morbidity in travellers to Honolulu, Hawaii. Compr Psychiatry 1995;36:224-228.
61. Potasman I, Beny A, Seligmann H. Neuropsychiatric problems in 2,500 long-term young travelers to the tropics. J Travel Med 2000;7:5-9.
62. Carranza FJ, Parshall AM. Psychiatric morbidity of overseas patients in inner London: a hospital based study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2005;4:4.
63. Jauhar P, Weller MPI. Psychiatric morbidity and time zone changes: a study of patients from Heathrow airport. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:231-235.
64. Striker J, Luippold R, Nagy L, Liese B, Bigelow C, Mundt K. Risk factors for psychological stress among international business travellers. Occup Environ Med 1999;56:245-252.
65. Dally P. Psychiatric illness in expatriates. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1985;19:103-104.
66. Valk TH. Psychiatric practice in the Foreign Service. Foreign Serv Med Bull 1990;280:6-11.
67. Anderzen I, Arnetz B. Psychophysiological reactions to international adjustment. Psychother Psychosom 1999;68: 67-75.
68. Forster N. The forgotten employees? The experiences of expatriate staff returning to the UK. Int J Hum Resour Manage 1994;5:405-425.