메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-16

The role of central noradrenergic dysregulation in anxiety disorders: Evidence from clinical studies

Author keywords

Anxiety disorders; noradrenaline

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CARBON DIOXIDE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONIDINE; DESIPRAMINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; GROWTH HORMONE; HYDROCORTISONE; IMIPRAMINE; MAPROTILINE; MIRTAZAPINE; NORADRENALIN; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; REBOXETINE; SERTRALINE; VENLAFAXINE; YOHIMBINE;

EID: 78650611352     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: 14617285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269881110367448     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (68)

References (129)
  • 1
    • 0026016414 scopus 로고
    • Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
    • Abelson JL, Glitz D., Cameron OG, Lee MA, Bronzo M. and Curtis GC (1991) Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 157-162.
    • (1991) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 157-162
    • Abelson, J.L.1    Glitz, D.2    Cameron, O.G.3    Ma, L.4    Bronzo, M.5    Curtis, G.C.6
  • 2
    • 0026738142 scopus 로고
    • Endocrine, cardiovascular, and behavioral responses to clonidine in patients with panic disorder
    • Abelson JL, Glitz D., Cameron OG, Lee MA, Bronzo M. and Curtis GC (1992) Endocrine, cardiovascular, and behavioral responses to clonidine in patients with panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 32: 18-25.
    • (1992) Biol Psychiatry , vol.32 , pp. 18-25
    • Abelson, J.L.1    Glitz, D.2    Cameron, O.G.3    Ma, L.4    Bronzo, M.5    Curtis, G.C.6
  • 3
    • 0036854299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study
    • Albert U., Aguglia E., Maina G. and Bogetto F. (2002) Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 1004-1009.
    • (2002) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 1004-1009
    • Albert, U.1    Aguglia, E.2    Maina, G.3    Bogetto, F.4
  • 4
    • 0030789154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 inhalation of subjects with types of specific phobia, panic disorder, or no mental disorder
    • 2 inhalation of subjects with types of specific phobia, panic disorder, or no mental disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154: 1089-1095.
    • (1997) Am J Psychiatry , vol.154 , pp. 1089-1095
    • Antony, M.M.1    Brown, T.A.2    Barlow, D.H.3
  • 5
    • 0036078526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalation of 35% CO(2) results in activation of the HPA axis in healthy volunteers
    • Argyropoulos SV, Bailey JE, Hood SD, et al. (2002) Inhalation of 35% CO(2) results in activation of the HPA axis in healthy volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27: 715-729.
    • (2002) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.27 , pp. 715-729
    • Argyropoulos, S.V.1    Bailey, J.E.2    Hood, S.D.3
  • 6
    • 0043135269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open clinical trial of reboxetine in the treatment of social phobia
    • Atmaca M., Tezcan E. and Kuloglu M. (2003) An open clinical trial of reboxetine in the treatment of social phobia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23: 417-419.
    • (2003) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.23 , pp. 417-419
    • Atmaca, M.1    Tezcan, E.2    Kuloglu, M.3
  • 8
    • 27644534854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
    • Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. (2005) Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 19: 567-596.
    • (2005) J Psychopharmacol , vol.19 , pp. 567-596
    • Baldwin, D.S.1    Anderson, I.M.2    Nutt, D.J.3
  • 9
    • 0030744529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary excretion of cortisol, norepinephrine, testosterone, and melatonin in panic disorder
    • Bandelow B., Sengos G., Wedekind D., et al. (1997) Urinary excretion of cortisol, norepinephrine, testosterone, and melatonin in panic disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 30: 113-117.
    • (1997) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.30 , pp. 113-117
    • Bandelow, B.1    Sengos, G.2    Wedekind, D.3
  • 10
    • 0028990170 scopus 로고
    • 2 challenge in panic disorder: Optimization by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis
    • 2 challenge in panic disorder: optimization by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. J Psychiatr Res 29: 111-119.
    • (1995) J Psychiatr Res , vol.29 , pp. 111-119
    • Battaglia, M.1    Perna, G.2
  • 11
    • 0025784661 scopus 로고
    • Plasma catecholamines and their metabolites in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Benkelfat C., Mefford IN, Masters CF, et al. (1991) Plasma catecholamines and their metabolites in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 37: 321-331.
    • (1991) Psychiatry Res , vol.37 , pp. 321-331
    • Benkelfat, C.1    Mefford, I.N.2    Masters, C.F.3
  • 12
    • 4644307179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the treatment with paroxetine and reboxetine in panic disorder: A randomized, single-blind study
    • Bertani A., Perna G., Migliarese G., et al. (2004) Comparison of the treatment with paroxetine and reboxetine in panic disorder: a randomized, single-blind study. Pharmacopsychiatry 37: 206-210.
    • (2004) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 206-210
    • Bertani, A.1    Perna, G.2    Migliarese, G.3
  • 13
    • 55549138381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram and venlafaxine XR in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
    • Bose A., Korotzer A., Gommoll C. and Li D. (2008) Randomized placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram and venlafaxine XR in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 25: 854-861.
    • (2008) Depress Anxiety , vol.25 , pp. 854-861
    • Bose, A.1    Korotzer, A.2    Gommoll, C.3    Li, D.4
  • 14
    • 29044449425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmortem locus coeruleus neuron count in three American veterans with probable or possible war-related PTSD
    • Bracha HS, Garcia-Rill E., Mrak RE and Skinner R. (2005) Postmortem locus coeruleus neuron count in three American veterans with probable or possible war-related PTSD. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 17: 503-509.
    • (2005) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 503-509
    • Bracha, H.S.1    Garcia-Rill, E.2    Mrak, R.E.3    Skinner, R.4
  • 15
    • 0028970412 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in panic disorder: II. Cortisol response to clonidine stimulation in panic disorder
    • Brambilla F., Bellodi L., Arancio C., Nobile P. and Perna G. (1995 a) Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in panic disorder: II. Cortisol response to clonidine stimulation in panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrino 20: 11-19.
    • (1995) Psychoneuroendocrino , vol.20 , pp. 11-19
    • Brambilla, F.1    Bellodi, L.2    Arancio, C.3    Nobile, P.4    Perna, G.5
  • 16
    • 0030961467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: II. Cortisol response to acute clonidine administration
    • Brambilla F., Bellodi L., Perna G., et al. (1997) Noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: II. Cortisol response to acute clonidine administration. Psychiatry Res 69: 163-168.
    • (1997) Psychiatry Res , vol.69 , pp. 163-168
    • Brambilla, F.1    Bellodi, L.2    Perna, G.3
  • 17
    • 0028908761 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in panic disorder: I. GH response to GHRH and clonidine stimulation in panic disorder
    • Brambilla F., Perna G., Garberi A., Nobile P. and Bellodi L. (1995 b) Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in panic disorder: I. GH response to GHRH and clonidine stimulation in panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrino 20: 1-9.
    • (1995) Psychoneuroendocrino , vol.20 , pp. 1-9
    • Brambilla, F.1    Perna, G.2    Garberi, A.3    Nobile, P.4    Bellodi, L.5
  • 18
    • 0029913212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. Preclinical studies
    • Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM and Charney DS (1996 a) Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. Preclinical studies. Synapse 23: 28-38.
    • (1996) Synapse , vol.23 , pp. 28-38
    • Bremner, J.D.1    Krystal, J.H.2    Southwick, S.M.3    Charney, D.S.4
  • 19
    • 0029970259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. Clinical studies
    • Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM and Charney DS (1996 b) Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. Clinical studies. Synapse 23: 39-51.
    • (1996) Synapse , vol.23 , pp. 39-51
    • Bremner, J.D.1    Krystal, J.H.2    Southwick, S.M.3    Charney, D.S.4
  • 22
    • 9644281103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxious and depressive disorders and their comorbidity: Effect on central nervous system noradrenergic function
    • Cameron OG, Abelson JL and Young EA (2004) Anxious and depressive disorders and their comorbidity: effect on central nervous system noradrenergic function. Biol Psychiatry 56: 875-883.
    • (2004) Biol Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 875-883
    • Cameron, O.G.1    Abelson, J.L.2    Young, E.A.3
  • 23
    • 0023640485 scopus 로고
    • Endocrine and physiological changes during 'spontaneous' panic attacks
    • Cameron OG, Lee MA, Curtis GC and McCann DS (1987) Endocrine and physiological changes during 'spontaneous' panic attacks. Psychoneuroendocrino 12 (5). 321-331.
    • (1987) Psychoneuroendocrino , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 321-331
    • Cameron, O.G.1    Ma, L.2    Curtis, G.C.3    McCann, D.S.4
  • 24
    • 0021745222 scopus 로고
    • Platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding and plasma catecholamines. before and during imipramine treatment in patients with panic anxiety
    • Cameron OG, Smith CB, Hollingsworth PJ, Nesse RM and Curtis GC (1984) Platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding and plasma catecholamines. Before and during imipramine treatment in patients with panic anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 1144-1148.
    • (1984) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 1144-1148
    • Cameron, O.G.1    Smith, C.B.2    Hollingsworth, P.J.3    Nesse, R.M.4    Curtis, G.C.5
  • 25
    • 0025300635 scopus 로고
    • Adrenergic status in anxiety disorders: Platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding, blood pressure, pulse, and plasma catecholamines in panic and generalized anxiety disorder patients and in normal subjects
    • Cameron OG, Smith CB, Lee MA, Hollingsworth PJ, Hill EM and Curtis GC (1990) Adrenergic status in anxiety disorders: platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding, blood pressure, pulse, and plasma catecholamines in panic and generalized anxiety disorder patients and in normal subjects. Biol Psychiatry 28: 3-20.
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 3-20
    • Cameron, O.G.1    Smith, C.B.2    Ma, L.3    Hollingsworth, P.J.4    Hill, E.M.5    Curtis, G.C.6
  • 26
    • 0019864989 scopus 로고
    • Anti-platelet activity of beta-adrenergic antagonists: Inhibition of thromboxane synthesis and platelet aggregation in patients receiving long-term propranolol treatment
    • Campbell WB, Johnson AR, Callahan KS and Graham RM (1981) Anti-platelet activity of beta-adrenergic antagonists: inhibition of thromboxane synthesis and platelet aggregation in patients receiving long-term propranolol treatment. Lancet 2: 1382-1384.
    • (1981) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1382-1384
    • Campbell, W.B.1    Johnson, A.R.2    Callahan, K.S.3    Graham, R.M.4
  • 27
    • 0023031768 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-adrenergic and opiate receptor blockade. Synergistic effects on anxiety in healthy subjects
    • Charney DS and Heninger GR (1986) Alpha 2-adrenergic and opiate receptor blockade. Synergistic effects on anxiety in healthy subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 1037-1041.
    • (1986) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 1037-1041
    • Charney, D.S.1    Heninger, G.R.2
  • 28
    • 0021249631 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety. Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder
    • Charney DS, Heninger GR and Breier A. (1984) Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety. Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 751-763.
    • (1984) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 751-763
    • Charney, D.S.1    Heninger, G.R.2    Breier, A.3
  • 29
    • 0024516484 scopus 로고
    • Platelet alpha-2-receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity in panic disorder
    • Berl
    • Charney DS, Innis RB, Duman RS, Woods SW and Heninger GR (1989 a) Platelet alpha-2-receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98: 102-107.
    • (1989) Psychopharmacology , vol.98 , pp. 102-107
    • Charney, D.S.1    Innis, R.B.2    Duman, R.S.3    Woods, S.W.4    Heninger, G.R.5
  • 30
    • 0023205889 scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological mechanisms of panic anxiety: Biochemical and behavioral correlates of yohimbine-induced panic attacks
    • Charney DS, Woods SW, Goodman WK and Heninger GR (1987) Neurobiological mechanisms of panic anxiety: biochemical and behavioral correlates of yohimbine-induced panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry 144: 1030-1036.
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1030-1036
    • Charney, D.S.1    Woods, S.W.2    Goodman, W.K.3    Heninger, G.R.4
  • 31
    • 0024577109 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disorder: Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with generalized anxiety disorder
    • Charney DS, Woods SW and Heninger GR (1989 b) Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disorder: effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 27: 173-182.
    • (1989) Psychiatry Res , vol.27 , pp. 173-182
    • Charney, D.S.1    Woods, S.W.2    Heninger, G.R.3
  • 32
    • 0026445476 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic neuronal dysregulation in panic disorder: The effects of intravenous yohimbine and clonidine in panic disorder patients
    • Charney, DS, Woods, SW, Krystal, JH, Nagy LM and Heninger, GR (1992) Noradrenergic neuronal dysregulation in panic disorder: the effects of intravenous yohimbine and clonidine in panic disorder patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 86: 273-82.
    • (1992) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.86 , pp. 273-82
    • Charney, D.S.1    Woods, S.W.2    Krystal, J.H.3    Nagy, L.M.4    Heninger, G.R.5
  • 33
    • 0003111268 scopus 로고
    • A cognitive model of panic attacks
    • Rachman S, Maser J (eds), Hillsdale, New Jersey : Erlbaum.
    • Clark DM (1988) A cognitive model of panic attacks. In: Rachman S, Maser J (eds). Panic: Psychological Perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
    • (1988) Panic: Psychological Perspectives
    • Clark, D.M.1
  • 34
    • 0028952256 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of blunted human growth hormone response to clonidine in fluoxetine-treated patients with panic disorder
    • Coplan JD, Papp LA, Martinez J., et al. (1995) Persistence of blunted human growth hormone response to clonidine in fluoxetine-treated patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152: 619-622.
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 619-622
    • Coplan, J.D.1    Papp, L.A.2    Martinez, J.3
  • 35
    • 0026730845 scopus 로고
    • Challenge tests: Assessment of the noradrenergic and GABA systems in depression and anxiety disorders
    • Coupland N., Glue P. and Nutt DJ (1992) Challenge tests: assessment of the noradrenergic and GABA systems in depression and anxiety disorders. Mol Aspects Med 13: 221-247.
    • (1992) Mol Aspects Med , vol.13 , pp. 221-247
    • Coupland, N.1    Glue, P.2    Nutt, D.J.3
  • 36
    • 0036798077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of reboxetine in the treatment-refractory patients with panic disorder: An open label study
    • Dannon PN, Iancu I. and Grunhaus L. (2002) The efficacy of reboxetine in the treatment-refractory patients with panic disorder: an open label study. Hum Psychopharmacol 17: 329-333.
    • (2002) Hum Psychopharmacol , vol.17 , pp. 329-333
    • Dannon, P.N.1    Iancu, I.2    Grunhaus, L.3
  • 37
    • 28844457644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of escitalopram in the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
    • Davidson JR, Bose A. and Wang Q. (2005) Safety and efficacy of escitalopram in the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 1441-1446. (Pubitemid 41779543)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.66 , Issue.11 , pp. 1441-1446
    • Davidson, J.R.T.1    Bose, A.2    Wang, Q.3
  • 38
    • 0023672570 scopus 로고
    • Effect of a serotonin and noradrenaline uptake inhibitor in panic disorder; A double-blind comparative study with fluvoxamine and maprotiline
    • Den Boer JA and Westenberg HG (1988) Effect of a serotonin and noradrenaline uptake inhibitor in panic disorder; a double-blind comparative study with fluvoxamine and maprotiline. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 3: 59-74.
    • (1988) Int Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.3 , pp. 59-74
    • Den Boer, J.A.1    Westenberg, H.G.2
  • 39
    • 1442284533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Denys D., van Megen HJ, van der Wee N. and Westenberg HG (2004) A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65: 37-43.
    • (2004) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 37-43
    • Denys, D.1    Van Megen, H.J.2    Van Der Wee, N.3    Westenberg, H.G.4
  • 40
    • 0020077511 scopus 로고
    • Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) as indices of brain norepinephrine metabolism in primates
    • Elsworth JD, Redmond DE Jr and Roth RH (1982) Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) as indices of brain norepinephrine metabolism in primates. Brain Res 235: 115-124.
    • (1982) Brain Res , vol.235 , pp. 115-124
    • Elsworth, J.D.1    Redmond, Jr.D.E.2    Roth, R.H.3
  • 41
  • 42
    • 51849102146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human sympathetic nerve biology: Parallel influences of stress and epigenetics in essential hypertension and panic disorder
    • Esler M., Eikelis N., Schlaich M., et al. (2008) Human sympathetic nerve biology: parallel influences of stress and epigenetics in essential hypertension and panic disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1148: 338-348.
    • (2008) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.1148 , pp. 338-348
    • Esler, M.1    Eikelis, N.2    Schlaich, M.3
  • 43
    • 0024792676 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of overall and cardiac norepinephrine release into plasma during cognitive challenge
    • Esler M., Jennings G. and Lambert G. (1989) Measurement of overall and cardiac norepinephrine release into plasma during cognitive challenge. Psychoneuroendocrino 14: 477-481.
    • (1989) Psychoneuroendocrino , vol.14 , pp. 477-481
    • Esler, M.1    Jennings, G.2    Lambert, G.3
  • 44
    • 0029025501 scopus 로고
    • Growth-hormone response to clonidine in panic disorder patients in comparison to patients with major depression and healthy controls
    • Gann H., Riemann D., Stoll S., Berger M. and Muller WE (1995) Growth-hormone response to clonidine in panic disorder patients in comparison to patients with major depression and healthy controls. Pharmacopsychiatry 28: 80-83.
    • (1995) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 80-83
    • Gann, H.1    Riemann, D.2    Stoll, S.3    Berger, M.4    Muller, W.E.5
  • 45
    • 0023097846 scopus 로고
    • Elevations of urinary MHPG in depressed patients with panic attacks
    • Garvey MJ, Tollefson GD and Orsulak PJ (1987) Elevations of urinary MHPG in depressed patients with panic attacks. Psychiat Res 20: 183-187.
    • (1987) Psychiat Res , vol.20 , pp. 183-187
    • Garvey, M.J.1    Tollefson, G.D.2    Orsulak, P.J.3
  • 46
    • 0025079503 scopus 로고
    • A cerebrospinal fluid study of the pathophysiology of panic disorder associated with alcoholism
    • George DT, Adinoff B., Ravitz B., et al. (1990) A cerebrospinal fluid study of the pathophysiology of panic disorder associated with alcoholism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82: 1-7.
    • (1990) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.82 , pp. 1-7
    • George, D.T.1    Adinoff, B.2    Ravitz, B.3
  • 47
    • 0034893540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Geracioti TD Jr, Baker DG, Ekhator NN, et al. (2001) CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1227-1230.
    • (2001) Am J Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Geracioti, Jr.T.D.1    Baker, D.G.2    Ekhator, N.N.3
  • 49
    • 0035130505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological changes during carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with panic disorder, major depression, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Evidence for a central fear mechanism
    • Gorman JM, Kent J., Martinez J., Browne S., Coplan J. and Papp LA (2001) Physiological changes during carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with panic disorder, major depression, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a central fear mechanism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 125-131.
    • (2001) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.58 , pp. 125-131
    • Gorman, J.M.1    Kent, J.2    Martinez, J.3    Browne, S.4    Coplan, J.5    Papp, L.A.6
  • 50
    • 0024431561 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and dopamine metabolites in a nonhuman primate
    • Greene KA and Faull KF (1989) Relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and dopamine metabolites in a nonhuman primate. J Neurochem 53: 1007-1013.
    • (1989) J Neurochem , vol.53 , pp. 1007-1013
    • Greene, K.A.1    Faull, K.F.2
  • 51
    • 0032587497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-adrenergic receptor coupling efficiency to G(i) protein in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder and normal controls
    • DOI 10.1007/s002130050833
    • Gurguis GN, Andrews R., Antai-Otong D., et al. (1999 a) Platelet alpha2-adrenergic receptor coupling efficiency to Gi protein in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder and normal controls. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 141: 258-266. (Pubitemid 29196075)
    • (1999) Psychopharmacology , vol.141 , Issue.3 , pp. 258-266
    • Gurguis, G.N.M.1    Andrews, R.2    Antai-Otong, D.3    Vo, S.P.4    Dikis, E.J.5    Orsulak, P.J.6    Rush, A.J.7
  • 52
    • 0033058726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 receptors: G(s) protein coupling, effects of imipramine treatment and relationship to treatment outcome
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-3956(99)00008-4, PII S0022395699000084
    • Gurguis GN, Blakeley JE, Antai-Otong D., et al. (1999 b) Adrenergic receptor function in panic disorder. II. Neutrophil beta 2 receptors: Gs protein coupling, effects of imipramine treatment and relationship to treatment outcome. J Psychiatr Res 33: 309-322. (Pubitemid 29267634)
    • (1999) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 309-322
    • Gurguis, G.N.M.1    Blakeley, J.E.2    Antai-Otong, D.3    Vo, S.P.4    Orsulak, P.J.5    Petty, F.6    John Rush, A.7
  • 53
    • 0033594124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of norepinephrine and clonidine displacement of [3H]yohimbine binding to platelet alpha2-adrenoreceptors in healthy volunteers
    • Gurguis GN, Vo SP, Blakeley J., Orsulak PJ and Rush AJ (1999 c) Characteristics of norepinephrine and clonidine displacement of [3H]yohimbine binding to platelet alpha2-adrenoreceptors in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 85: 305-314.
    • (1999) Psychiatry Res , vol.85 , pp. 305-314
    • Gurguis, G.N.1    Vo, S.P.2    Blakeley, J.3    Orsulak, P.J.4    Rush, A.J.5
  • 54
    • 0030722261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the hypotensive effect of clonidine and related drugs due to imidazoline binding sites
    • Guyenet PG (1997) Is the hypotensive effect of clonidine and related drugs due to imidazoline binding sites ? Am J Physiol 273: R1580-1584.
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.273 , pp. 1580-1584
    • Guyenet, P.G.1
  • 55
    • 0030431697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist mirtazapine on the 5-hydroxytryptamine system in the rat brain
    • Haddjeri N., Blier P. and de Montigny C. (1996) Effect of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist mirtazapine on the 5-hydroxytryptamine system in the rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277: 861-871.
    • (1996) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.277 , pp. 861-871
    • Haddjeri, N.1    Blier, P.2    De Montigny, C.3
  • 56
    • 0031593635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between imidazoline and alpha2-adrenoceptors involved in the sympatho-inhibitory actions of centrally acting antihypertensive agents
    • Head GA, Chan CK and Burke SL (1998) Relationship between imidazoline and alpha2-adrenoceptors involved in the sympatho-inhibitory actions of centrally acting antihypertensive agents. J Auton Nerv Syst 72: 163-169.
    • (1998) J Auton Nerv Syst , vol.72 , pp. 163-169
    • Head, G.A.1    Chan, C.K.2    Burke, S.L.3
  • 57
    • 0025810833 scopus 로고
    • The clonidine test in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Hasenne, M., Pitchot, W. and Ansseau, M. (1991) The clonidine test in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 148: 810-811.
    • (1991) Am J Psychiatry , vol.148 , pp. 810-811
    • Hasenne, M.1    Pitchot, W.2    Ansseau, M.3
  • 58
    • 0036284321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Menstrual cycle effects on the neurohumoral and autonomic nervous systems regulating the cardiovascular system
    • Hirshoren N., Tzoran I., Makrienko I., et al. (2002) Menstrual cycle effects on the neurohumoral and autonomic nervous systems regulating the cardiovascular system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 1569-1575.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 1569-1575
    • Hirshoren, N.1    Tzoran, I.2    Makrienko, I.3
  • 59
    • 0033958286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter double-blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders
    • Hoehn-Saric R., Ninan P., Black DW, et al. (2000) Multicenter double-blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 76-82.
    • (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 76-82
    • Hoehn-Saric, R.1    Ninan, P.2    Black, D.W.3
  • 60
    • 0021928691 scopus 로고
    • Effects of aging on catecholamine metabolism
    • Hoeldtke RD and Cilmi KM (1985) Effects of aging on catecholamine metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60: 479-484.
    • (1985) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.60 , pp. 479-484
    • Hoeldtke, R.D.1    Cilmi, K.M.2
  • 61
    • 67449155865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic activity relates to adenosine A(2A) receptor gene variation in blood-injury phobia
    • Hohoff C., Domschke K., Schwarte K., et al. (2008) Sympathetic activity relates to adenosine A(2A) receptor gene variation in blood-injury phobia. J Neural Transm 116: 659-662.
    • (2008) J Neural Transm , vol.116 , pp. 659-662
    • Hohoff, C.1    Domschke, K.2    Schwarte, K.3
  • 62
    • 0025806756 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to clonidine and comparison to healthy controls
    • Hollander E., DeCaria C., Nitescu A., et al. (1991) Noradrenergic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to clonidine and comparison to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 37: 161-177.
    • (1991) Psychiatry Res , vol.37 , pp. 161-177
    • Hollander, E.1    Decaria, C.2    Nitescu, A.3
  • 63
    • 78650609151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disoder: Impact of treatment with venlafaxine on the physiological and psychological responses to clonidine challenge
    • Hood SD, Melichar JK, Taylor LG, Kalk N., Edwards TR, Hince DA, et al. (2010) Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disoder: impact of treatment with venlafaxine on the physiological and psychological responses to clonidine challenge. J Psychopharmacol 00: 1-9 (accessed 12 May 2010 ).
    • (2010) J Psychopharmacol , vol.0 , pp. 1-9
    • Hood, S.D.1    Melichar, J.K.2    Taylor, L.G.3    Kalk, N.4    Edwards, T.R.5    Hince, D.A.6
  • 64
    • 0022537610 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone and cortisol secretion after oral clonidine in healthy adults
    • Hunt GE, O'Sullivan BT, Johnson GF and Smythe GA (1986) Growth hormone and cortisol secretion after oral clonidine in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrino 11: 317-325.
    • (1986) Psychoneuroendocrino , vol.11 , pp. 317-325
    • Hunt, G.E.1    O'Sullivan, B.T.2    Johnson, G.F.3    Smythe, G.A.4
  • 65
    • 0022588211 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation by alpha-adrenergic mechanisms of the secretion of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) from perifused rat hypothalamus
    • Kabayama Y., Kato Y., Murakami Y., Tanaka H. and Imura H. (1986) Stimulation by alpha-adrenergic mechanisms of the secretion of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) from perifused rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 119: 432-434.
    • (1986) Endocrinology , vol.119 , pp. 432-434
    • Kabayama, Y.1    Kato, Y.2    Murakami, Y.3    Tanaka, H.4    Imura, H.5
  • 66
    • 0033762426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders
    • Kaufman J. and Charney D. (2000) Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 12 (Suppl 1). 69-76.
    • (2000) Depress Anxiety , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-76
    • Kaufman, J.1    Charney, D.2
  • 67
    • 1842485025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute carbon dioxide exposure in healthy adults: Evaluation of a novel means of investigating the stress response
    • Kaye J., Buchanan F., Kendrick A., et al. (2004) Acute carbon dioxide exposure in healthy adults: evaluation of a novel means of investigating the stress response. J Neuroendocrinol 16: 256-264.
    • (2004) J Neuroendocrinol , vol.16 , pp. 256-264
    • Kaye, J.1    Buchanan, F.2    Kendrick, A.3
  • 68
    • 0021913170 scopus 로고
    • Central noradrenergic involvement in yohimbine excitation of acoustic startle: Effects of DSP4 and 6-OHDA
    • Kehne JH and Davis M. (1985) Central noradrenergic involvement in yohimbine excitation of acoustic startle: effects of DSP4 and 6-OHDA. Brain Res 330: 31-41.
    • (1985) Brain Res , vol.330 , pp. 31-41
    • Kehne, J.H.1    Davis, M.2
  • 69
    • 0027528446 scopus 로고
    • False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis
    • Klein DF (1993) False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 306-317.
    • (1993) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 306-317
    • Klein, D.F.1
  • 70
    • 0343517909 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric reaction patterns to imipramine
    • Klein DF and Fink M. (1962) Psychiatric reaction patterns to imipramine. Am J Psychiatry 119: 432-438.
    • (1962) Am J Psychiatry , vol.119 , pp. 432-438
    • Klein, D.F.1    Fink, M.2
  • 71
    • 0028972592 scopus 로고
    • Regional origins of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in plasma: Effects of chronic sympathetic nervous activation and denervation, and acute reflex sympathetic stimulation
    • Lambert GW, Kaye DM, Vaz M., et al. (1995) Regional origins of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in plasma: effects of chronic sympathetic nervous activation and denervation, and acute reflex sympathetic stimulation. J Auton Nerv Syst 55: 169-178.
    • (1995) J Auton Nerv Syst , vol.55 , pp. 169-178
    • Lambert, G.W.1    Kaye, D.M.2    Vaz, M.3
  • 72
    • 12644286555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral noradrenaline spillover and its relation to muscle sympathetic nervous activity in healthy human subjects
    • Lambert GW, Thompson JM, Turner AG, et al. (1997) Cerebral noradrenaline spillover and its relation to muscle sympathetic nervous activity in healthy human subjects. J Auton Nerv Syst 64: 57-64.
    • (1997) J Auton Nerv Syst , vol.64 , pp. 57-64
    • Lambert, G.W.1    Thompson, J.M.2    Turner, A.G.3
  • 73
    • 0020567363 scopus 로고
    • Decreased secretion of cortisol and ACTH after oral clonidine administration in normal adults
    • Lanes R., Herrera A., Palacios A. and Moncada G. (1983) Decreased secretion of cortisol and ACTH after oral clonidine administration in normal adults. Metabolism 32: 568-570.
    • (1983) Metabolism , vol.32 , pp. 568-570
    • Lanes, R.1    Herrera, A.2    Palacios, A.3    Moncada, G.4
  • 74
    • 84970060564 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines in obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and healthy controls
    • Leckman JF, Goodman WK, Anderson GM, et al. (1995) Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines in obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacol 12: 73-86.
    • (1995) Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 73-86
    • Leckman, J.F.1    Goodman, W.K.2    Anderson, G.M.3
  • 75
    • 0025320354 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-adrenoreceptor status in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Lee MA, Cameron OG, Gurguis GN, et al. (1990) Alpha 2-adrenoreceptor status in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 27: 1083-1093.
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 1083-1093
    • Ma, L.1    Cameron, O.G.2    Gurguis, G.N.3
  • 76
    • 1342269747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet alpha2-adrenoreceptors in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • Marazziti D., Baroni S., Masala I., et al. (2004) Platelet alpha2-adrenoreceptors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychobiology 49: 81-83.
    • (2004) Neuropsychobiology , vol.49 , pp. 81-83
    • Marazziti, D.1    Baroni, S.2    Masala, I.3
  • 78
    • 0021207262 scopus 로고
    • The dependence of the clonidine growth hormone test on alcohol drinking habits and the menstrual cycle
    • Matussek N., Ackenheil M. and Herz M. (1984) The dependence of the clonidine growth hormone test on alcohol drinking habits and the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrino 9: 173-177.
    • (1984) Psychoneuroendocrino , vol.9 , pp. 173-177
    • Matussek, N.1    Ackenheil, M.2    Herz, M.3
  • 79
    • 0028946322 scopus 로고
    • Yohimbine facilitated acoustic startle in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Berl
    • Morgan CA 3rd, Grillon C., Southwick SM, et al. (1995) Yohimbine facilitated acoustic startle in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 117: 466-471.
    • (1995) Psychopharmacology , vol.117 , pp. 466-471
    • Morgan III, C.A.1    Grillon, C.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 80
    • 0029646118 scopus 로고
    • Plasma norepinephrine kinetics in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Murburg MM, McFall ME, Lewis N. and Veith RC (1995) Plasma norepinephrine kinetics in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 38: 819-825.
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 819-825
    • Murburg, M.M.1    McFall, M.E.2    Lewis, N.3    Veith, R.C.4
  • 81
    • 67049174094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term serotonergic but not noradrenergic antidepressant administration reduces attentional vigilance to threat in healthy volunteers
    • Murphy SE, Yiend J., Lester KJ, Cowen PJ and Harmer CJ (2008) Short-term serotonergic but not noradrenergic antidepressant administration reduces attentional vigilance to threat in healthy volunteers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12: 169-179.
    • (2008) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 169-179
    • Murphy, S.E.1    Yiend, J.2    Lester, K.J.3    Cowen, P.J.4    Harmer, C.J.5
  • 82
    • 0024551705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered central alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity in panic disorder
    • Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
    • Nutt DJ (2005) Anxiety Disorders. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Nutt DJ (1989) Altered central alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 165-169.
    • (2005) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 165-169
    • Nutt, D.J.1    Nutt, D.J.2
  • 83
    • 0030596314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychopharmacology of anxiety
    • Nutt DJ (1996) The psychopharmacology of anxiety. Br J Hosp Med 55: 187-191.
    • (1996) Br J Hosp Med , vol.55 , pp. 187-191
    • Nutt, D.J.1
  • 84
    • 0023137232 scopus 로고
    • Platelet binding studies in panic disorder
    • Nutt DJ and Fraser S. (1987) Platelet binding studies in panic disorder. J Affect Disord 12: 7-11.
    • (1987) J Affect Disord , vol.12 , pp. 7-11
    • Nutt, D.J.1    Fraser, S.2
  • 85
    • 0023034136 scopus 로고
    • The effect of clonidine on plasma MHPG: Evidence against tonic alpha 2-adrenoceptor control of noradrenergic function
    • Berl
    • Nutt DJ and Molyneux SG (1986) The effect of clonidine on plasma MHPG: evidence against tonic alpha 2-adrenoceptor control of noradrenergic function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 90: 509-512.
    • (1986) Psychopharmacology , vol.90 , pp. 509-512
    • Nutt, D.J.1    Molyneux, S.G.2
  • 89
    • 0033063974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity to 35% carbon dioxide in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
    • Perna G., Bussi R., Allevi L. and Bellodi L. (1999) Sensitivity to 35% carbon dioxide in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 60 (6). 379-384.
    • (1999) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.60 , Issue.6 , pp. 379-384
    • Perna, G.1    Bussi, R.2    Allevi, L.3    Bellodi, L.4
  • 90
    • 0030131588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet I1-imidazoline binding sites are elevated in depression but not generalized anxiety disorder
    • Piletz JE, Halaris A., Nelson J., Qu Y. and Bari M. (1996) Platelet I1-imidazoline binding sites are elevated in depression but not generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychiatr Res 30: 147-168.
    • (1996) J Psychiatr Res , vol.30 , pp. 147-168
    • Piletz, J.E.1    Halaris, A.2    Nelson, J.3    Qu, Y.4    Bari, M.5
  • 91
    • 0026666780 scopus 로고
    • Influence of endurance training on energy intake, norepinephrine kinetics, and metabolic rate in older individuals
    • Poehlman ET, Gardner AW and Goran MI (1992) Influence of endurance training on energy intake, norepinephrine kinetics, and metabolic rate in older individuals. Metabolism 41: 941-948.
    • (1992) Metabolism , vol.41 , pp. 941-948
    • Poehlman, E.T.1    Gardner, A.W.2    Goran, M.I.3
  • 92
    • 34648815011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine ER and paroxetine in the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder
    • Berl
    • Pollack M., Mangano R., Entsuah R., Tzanis E., Simon NM and Zhang Y. (2007) A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine ER and paroxetine in the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 194: 233-242.
    • (2007) Psychopharmacology , vol.194 , pp. 233-242
    • Pollack, M.1    Mangano, R.2    Entsuah, R.3    Tzanis, E.4    Simon, N.M.5    Zhang, Y.6
  • 95
    • 0034748048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mirtazapine versus fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder
    • Ribeiro L., Busnello JV, Kauer-Sant'Anna M., et al. (2001) Mirtazapine versus fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. Braz J Med Biol Res 34: 1303-1307.
    • (2001) Braz J Med Biol Res , vol.34 , pp. 1303-1307
    • Ribeiro, L.1    Busnello, J.V.2    Kauer-Sant'Anna, M.3
  • 96
    • 2642547405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serotonergic neurons as carbon dioxide sensors that maintain pH homeostasis
    • Richerson GB (2004) Serotonergic neurons as carbon dioxide sensors that maintain pH homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci 5: 449-461.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 449-461
    • Richerson, G.B.1
  • 97
    • 0037111007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) variants in patients with panic disorder
    • Sand PG, Mori T., Godau C., et al. (2002) Norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) variants in patients with panic disorder. Neurosci Lett 333: 41-44.
    • (2002) Neurosci Lett , vol.333 , pp. 41-44
    • Sand, P.G.1    Mori, T.2    Godau, C.3
  • 98
    • 0027080140 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone response to clonidine in male patients with panic disorder untreated by antidepressants
    • Schittecatte M., Ansseau M., Charles G., et al. (1992) Growth hormone response to clonidine in male patients with panic disorder untreated by antidepressants. Psychol Med 22: 1059-1062.
    • (1992) Psychol Med , vol.22 , pp. 1059-1062
    • Schittecatte, M.1    Ansseau, M.2    Charles, G.3
  • 99
    • 0024426535 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone response to clonidine in untreated depressed patients
    • DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90034-6
    • Schittecatte M., Charles G., Machowski R. and Wilmotte J. (1989) Growth hormone response to clonidine in untreated depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 29: 199-206. (Pubitemid 19222816)
    • (1989) Psychiatry Research , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-206
    • Schittecatte, M.1    Charles, G.2    Machowski, R.3    Wilmotte, J.4
  • 101
    • 0021354237 scopus 로고
    • Some biochemical correlates of panic attacks with agoraphobia and their response to a new treatment
    • Sheehan DV, Coleman JH, Greenblatt DJ, et al. (1984) Some biochemical correlates of panic attacks with agoraphobia and their response to a new treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 4: 66-75.
    • (1984) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.4 , pp. 66-75
    • Sheehan, D.V.1    Coleman, J.H.2    Greenblatt, D.J.3
  • 102
    • 13244253763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels in depressed patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Sher L., Oquendo MA, Li S., et al. (2005) Higher cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels in depressed patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15: 203-209.
    • (2005) Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.15 , pp. 203-209
    • Sher, L.1    Ma, O.2    Li, S.3
  • 103
    • 0020691362 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone response to clonidine in obsessive-compulsive patients
    • Siever LJ, Insel TR, Jimerson DC, et al. (1983) Growth hormone response to clonidine in obsessive-compulsive patients. Br J Psychiatry 142: 184-187.
    • (1983) Br J Psychiatry , vol.142 , pp. 184-187
    • Siever, L.J.1    Insel, T.R.2    Jimerson, D.C.3
  • 104
    • 0034883841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sertraline, paroxetine, and venlafaxine in refugee posttraumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms
    • Smajkic A., Weine S., Djuric-Bijedic Z., Boskailo E., Lewis J. and Pavkovic I. (2001) Sertraline, paroxetine, and venlafaxine in refugee posttraumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms. J Trauma Stress 14: 445-452.
    • (2001) J Trauma Stress , vol.14 , pp. 445-452
    • Smajkic, A.1    Weine, S.2    Djuric-Bijedic, Z.3    Boskailo, E.4    Lewis, J.5    Pavkovic, I.6
  • 105
    • 0030810755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Bremner JD, et al. (1997) Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54: 749-758.
    • (1997) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 749-758
    • Southwick, S.M.1    Krystal, J.H.2    Bremner, J.D.3
  • 106
    • 0027447306 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Morgan CA, et al. (1993) Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 266-274.
    • (1993) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 266-274
    • Southwick, S.M.1    Krystal, J.H.2    Morgan, C.A.3
  • 107
    • 0032811148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yohimbine use in a natural setting: Effects on posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Southwick SM, Morgan CA 3rd, Charney DS and High JR (1999) Yohimbine use in a natural setting: effects on posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 46: 442-444.
    • (1999) Biol Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 442-444
    • Southwick, S.M.1    Morgan III, C.A.2    Charney, D.S.3    High, J.R.4
  • 108
    • 33646683309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reboxetine versus fluvoxamine in the treatment of motor vehicle accident-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, fixed-dosage, controlled trial
    • Spivak B., Strous RD, Shaked G., Shabash E., Kotler M. and Weizman A. (2006) Reboxetine versus fluvoxamine in the treatment of motor vehicle accident-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, fixed-dosage, controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26: 152-156.
    • (2006) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.26 , pp. 152-156
    • Spivak, B.1    Strous, R.D.2    Shaked, G.3    Shabash, E.4    Kotler, M.5    Weizman, A.6
  • 109
    • 0036327422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of reboxetine on anxiety, agitation, and insomnia: Results of a pooled evaluation of randomized clinical trials
    • Stahl SM, Mendels J. and Schwartz GE (2002) Effects of reboxetine on anxiety, agitation, and insomnia: results of a pooled evaluation of randomized clinical trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 22: 388-392.
    • (2002) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 388-392
    • Stahl, S.M.1    Mendels, J.2    Schwartz, G.E.3
  • 110
    • 33750037653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in understanding the anxiety disorders: The cognitive-affective neuroscience of 'false alarms'
    • Stein DJ (2006) Advances in understanding the anxiety disorders: the cognitive-affective neuroscience of 'false alarms'. Ann Clin Psychiatry 18: 173-182.
    • (2006) Ann Clin Psychiatry , vol.18 , pp. 173-182
    • Stein, D.J.1
  • 111
    • 0026544952 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate and plasma norepinephrine responsivity to orthostatic challenge in anxiety disorders. Comparison of patients with panic disorder and social phobia and normal control subjects
    • Stein MB, Tancer ME and Uhde TW (1992) Heart rate and plasma norepinephrine responsivity to orthostatic challenge in anxiety disorders. Comparison of patients with panic disorder and social phobia and normal control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 311-317.
    • (1992) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 311-317
    • Stein, M.B.1    Tancer, M.E.2    Uhde, T.W.3
  • 112
    • 47949088767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping of the norepinephrine transporter in the human brain using PET with (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2
    • Takano A., Varrone A., Gulyas B., Karlsson P., Tauscher J. and Halldin C. (2008) Mapping of the norepinephrine transporter in the human brain using PET with (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2. Neuroimage 42: 474-482.
    • (2008) Neuroimage , vol.42 , pp. 474-482
    • Takano, A.1    Varrone, A.2    Gulyas, B.3    Karlsson, P.4    Tauscher, J.5    Halldin, C.6
  • 113
    • 33846589231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity to carbon dioxide in drug-naive subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Talesnik B., Berzak E., Ben-Zion I., Kaplan Z. and Benjamin J. (2007) Sensitivity to carbon dioxide in drug-naive subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 41: 451-454.
    • (2007) J Psychiatr Res , vol.41 , pp. 451-454
    • Talesnik, B.1    Berzak, E.2    Ben-Zion, I.3    Kaplan, Z.4    Benjamin, J.5
  • 115
    • 0028677299 scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine responsivity to monoaminergic system probes in generalized social phobia
    • Tancer ME, Mailman RB, Stein MB, Mason GA, Carson SW and Golden RN (1994) Neuroendocrine responsivity to monoaminergic system probes in generalized social phobia. Anxiety 1: 216-223.
    • (1994) Anxiety , vol.1 , pp. 216-223
    • Tancer, M.E.1    Mailman, R.B.2    Stein, M.B.3    Mason, G.A.4    Carson, S.W.5    Golden, R.N.6
  • 116
    • 0027443568 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone response to intravenous clonidine in social phobia: Comparison to patients with panic disorder and healthy volunteers
    • Tancer ME, Stein MB and Uhde TW (1993) Growth hormone response to intravenous clonidine in social phobia: comparison to patients with panic disorder and healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 34: 591-595.
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 591-595
    • Tancer, M.E.1    Stein, M.B.2    Uhde, T.W.3
  • 117
    • 0022471155 scopus 로고
    • Studies on 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) levels in human urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluids, and their significance in studies of depression
    • Tsuji M., Yamane H., Yamada N., Iida H., Taga C. and Myojin T. (1986) Studies on 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) levels in human urine, plasma and cerebrospinal fluids, and their significance in studies of depression. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 40: 47-56.
    • (1986) Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol , vol.40 , pp. 47-56
    • Tsuji, M.1    Yamane, H.2    Yamada, N.3    Iida, H.4    Taga, C.5    Myojin, T.6
  • 118
    • 0016278216 scopus 로고
    • Circadian variations of plasma catecholamine, cortisol and immunoreactive insulin concentrations in supine subjects
    • Turton MB and Deegan T. (1974) Circadian variations of plasma catecholamine, cortisol and immunoreactive insulin concentrations in supine subjects. Clin Chim Acta 55: 389-397.
    • (1974) Clin Chim Acta , vol.55 , pp. 389-397
    • Turton, M.B.1    Deegan, T.2
  • 119
    • 10844294216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of endogenous noradrenaline release in rat brain in vivo using [3H]RX 821002
    • Tyacke RJ, Robinson ES, Lalies MD, Hume SP, Hudson AL and Nutt DJ (2005) Estimation of endogenous noradrenaline release in rat brain in vivo using [3H]RX 821002. Synapse 55: 126-132.
    • (2005) Synapse , vol.55 , pp. 126-132
    • Tyacke, R.J.1    Robinson, E.S.2    Lalies, M.D.3    Hume, S.P.4    Hudson, A.L.5    Nutt, D.J.6
  • 120
    • 0024601243 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and physiologic effects of short-term and long-term administration of clonidine in panic disorder
    • Uhde TW, Stein MB, Vittone BJ, et al. (1989) Behavioral and physiologic effects of short-term and long-term administration of clonidine in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 170-177.
    • (1989) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 170-177
    • Uhde, T.W.1    Stein, M.B.2    Vittone, B.J.3
  • 121
    • 0022539218 scopus 로고
    • Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in panic disorder patients
    • Uhde TW, Vittone BJ, Siever LJ, Kaye WH and Post RM (1986) Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in panic disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry 21: 1081-1085.
    • (1986) Biol Psychiatry , vol.21 , pp. 1081-1085
    • Uhde, T.W.1    Vittone, B.J.2    Siever, L.J.3    Kaye, W.H.4    Post, R.M.5
  • 122
    • 0023786672 scopus 로고
    • Alpha-2-adrenergic pathways release growth hormone via a non-GRF-dependent mechanism in normal human subjects
    • Oxf
    • Valcavi R., Dieguez C., Page MD, et al. (1988) Alpha-2-adrenergic pathways release growth hormone via a non-GRF-dependent mechanism in normal human subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 29: 309-316.
    • (1988) Clin Endocrinol , vol.29 , pp. 309-316
    • Valcavi, R.1    Dieguez, C.2    Page, M.D.3
  • 123
    • 0027944048 scopus 로고
    • A 35% carbon dioxide challenge in simple phobias
    • Verburg C., Griez E. and Meijer J. (1994) A 35% carbon dioxide challenge in simple phobias. Acta Psychiatr Scand 90 (6). 420-423.
    • (1994) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.90 , Issue.6 , pp. 420-423
    • Verburg, C.1    Griez, E.2    Meijer, J.3
  • 124
    • 0036154641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic disorder
    • Versiani M., Cassano G., Perugi G., et al. (2002) Reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 31-37.
    • (2002) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 31-37
    • Versiani, M.1    Cassano, G.2    Perugi, G.3
  • 125
    • 0031744777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathetic activity in patients with panic disorder at rest, under laboratory mental stress, and during panic attacks
    • Wilkinson DJ, Thompson JM, Lambert GW, et al. (1998) Sympathetic activity in patients with panic disorder at rest, under laboratory mental stress, and during panic attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 511-520.
    • (1998) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 511-520
    • Wilkinson, D.J.1    Thompson, J.M.2    Lambert, G.W.3
  • 127
    • 17544404431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reboxetine: A pharmacologically potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
    • Wong EH, Sonders MS, Amara SG, et al. (2000) Reboxetine: a pharmacologically potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Biol Psychiatry 47: 818-829.
    • (2000) Biol Psychiatry , vol.47 , pp. 818-829
    • Wong, E.H.1    Sonders, M.S.2    Amara, S.G.3
  • 128
    • 0032125196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol concentrations and severity of depression in combat posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder
    • Yehuda R., Siever LJ, Teicher MH, et al. (1998) Plasma norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol concentrations and severity of depression in combat posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 44: 56-63.
    • (1998) Biol Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 56-63
    • Yehuda, R.1    Siever, L.J.2    Teicher, M.H.3
  • 129
    • 0026562699 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-adrenoceptor modulation of 5-HT biosynthesis in the rat brain
    • Yoshioka M., Matsumoto M., Togashi H., Smith CB and Saito H. (1992) Alpha 2-adrenoceptor modulation of 5-HT biosynthesis in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 139: 53-56.
    • (1992) Neurosci Lett , vol.139 , pp. 53-56
    • Yoshioka, M.1    Matsumoto, M.2    Togashi, H.3    Smith, C.B.4    Saito, H.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.