Recommendations for the cardiovascular screening of athletes

Hellenic Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 51, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 530-537

  Deligiannis, Asterios ^a   Anastasakis, Aris ^b   Antoniades, Loizos ^c   Bobotis, Georgios ^d   Geleris, Paraschos ^a   Goudevenos, John ^e   Hahalis, Georgios ^f   Kouidi, Evangelia ^a   Kranidis, Athanasios ^g   Kremastinos, Dimitrios ^h   Lekakis, John ^a   Parcharidis, Georgios ^a   Pyrgakis, Vlassis ⁱ   Rontogiannis, Georgios ^j   Stefanadis, Christodoulos ^b   Styliadis, Ioannis ^a   Vardas, Panos ^k  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^c NICOSIA GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Cyprus)

^d PAPAGEORGIOU GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PATRAS   (Greece)

^g EVANGELISMOS HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^h NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

ⁱ G GENNIMATAS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^j UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

^k UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF HERAKLION   (Greece)

more..

Author keywords

Cardiovascular screening; Sudden cardiac death; Young athletes

Indexed keywords

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ATHLETE; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE TEST; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOLTER MONITORING; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL HISTORY; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RENOGRAPHY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING; SUDDEN DEATH; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE; HEART; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; RISK ASSESSMENT; SPORTS;

EID: 78650606274     PISSN: 10117970     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1355-1361.
2. Kohl HW, Powell KE, Gordon NF, Blair SN, Paffenbarger RS. Physical activity, physical fitness, and sudden cardiac death. Epidemiol Rev. 1992; 14: 37-58.
3. Willich SN, Maclure M, Mittleman M, Arntz HR, Muller JE. Sudden cardiac death. Support for a role of triggering in causation. Circulation. 1993; 87: 1442-1450.
4. Paterson DJ. Antiarrhythmic mechanisms during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1996; 80: 1853-1862.
5. Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH. Habitual vigorous exercise and primary cardiac arrest: effect of other risk factors on the relationship. J Chronic Dis. 1984; 37: 625-631.
6. Curfman GD. Is exercise beneficial - or hazardous - to your heart? N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1730-1731.
7. Lakka TA, Venäläinen JM, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 1549-1554.
8. Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, et al. American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; American College of Sports Medicine. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2007; 115: 2358-2368.
9. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1959-1963.
10. Maron BJ. The paradox of exercise. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1409-1411.
11. Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G. Essay: Sudden death in young athletes. Lancet. 2005; 366(Suppl 1): S47-S48.
12. Maron, B.J. Sudden death in young athletes. New Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 1064-1075.
13. Maron BJ, Haas TS, Doerer JJ, Thompson PD, Hodges JS. Comparison of U.S. and Italian experiences with sudden cardiac deaths in young competitive athletes and implications for preparticipation screening strategies. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104: 276-280.
14. Corrado D, Migliore F, Basso C, Thiene G. Exercise and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Herz. 2006; 31: 553-558.
15. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 516-524.
16. Hoberg E, Schuler G, Kunze B, et al. Silent myocardial ischemia as a potential link between lack of premonitoring symptoms and increased risk of cardiac arrest during physical stress. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 65: 583-589.
17. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, Liang Y, Smialek JE, Virmani R. Plaque rupture and sudden death related to exertion in men with coronary artery disease. JAMA. 1999; 281: 921-926.
18. Sejersted OM, Sjøgaard G. Dynamics and consequences of potassium shifts in skeletal muscle and heart during exercise. Physiol Rev. 2000; 80: 1411-1481.
19. Péronnet F, Cléroux J, Perrault H, Cousineau D, de Champlain J, Nadeau R. Plasma norepinephrine response to exercise before and after training in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1981; 51: 812-815.
20. Northcote RJ, Evans AD, Ballantyne D. Sudden death in squash players. Lancet. 1984; 1: 148-150.
21. Bernard TE. Environmental considerations: Heat and cold. ACSM's resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. The American College of Sports Medicine. Williams & Wilkins, third edition 1998, pp 206-214.
22. Wyss CA, Koepfli P, Fretz G, Seebauer M, Schirlo C, Kaufmann PA. Influence of altitude exposure on coronary flow reserve. Circulation. 2003; 108: 1202-1207.
23. Rontoyannis GP, Pahtas G, Dinis D, Pournaras N. Sudden death of a young wrestler during competition. Int J Sports Med. 1988; 9: 353-355.
24. Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes NAM, Link MS. Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA. 2002; 287: 1142-1146.
25. Deligiannis A, Björnstad H, Carre F, et al. ESC study group of sports cardiology position paper on adverse cardiovascular effects of doping in athletes. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006; 13: 687-694.
26. Furlanello F, Serdoz LV, Cappato R, De Ambroggi L. Illicit drugs and cardiac arrhythmias in athletes. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007; 14: 487-494.
27. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden cardiac death? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2006; 7: 228-233.
28. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006; 296: 1593-1601. (Pubitemid 44515020)
29. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007; 115: 1643-2455.
30. Bille K, Figueiras D, Schamasch P, et al. Sudden cardiac death in athletes: the Lausanne Recommendations. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006; 13: 859-875.
31. Ljungqvist A, Jenoure PJ, Engebretsen L, et al. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes, March 2009. Clin J Sport Med. 2009; 19: 347-365.
32. Kouidi E, Fahadidou-Tsiligiroglou A, Tassoulas E, Deligiannis A, Coats A. White coat hypertension detected during screening of male adolescent athletes. Am J Hypertens. 1999; 12: 223-226.
33. Perez M, Fonda H, Le V-V, et al. Adding an electrocardiogram to the pre-participation examination in competitive athletes: a systematic review. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2009; 34: 586-662.
34. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, et al; Section of Sports Cardiology, European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation; Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Disease, European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 243-259.
35. Fuller CM. Cost effectiveness analysis of screening of high school athletes for risk of sudden cardiac death. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 887-890.
36. Tanaka Y, Yoshinaga M, Anan R, et al. Usefulness and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular screening of young adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38: 2-6.
37. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation. 2009; 119: 1085-1092.
38. Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, Thiene G. Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1493-1501.
39. Corrado D, Basso C, Poletti A, Angelini A, Valente M, Thiene G. Sudden death in the young. Is acute coronary thrombosis the major precipitating factor? Circulation. 1994; 90: 2315-2323.
40. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, et al. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young athletes. New Engl J Med 1998; 339: 364-369.
41. Maron BJ. Structural features of the athlete heart as defined by echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986; 7: 190-203.
42. Maron BJ, Spirito P, Wesley Y, Arce J. Development and progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315: 610-614. (Pubitemid 16046974)
43. Sharma S, Maron BJ, Whyte G, Firoozi S, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ. Physiologic limits of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite junior athletes: relevance to differential diagnosis of athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1431-1436.
44. Maron BJ, Niimura H, Casey SA, et al. Development of left ventricular hypertrophy in adults in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 315-321.
45. Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation. 2006; 114: 1633-1644.
46. Lauschke J, Maisch B. Athlete's heart or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Clin Res Cardiol. 2009; 98: 80-88.
47. Mitten MJ, Maron BJ, Zipes DP. Task Force 12: legal aspects of the 36th Bethesda Conference recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45: 1373-1375.
48. Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 1422-1445.