메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 60-77

Estimated field metabolic rates and prey requirements of resident killer whales

Author keywords

Energetics; Killer whale; Marine mammal; Metabolism; Orcinus orca; Prey consumption

Indexed keywords

ACTIVITY PATTERN; BODY MASS; DIURNAL VARIATION; ENDANGERED SPECIES; ENERGETICS; FOOD CONSUMPTION; METABOLISM; POPULATION SIZE; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; PREY AVAILABILITY; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; SWIMMING; WHALE;

EID: 78650584827     PISSN: 08240469     EISSN: 17487692     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00386.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (74)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0030302876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological and social determinants of group size in transient killer whales
    • Baird, R. W., and L. M. Dill 1996. Ecological and social determinants of group size in transient killer whales. Behavioral Ecology 7:408-416.
    • (1996) Behavioral Ecology , vol.7 , pp. 408-416
    • Baird, R.W.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 2
    • 78650578408 scopus 로고
    • The impact of killer whale predation on Steller sea lion populations in British Columbia and Alaska. Report to the North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (unpublished). Available at
    • Barrett-Lennard, L. G., K. Heise, E. Saulitis, G. Ellis and C. Matkin 1995. The impact of killer whale predation on Steller sea lion populations in British Columbia and Alaska. Report to the North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (unpublished). Available at
    • (1995)
    • Barrett-Lennard, L.G.1    Heise, K.2    Saulitis, E.3    Ellis, G.4    Matkin, C.5
  • 3
    • 0000071401 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of killer whale (Orcinus orca) stocks off Vancouver Island, B.C
    • Bigg, M. A. 1982. An assessment of killer whale (Orcinus orca) stocks off Vancouver Island, B.C. Report of the International Whaling Commission 32:655-666.
    • (1982) Report of the International Whaling Commission , vol.32 , pp. 655-666
    • Bigg, M.A.1
  • 4
    • 0005382721 scopus 로고
    • Live-capture killer whale (Orcinus orca) fishery, British Columbia and Washington waters, 1962-1973
    • Bigg, M. A., and A. A. Wolman 1975. Live-capture killer whale (Orcinus orca) fishery, British Columbia and Washington waters, 1962-1973. Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada 32:1213-1221.
    • (1975) Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada , vol.32 , pp. 1213-1221
    • Bigg, M.A.1    Wolman, A.A.2
  • 5
    • 0002873244 scopus 로고
    • Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon
    • Pages, in, C. Groot, L. Margolis and, W. C. Clark, eds. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C
    • Brett, J. R. 1995. Energetics. Pages 1-68 in C. Groot, L. Margolis and W. C. Clark, eds. Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C
    • (1995) Energetics , pp. 1-68
    • Brett, J.R.1
  • 6
    • 0021546088 scopus 로고
    • Growth and reproduction of killer whales, Orcinus orca, in Norwegian coastal waters
    • Christensen, I. 1988. Growth and reproduction of killer whales, Orcinus orca, in Norwegian coastal waters. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 6):253-258.
    • (1988) Report of the International Whaling Commission , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE 6 , pp. 253-258
    • Christensen, I.1
  • 7
    • 0345766911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allometric relationships and sexual dimorphism in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca)
    • Clark, S. T., and D. K. Odell 1999. Allometric relationships and sexual dimorphism in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca). Journal of Mammalogy 80:777-785.
    • (1999) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.80 , pp. 777-785
    • Clark, S.T.1    Odell, D.K.2
  • 8
    • 0033955809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspects of growth in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca)
    • Clark, S. T., D. K. Odell and C. T. Lacinak 2000. Aspects of growth in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca). Marine Mammal Science 16:110-123.
    • (2000) Marine Mammal Science , vol.16 , pp. 110-123
    • Clark, S.T.1    Odell, D.K.2    Lacinak, C.T.3
  • 9
    • 78650559481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encyclopedia of marine mammals
    • Pages, in, W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig and, J. G. M. Thewissen, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • Costa, D. P. 2002. Energetics. Pages 387-394 in W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig and J. G. M. Thewissen, eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • (2002) Energetics , pp. 387-394
    • Costa, D.P.1
  • 10
    • 0002940281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of marine mammals
    • Pages, in, J. E. Reynolds III and, S. A. Rommel, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Costa, D. P., and T. M. Williams 1999. Marine mammal energetics. Pages 176-217 in J. E. Reynolds III and S. A. Rommel, eds. Biology of marine mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • (1999) Marine mammal energetics , pp. 176-217
    • Costa, D.P.1    Williams, T.M.2
  • 11
    • 84985311510 scopus 로고
    • The energetics of lactation in the Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris
    • Costa, D. P., B. J. Le Boeuf, A. C. Huntley and C. L. Ortiz 1986. The energetics of lactation in the Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris. Journal of Zoology, London 209:21-33.
    • (1986) Journal of Zoology, London , vol.209 , pp. 21-33
    • Costa, D.P.1    Le Boeuf, B.J.2    Huntley, A.C.3    Ortiz, C.L.4
  • 14
    • 0040886587 scopus 로고
    • Demographic features of killer whales in oceanaria in the United States and Canada, 1965-1987
    • Duffield, D. A., and K. W. Miller 1988. Demographic features of killer whales in oceanaria in the United States and Canada, 1965-1987. Rit Fiskideildar 11:297-306.
    • (1988) Rit Fiskideildar , vol.11 , pp. 297-306
    • Duffield, D.A.1    Miller, K.W.2
  • 15
    • 67849102131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trend data do support the sequential nature of pinniped and sea otter declines in the North Pacific Ocean, but does it really matter?
    • Estes, J. A., D. F. Doak, A. M. Springer, T. M. Williams and G. B. Van Vliet 2009. Trend data do support the sequential nature of pinniped and sea otter declines in the North Pacific Ocean, but does it really matter? Marine Mammal Science 25:748-754.
    • (2009) Marine Mammal Science , vol.25 , pp. 748-754
    • Estes, J.A.1    Doak, D.F.2    Springer, A.M.3    Williams, T.M.4    Van Vliet, G.B.5
  • 16
    • 57549097633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity and diving metabolism correlate in Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus
    • Fahlman, A., R. Svärd, C. Wilson, D. A. S. Rosen and A. W. Trites 2008. Activity and diving metabolism correlate in Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus. Aquatic Biology 2:75-84.
    • (2008) Aquatic Biology , vol.2 , pp. 75-84
    • Fahlman, A.1    Svärd, R.2    Wilson, C.3    Rosen, D.A.S.4    Trites, A.W.5
  • 17
    • 0023407278 scopus 로고
    • Swimming in the California sea lion: Morphometrics, drag and energetics
    • Feldkamp, S. D. 1987. Swimming in the California sea lion: Morphometrics, drag and energetics. Journal of Experimental Biology 131:117-135.
    • (1987) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.131 , pp. 117-135
    • Feldkamp, S.D.1
  • 18
    • 0024875622 scopus 로고
    • Acoustic behaviour of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia
    • Ford, J. K. B. 1989. Acoustic behaviour of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:727-745.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.67 , pp. 727-745
    • Ford, J.K.B.1
  • 19
    • 33746611189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective foraging by fish-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia
    • Ford, J. K. B., and G. M. Ellis 2006. Selective foraging by fish-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 316:185-199.
    • (2006) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.316 , pp. 185-199
    • Ford, J.K.B.1    Ellis, G.M.2
  • 20
    • 0032447965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary specialisation in two sympatric populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters
    • Ford, J. K. B., G. M. Ellis, L. G. Barrett-Lennard, A. B. Morton, R. S. Palm and K. C. Balcomb 1998. Dietary specialisation in two sympatric populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1456-1471.
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.76 , pp. 1456-1471
    • Ford, J.K.B.1    Ellis, G.M.2    Barrett-Lennard, L.G.3    Morton, A.B.4    Palm, R.S.5    Balcomb, K.C.6
  • 21
    • 77449111253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking killer whale survival and prey abundance: Food limitation in the oceans' apex predator?
    • Ford, J. K. B., G. M. Ellis, P. F. Olesiuk and K. C. Balcomb 2009. Linking killer whale survival and prey abundance: Food limitation in the oceans' apex predator? Biology Letters 6:139-142.
    • (2009) Biology Letters , vol.6 , pp. 139-142
    • Ford, J.K.B.1    Ellis, G.M.2    Olesiuk, P.F.3    Balcomb, K.C.4
  • 22
    • 77957213908 scopus 로고
    • Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction
    • Gittleman, J. L., and S. D. Thompson 1988. Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. American Zoologist 28:863-875.
    • (1988) American Zoologist , vol.28 , pp. 863-875
    • Gittleman, J.L.1    Thompson, S.D.2
  • 23
    • 0004035429 scopus 로고
    • Pacific salmon life histories
    • Groot, C., and, L. Margolis, eds. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC
    • Groot, C., and L. Margolis, eds. 1991. Pacific salmon life histories. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC
    • (1991)
  • 25
    • 33746277349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of depth on a breath-hold diver: predicting the diving metabolism of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)
    • Hastie, G. D., D. A. S. Rosen and A. W. Trites 2006. The influence of depth on a breath-hold diver: predicting the diving metabolism of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology 336:163-170.
    • (2006) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology , vol.336 , pp. 163-170
    • Hastie, G.D.1    Rosen, D.A.S.2    Trites, A.W.3
  • 26
    • 33947667886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reductions in oxygen consumption during dives and estimated submergence limitations of Steller sea lions (Eumetopius jubatus)
    • Hastie, G. D., D. A. S. Rosen and A. W. Trites 2007. Reductions in oxygen consumption during dives and estimated submergence limitations of Steller sea lions (Eumetopius jubatus). Marine Mammal Science 23:272-286.
    • (2007) Marine Mammal Science , vol.23 , pp. 272-286
    • Hastie, G.D.1    Rosen, D.A.S.2    Trites, A.W.3
  • 27
    • 0005316707 scopus 로고
    • Presence of solid food in a young calf killer whale (Orcinus orca)
    • Heyning, J. E. 1988. Presence of solid food in a young calf killer whale (Orcinus orca). Marine Mammal Science 4:68-71.
    • (1988) Marine Mammal Science , vol.4 , pp. 68-71
    • Heyning, J.E.1
  • 28
    • 0035746049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard metabolic rate at the surface and during trained submersions in adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
    • Hurley, J. A., and D. P. Costa 2001. Standard metabolic rate at the surface and during trained submersions in adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). The Journal of Experimental Biology 204:3273-3281.
    • (2001) The Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.204 , pp. 3273-3281
    • Hurley, J.A.1    Costa, D.P.2
  • 29
    • 0013587492 scopus 로고
    • A contribution to the knowledge of the biology of the killer whale Orcinus orca (L.)
    • Jonsgård, Å, and P. B. Lyshoel 1970. A contribution to the knowledge of the biology of the killer whale Orcinus orca (L.). Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 18:41-48.
    • (1970) Nytt Magasin for Zoologi , vol.18 , pp. 41-48
    • Jonsgård Å1    Lyshoel, P.B.2
  • 31
    • 84973469841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food consumption and suckling in Killer whales (Orcinus orca) at Marineland Antibes
    • Kastelein, R. A., J. Kershaw, E. Berghout and P. R. Wiepkema 2001. Food consumption and suckling in Killer whales (Orcinus orca) at Marineland Antibes. International Zoo Yearbook 38:204-218.
    • (2001) International Zoo Yearbook , vol.38 , pp. 204-218
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Kershaw, J.2    Berghout, E.3    Wiepkema, P.R.4
  • 32
    • 0036132022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food intake and body measurements of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in captivity
    • Kastelein, R. A., N. Vaughan, S. Walton and P. R. Wiepkema 2002. Food intake and body measurements of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in captivity. Marine Environmental Research 53:199-218.
    • (2002) Marine Environmental Research , vol.53 , pp. 199-218
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Vaughan, N.2    Walton, S.3    Wiepkema, P.R.4
  • 33
    • 84973469841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food consumption and suckling in killer whales Orcinus orca at Marineland Antibes
    • Kastelein, R. A., J. Kershaw, E. Berghout and P. R. Wiepkema 2003a. Food consumption and suckling in killer whales Orcinus orca at Marineland Antibes. International Zoo Yearbook 38:204-218.
    • (2003) International Zoo Yearbook , vol.38 , pp. 204-218
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Kershaw, J.2    Berghout, E.3    Wiepkema, P.R.4
  • 34
    • 34249899815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food consumption, food passage time and body measurements of captive Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
    • Kastelein, R. A., C. Staal and P. R. Wiepkema 2003b. Food consumption, food passage time and body measurements of captive Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 29:53-66.
    • (2003) Aquatic Mammals , vol.29 , pp. 53-66
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Staal, C.2    Wiepkema, P.R.3
  • 35
    • 0003422360 scopus 로고
    • The fire of life: An introduction to animal energetics
    • 2nd edition. Robert E. Kreiger Publishing, Huntington, NY
    • Kleiber, M. 1975. The fire of life: An introduction to animal energetics. 2nd edition. Robert E. Kreiger Publishing, Huntington, NY
    • (1975)
    • Kleiber, M.1
  • 36
    • 28444472592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2004 status review of southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) under the Endangered Species Act
    • U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-62.
    • Krahn, M. M., M. J. Ford, W. F. Perrin, P. R. Wade, R. P. Angliss, M. B. Hanson, B. L. Taylor, G. M. Ylitalo, M. E. Dahlheim, J. E. Stein and R. S. Waples 2004. 2004 status review of southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) under the Endangered Species Act. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-62. 73 pp.
    • (2004) , pp. 73
    • Krahn, M.M.1    Ford, M.J.2    Perrin, W.F.3    Wade, P.R.4    Angliss, R.P.5    Hanson, M.B.6    Taylor, B.L.7    Ylitalo, G.M.8    Dahlheim, M.E.9    Stein, J.E.10    Waples, R.S.11
  • 37
    • 78650551473 scopus 로고
    • Bioenergetics in the killer whale, Orcinus orca. Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
    • Kriete, B. 1995. Bioenergetics in the killer whale, Orcinus orca. Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 138 pp.
    • (1995) , pp. 138
    • Kriete, B.1
  • 38
    • 33947679838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing killer whale predation on Steller sea lions from field observations in Kenai Fjords, Alaska
    • Maniscalco, J. M., C. O. Matkin, D. Maldini, D. G. Calkins and S. Atkinson 2007. Assessing killer whale predation on Steller sea lions from field observations in Kenai Fjords, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 23:306-321.
    • (2007) Marine Mammal Science , vol.23 , pp. 306-321
    • Maniscalco, J.M.1    Matkin, C.O.2    Maldini, D.3    Calkins, D.G.4    Atkinson, S.5
  • 40
    • 0036768899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermoregulation of weaned northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups in air and water
    • Noren, D. P. 2002. Thermoregulation of weaned northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups in air and water. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 75:513-523.
    • (2002) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , vol.75 , pp. 513-523
    • Noren, D.P.1
  • 41
    • 33846073480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological and behavioral development in delphinid calves: Implications for calf separation and mortality due to tuna purse-seine sets
    • Noren, S. R., and E. F. Edwards 2006. Physiological and behavioral development in delphinid calves: Implications for calf separation and mortality due to tuna purse-seine sets. Marine Mammal Science 23:15-29.
    • (2006) Marine Mammal Science , vol.23 , pp. 15-29
    • Noren, S.R.1    Edwards, E.F.2
  • 42
    • 70349247921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Close approaches by vessels elicit surface active behaviors by southern resident killer whales
    • Noren, D. P., A. H. Johnson, D. Rehder and A. Larson 2009. Close approaches by vessels elicit surface active behaviors by southern resident killer whales. Endangered Species Research 8:179-192.
    • (2009) Endangered Species Research , vol.8 , pp. 179-192
    • Noren, D.P.1    Johnson, A.H.2    Rehder, D.3    Larson, A.4
  • 43
    • 78650531294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A historical ecology of Salish Sea "resident" killer whales (Orcinus orca): With implications for management. Doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.
    • Osborne, R. W. 1999. A historical ecology of Salish Sea "resident" killer whales (Orcinus orca): With implications for management. Doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC 262 pp.
    • (1999) , pp. 262
    • Osborne, R.W.1
  • 45
    • 0036237356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of transport in Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus
    • Rosen, D. A. S., and A. W. Trites 2002. Cost of transport in Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. Marine Mammal Science 18:513-524.
    • (2002) Marine Mammal Science , vol.18 , pp. 513-524
    • Rosen, D.A.S.1    Trites, A.W.2
  • 46
    • 0142027779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    • Springer, A. M., J. A. Estes, G. B. Van Vliet, T. M. Williams, D. F. Doak, E. M. Danner, K. A. Forney and B. Pfister 2003. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:12223-12228.
    • (2003) , vol.100 , pp. 12223-12228
    • Springer, A.M.1    Estes, J.A.2    Van Vliet, G.B.3    Williams, T.M.4    Doak, D.F.5    Danner, E.M.6    Forney, K.A.7    Pfister, B.8
  • 47
    • 42449129162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammal-eating killer whales, industrial whaling, and the sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: A reply to the critics of Springer 2003
    • Springer, A. M., J. A. Estes, G. B. Van Vliet, T. M. Williams, D. F. Doak, E. M. Danner and B. Pfister 2008. Mammal-eating killer whales, industrial whaling, and the sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: A reply to the critics of Springer et al. 2003. Marine Mammal Science 24:414-442.
    • (2008) Marine Mammal Science , vol.24 , pp. 414-442
    • Springer, A.M.1    Estes, J.A.2    Van Vliet, G.B.3    Williams, T.M.4    Doak, D.F.5    Danner, E.M.6    Pfister, B.7
  • 48
    • 34848833495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killer whales, whaling, and sequential megafaunal collapse in the north Pacific: A comparative analysis of the dynamics of marine mammals in Alaska and British Columbia following commercial whaling
    • Trites, A. W., V. B. Deecke, E. J. Gregr, J. K. B. Ford and P. F. Olesiuk 2007. Killer whales, whaling, and sequential megafaunal collapse in the north Pacific: A comparative analysis of the dynamics of marine mammals in Alaska and British Columbia following commercial whaling. Marine Mammal Science 23:751-765.
    • (2007) Marine Mammal Science , vol.23 , pp. 751-765
    • Trites, A.W.1    Deecke, V.B.2    Gregr, E.J.3    Ford, J.K.B.4    Olesiuk, P.F.5
  • 50
    • 67849104077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammal-eating killer whales and their prey-trend data for pinnipeds and sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean do not support the sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis
    • Wade, P. R., J. M. Ver Hoef and D. P. DeMaster 2009. Mammal-eating killer whales and their prey-trend data for pinnipeds and sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean do not support the sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis. Marine Mammal Science 25:737-747.
    • (2009) Marine Mammal Science , vol.25 , pp. 737-747
    • Wade, P.R.1    Ver Hoef, J.M.2    DeMaster, D.P.3
  • 51
    • 65349130819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the effects of prey abundance on killer whale reproduction
    • Ward, E. J., E. E. Holmes and K. C. Balcomb 2009. Quantifying the effects of prey abundance on killer whale reproduction. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:632-640.
    • (2009) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.46 , pp. 632-640
    • Ward, E.J.1    Holmes, E.E.2    Balcomb, K.C.3
  • 52
    • 0031883106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate and oxygen consumption of northern elephant seals diving in the laboratory
    • Webb, P. M., R. D. Andrews, D. P. Costa and B. J. Le Boeuf 1998. Heart rate and oxygen consumption of northern elephant seals diving in the laboratory. Physiological Zoology 71:116-125.
    • (1998) Physiological Zoology , vol.71 , pp. 116-125
    • Webb, P.M.1    Andrews, R.D.2    Costa, D.P.3    Le Boeuf, B.J.4
  • 53
    • 0033613633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: Limits to energetic optimization
    • Williams, T. M. 1999. The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: Limits to energetic optimization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 354:193-201.
    • (1999) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B , vol.354 , pp. 193-201
    • Williams, T.M.1
  • 54
    • 11844295000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killer appetites: Assessing the role of predators in ecological communities
    • Williams, T. M., J. A. Estes, D. F. Doak and A. M. Springer 2004. Killer appetites: Assessing the role of predators in ecological communities. Ecology 85:3373-3384.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 3373-3384
    • Williams, T.M.1    Estes, J.A.2    Doak, D.F.3    Springer, A.M.4
  • 55
    • 0026035096 scopus 로고
    • The effect of submergence on heart rate and oxygen consumption of swimming seals and sea lions
    • Williams, T. M., G. L. Kooyman and D. A. Croll 1991. The effect of submergence on heart rate and oxygen consumption of swimming seals and sea lions. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 160:637-644.
    • (1991) Journal of Comparative Physiology B , vol.160 , pp. 637-644
    • Williams, T.M.1    Kooyman, G.L.2    Croll, D.A.3
  • 56
    • 64949154042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swimming speed, respiration rate and estimated cost of transport in adult killer whales
    • Williams, R., and D. P. Noren 2009. Swimming speed, respiration rate and estimated cost of transport in adult killer whales. Marine Mammal Science 25:327-350.
    • (2009) Marine Mammal Science , vol.25 , pp. 327-350
    • Williams, R.1    Noren, D.P.2
  • 58
    • 33749435596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca)
    • Williams, R., D. Lusseau and P. S. Hammond 2006. Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca). Biological Conservation 133:301-311.
    • (2006) Biological Conservation , vol.133 , pp. 301-311
    • Williams, R.1    Lusseau, D.2    Hammond, P.S.3
  • 59
    • 0037139631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A bioenergetic model for estimating food requirements of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in Alaska, USA
    • Winship, A. J., A. W. Trites and D. A. S. Rosen 2002. A bioenergetic model for estimating food requirements of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in Alaska, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 229:291-312.
    • (2002) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.229 , pp. 291-312
    • Winship, A.J.1    Trites, A.W.2    Rosen, D.A.S.3
  • 60
    • 0001747234 scopus 로고
    • Energy budget of a small cetacean, the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L.)
    • Yasui, W. Y., and D. E. Gaskin 1986. Energy budget of a small cetacean, the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L.). Ophelia 25:183-197.
    • (1986) Ophelia , vol.25 , pp. 183-197
    • Yasui, W.Y.1    Gaskin, D.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.