The problem of ecological scaling in spatially complex, nonequilibrium ecological systems

Spatial Complexity, Informatics, and Wildlife Conservation

Volumn 9784431877714, Issue , 2010, Pages 43-63

  Cushman, Samuel A ^c   Littell, Jeremy ^a   McGarigal, Kevin ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^c ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FORECASTING;

COMMUNITY STRUCTURES; IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT; SPATIAL COMPLEXITY; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; SPECIES-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS; STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY;

ECOLOGY;

EID: 78650566837     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (71)

1. Allen TFH, Hoekstra TW (1992) Toward a unified ecology. Columbia University Press, New York.
2. Allen TFH, Starr TB (1982) Hierarchy: perspectives in ecological complexity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
3. Allen TFH, O'Neill RV, Hoekstra TW (1984) Inter-level relations in ecological research and management: Some working principles from hierarchy theory. USDA Forest Service Gen Tech Rep RM-110 Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Exp Stn, Fort Collins, Colorado.
4. Baker WL (1995) Longterm response of disturbance landscapes to human intervention and global change. Landsc Ecol 10:143-159.
5. Baker WL (2003) Fires and climate in forested landscapes of the U.S. Rocky Mountains. In: Veblen T, Baker WL, Montenegro G, Swetnam TW (eds.) Fire and climate change in ecosystems of the western Americas. Ecological studies 160. Springer, New York.
6. Batchelor GK (1967) An introduction to fluid mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
7. Bazzaz FA (1996) Plants in changing environments: linking physiological, population and community ecology. Cambridge University Press, Boston, MA.
8. Bunn AG, Lawrence RL, Bellante GJ, Waggoner LA, Graumlich LJ (2003) Spatial variation in distribution and growth patterns of old growth strip-bark pines. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 35:323-330.
9. Bunn AG, Graumlich LJ, Urban DL (2005) Trends in twentieth-century tree growth at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains, USA. Holocene 15:481-488.
10. Cale WG, O'Neill RV Jr, Gardner RH (1983) Aggregation error in nonlinear ecological models. J Theor Biol 100:539-550.
11. Chesson PL (1981) Models for spatially distributed populations: The effect of within-patch variability. Theor Popul Biol 19:288-325.
12. Clark JS (1990) Integration of ecological levels: individual plant growth, population mortality, and ecosystem dynamics. J Ecol 78:275-299.
13. Collins SL, Knapp AK, Briggs JM, Blair JM, Steinhauer EM (1998) Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie. Science 280:745-747.
14. Cushman SA, McGarigal K (2003) Hierarchical, multi-scale decomposition of species-environment relationships. Landsc Ecol 17:637-646.
15. Cushman SA, McKenzie D, Peterson DL, Littell J, McKelvey KS (2007) Research agenda for integrated landscape modelling. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep RMRS-GTR-194.
16. Dunwiddie PW (1986) A 6000-year record of forest history on Mount Rainier, Washington. Ecology 67:58-68.
17. Evans JS, Cushman SA (2009) Gradient modeling of conifer species using random forests. Landsc Ecol 24:673-683.
18. Finegan B (1984) Forest succession. Nature 312:109-114.
19. Gardner RH, Cale WG, O'Neill RV (1982) Robust analysis of aggregation error. Ecology 63:1771-1779.
20. Gates WL (1985) The use of general circulation models in the analysis of the ecosystem impacts of climatic change. Climatic Change 7:267-284.
21. Glenn SM, Collins SL (1992) Disturbances in tallgrass prairie-local and regional effects on community heterogeneity. Landsc Ecol 7:243-251.
22. Hornberger GM, Cosby BJ (1985) Evaluation of a model of long-term response of catchments to atmospheric deposition of sulfate. In: Proceedings of the 7th IFAC symposium on identification and system parameter estimation. Pergamon, New York.
23. Hutchinson GE (1957) Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 22:414-427.
24. Iwasa Y, Andreasen V, Levin S (1987) Aggregation in model ecosystems: I. perfect aggregation. Ecoll Model 37:287-302.
25. Iwasa Y, Levin S, Andreasen V (1989) Aggregation in model ecosystems: II. approximate aggregation. IMA J Math Appl Med Biol 6:1-23.
26. Jeffers JNR (1988) Statistical and mathematical approaches to issues of scale in ecology. In: Rosswall TR, Woodmansee RG, Risser, PG (eds) Scale and global changes: Spatial and temporal variability in biospheric and geospheric process. Wiley, Chichester.
27. Kareiva P, Andersen M (1986) Spatial aspects of species interactions: The wedding of models and experiments. In: Hastings A (ed) Community ecology: lecture notes in biomathematics. Springer, Berlin.
28. Kareiva PM (1994) Space: The final frontier for ecological theory. Ecology 75:1.
29. Kennedy AD (1997) Bridging the gap between general circulation model (GCM) output and biological microenvironments. Int J Biometeorol 40:119-122.
30. King AW (1991) Translating models across scales in the landscape. In: Turner MG, Gardner RH (eds) Quantitative methods in landscape ecology, ecological studies, vol 82. Springer, New York.
31. Levin SA (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
32. Lynn BH, Rind D, Avissar A (1995) The importance of mesoscale circulations generated by subgrid-scale landscape heterogeneities in general-circulation models. J Clim 8:191-205.
33. McGarigal K, Cushman SA (2002) Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects. Ecol Appl 12:335-345.
34. McGarigal K, Cushman SA (2005) The gradient concept of landscape structure. In: Wiens JA, Moss MR (eds) Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
35. McGarigal K, Tagil S, Cushman SA (2009) Surface metrics: An alternative to patch metrics for the quantification of landscape structure. Landsc Ecol 24:433-450.
36. Meetenmeyer V, Box EO (1987) Scale effects in landscape studies. In: Turner, MG (ed) Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer, New York.
37. Mooney HA, Godron M (1983) Disturbance and ecosystems. Springer, New York.
38. Ohmann JL, Gregory MJ (2002) Predictive mapping of forest composition and structure with direct gradient analysis and nearest-neighbor imputation in coastal Oregon, USA. Can J Forest Resources 32:725-741.
39. O'Neill RV (1979) Transmutations across hierarchical levels. In: Innis SG, O'Neill RV (eds) Systems analysis of ecosystems. International Cooperative Publishing House, Fairland.
40. O'Neill RV (1988) Perspectives in hierarchy and scale. In: Roughgarden J, May RM, Levin, SA (eds) Perspectives in ecological theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
41. O'Neill RV, De Angelis DL, Waide JB, Allen TFH (1986) A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
42. Patten BC (1982) Environs: relativistic elementary particles for ecology. Am N 119:179-219.
43. Pedlosky J (1979) Geophysical fluid dynamics. Springer, New York.
44. Peet SK, Loucks OL (1976) A gradient analysis of southern Wisconsin forests. Ecology 58:485-499.
45. Peterson DL, Parker VT (1998) Ecological scale: Theory and applications. Columbia University Press, New York.
46. Pickett STA (1980) Non-equilibrium coexistence of plants. Bull Torrey Bot Club 107:238-248.
47. Rastetter EB, King AW, Cosby BJ, Hornberger GM, O'Neill RV, Hobbie JE (1992) Aggregating fine-scale ecological knowledge to model coarser-resolution attributes of ecosystems. Ecol Applic 2:55-70.
48. Reynolds JF, Hilbert DW, Kemp PW (1993) Scaling ecophysiology from the plant to the ecosystem: A conceptual framework. In: Ehleringer JR, Field CB (eds) Scaling physiological processes. Academic Press, New York.
49. Risser PG (1986) Report of a workshop on the spatial and temporal variability of biospheric and geospheric processes: research needed to determine interactions with global environmental change, Oct. 28-Nov.1, 1985. St. Petersburg, Fla. Paris: ICSU Press.
50. Risser PG (1987) Landsacpe ecology: State of the art. In: Turner, MG (ed) Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer, New York.
51. Risser PG, Karr JR, Forman RTT (1984) Landscape ecology: directions and approaches. Special Publication Number 2. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign.
52. Roswall T, Woodmansee RG, Risser PG (eds) (1988) Scales in global change. Wiley, New York.
53. Runkle JR (1985) Disturbance regimes in temperate forests. In S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, pp. 17-34, Academic, New York.
54. Russo JM, Zack JW (1997) Downscaling GCM output with a mesoscale model. J Environ Manag 49:19-29.
55. Schneider DC (1994) Quantitative ecology: Spatial and temporal scaling. Academic, San Diego, CA.
56. Shugart HH, Urban DL (1988) Scale, synthesis, and ecosystem dynamics. In: Pomeroy LR, Alberts JJ (eds) Concepts of ecosystem ecology. Springer, New York.
57. Shugart HH, Michaels PJ, Smith TM, Weinstein DA, Rastetter EB (1988) Simulation models of forest succession. In: Roswall T, Woodmansee RG, Risser PG (eds) Scales in global change. Wiley, New York.
58. Sousa WP (1984) The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annul Rev Ecol Systemat 15:353-391.
59. Stommel H (1963) The varieties of oceanographic experience. Science 139:572-576.
60. ter Braak CJF, Prentice IC (1988) A theory of gradient analysis. Adv Ecol Res 18:271-313.
61. Tilman D (1982) Resource competition and community structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
62. Turner MG (1989) Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process. Annu Rev Ecol Systemat 20:171-197.
63. Turner MG, Gardner RH, O'Neill RV (2001) Landscape ecology in theory and practice. Springer, New York.
64. Urban DL, O'Neill RV, Shugart HH Jr (1987) Landscape ecology. Bioscience 37:119-27.
65. Wagner HM (1969) Principles of operations research. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
66. Webster JR (1979) Hierarchical organization of ecosystems. In: Halfon E (ed) Theoretical systems ecology. Academic, New York.
67. Welsh AH, Peterson TA, Altmann SA (1988) The fallacy of averages. Am Nat 132:277-288.
68. White PS (1979) Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation. Bot Rev 45:229-299.
69. Whittaker RH (1967). Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol Rev 49:207-264.
70. Wiens JA (1989) Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct Ecol 3:385-397.
71. Wiens JA, Stenseth NC, Van Horne B, Ims RA (1993) Ecological mechanisms and landscape ecology. Oikos 66:369-380.