Management of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: Association, mechanisms, and treatment implications for depressed cardiac patients

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 85-98

  Wang, Jenny T ^a   Hoffman, Benson ^a   Blumenthal, James A ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Exercise; Heart disease; SSRI

Indexed keywords

CITALOPRAM; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IMIPRAMINE; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; SERTRALINE;

CARDIAC PATIENT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MAJOR DEPRESSION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; XEROSTOMIA;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CORONARY DISEASE; COST OF ILLNESS; DEPRESSION; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 78650442807     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.513701     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics. 2009. [Cited 10 May 2010]; Available from: http://www.americanheart.org/ downloadable/heart/1240250946756LS- 1982%20Heart%20and%20Stroke% 20Update.042009.pdf
2. American Heart Association. Cardiovascular disease statistics. 2010. [cited 10 May 2010 ]; Available from: http://www.americanheart.org/ presenter.jhtml?identifier=4478
3. Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann-Lingen C. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2004;66(6):802-13
4. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Treatment-resistant depression and sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54(10):958
5. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Reflections on depression as a cardiac risk factor. Psychosom Med 2005;67(Suppl 1):S19-25
6. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Recent evidence linking coronary heart disease and depression. Can J Psychiatry 2006;51(12):730-7
7. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Depression and cardiac risk: present status and future directions. Heart 2009;96(3):173-6
8. Lett HS, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for coronary artery disease: evidence, mechanisms, and treatment. Psychosom Med 2004;66(3):305-15
9. Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J 2006;27(23):2763-74
10. van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Spijkerman TA, et al. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2004;66(6):814-22
11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4 edition, Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC; 2000
12. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction: impact on 6-month survival. JAMA 1993;270(15):1819-25
13. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Juneau M, Theroux P. Depression and 1-year prognosis in unstable angina. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(9):1354-60
14. Jiang W, Alexander J, Christopher E, et al. Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2001;161(15):1849-56
15. Hance M, Carney RM, Freedland KE, Skala J. Depression in patients with coronary heart disease : a 12-month follow-up. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1996;18(1):61-5
16. Connerney I, Shapiro PA, McLaughlin JS, et al. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12-month outcome: a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358(9295):1766-71
17. Schleifer SJ, Macari-Hinson MM. The nature and course of depression following myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 1989;149(8):1785-9
18. Rutledge T, Vaccarino V, Johnson BD, et al. Depression and cardiovascular health care costs among women with suspected myocardial ischemia: prospective results from the WISE (Womens Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53(2):176-83
19. Blumenthal JA, Lett HS, Babyak MA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet 2003;362(9384):604-9
20. Burg MM, Benedetto MC, Soufer R. Depressive symptoms and mortality two years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in men. Psychosom Med 2003;65(4):508-10
21. Mallik S, Krumholz HM, Lin ZQ, et al. Patients with depressive symptoms have lower health status benefits after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 2005;111(3):271-7
22. Blumenthal JA, Waldman S, Babyak MA, et al. Treating depression in patients with heart disease: is the glass half empty or half full? Am Heart J 2009;157(5):e35-7
23. Lichtman JH, Bigger JT Jr, Blumenthal JA, et al. Depression and coronary heart disease: recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: a science advisory from the American Heart Association prevention committee of the council on cardiovascular nursing, council on clinical cardiology, council on epidemiology and prevention, and interdisciplinary council on quality of care and outcomes research: endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association. Circulation 2008;118(17):1768-75
24. Blumenthal JA, OConnor C. No laughing matter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(8):836
25. Beck A, Sheer R, Brown G. Beck depression inventory manual, 2 edition. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX; 1996
26. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;91(4):999-1005
27. Thombs BD, de Jonge P, Coyne JC, et al. Depression screening and patient outcomes in cardiovascular care: a systematic review. JAMA 2008;300(18):2161-71
28. Ziegelstein RC, Thombs BD, Coyne JC, de Jonge P. Routine screening for depression in patients with coronary heart disease: never mind. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54(10):886-90
29. Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR, Pollock BG, et al. Elevated platelet factor 4 and [beta]-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 1997;42(4):290-5
30. Musselman DL, Tomer A, Manatunga AK, et al. Exaggerated platelet reactivity in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153(10):1313-17
31. Whyte EM, Pollock BG, Wagner WR, et al. Influence of serotonin- transporter-linked promoter region polymorphism on platelet activation in geriatric depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(12):2074-6
32. Bruce EC, Musselman DL. Depression, alterations in platelet function, and ischemic heart disease. Psychosom Med 2005;67(Suppl 1):S34-6
33. McBride PA, Richard PB, DeMeo M, et al. The relationship of platelet 5-HT2 receptor indices to major depressive disorder, personality traits, and suicidal behavior. Biol Psychiatry 1994;35(5):295-308
34. Maes M, Van der Planken M, Van Gastel A, Desnyder R. Blood coagulation and platelet aggregation in major depression. J Affect Disord 1996;40(1-2):35-40
35. Serebruany VL, Glassman AH, Malinin AI, et al. Platelet/endothelial biomarkers in depressed patients treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline after acute coronary events: the Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART) Platelet Substudy. Circulation 2003;108(8):939-44
36. Markovitz JH, Shuster JL, Chitwood WS, et al. Platelet activation in depression and effects of sertraline treatment: an open-label study. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157(6):1006-8
37. Musselman DL, Marzec UM, Manatunga A, et al. Platelet reactivity in depressed patients treated with paroxetine: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57(9):875-82
38. Pollock BG, Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR. Evaluation of platelet activation in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease after paroxetine or nortriptyline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20(2):137-40
39. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Synopsis of psychiatry behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry, 9 edition, Kaplan & Sadocks. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadephia, PA; 2003
40. Chiodini I, Adda G, Scillitani A, et al. Cortisol secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30(1):83-8
41. Fraser R, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, et al. Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population. Hypertension 1999;33(6):1364-8
42. Rosmond R, Bjorntorp P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. J Intern Med 2000;247(2):188-97
43. Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Bjorntorp P. Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(6):1853-9
44. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Depression and heart rate variability in patients with coronary heart disease. Cleve Clin J Med 2009;76(Suppl 2):S13-17
45. Carney RM, Saunders RD, Freedland KE, et al. Association of depression with reduced heart rate variability in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995;76(8):562-4
46. Krittayaphong R, Cascio WE, Light KC, et al. Heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease: differences in patients with higher and lower depression scores. Psychosom Med 1997;59(3):231-5
47. de Jonge P, Mangano D, Whooley MA. Differential association of cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms with heart rate variability in patients with stable coronary heart disease: findings from the heart and soul study. Psychosom Med 2007;69(8):735-9
48. Kamphuis MH, Geerlings MI, Dekker JM, et al. Autonomic dysfunction: a link between depression and cardiovascular mortality? The FINE Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14(6):796-802
49. Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ, et al. Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1996;94(11):2850-5
50. Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger Jr JT, Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987;59(4):256-62
51. Martens EJ, Nyklicek I, Szabo BM, Kupper N. Depression and anxiety as predictors of heart rate variability after myocardial infarction. Psychol Med 2008;38(03):375-83
52. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352(16):1685-95
53. Miller GE, Stetler CA, Carney RM, et al. Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2002;90(12):1279-83
54. Case RB, Moss AJ, Case N, et al. Living alone after myocardial infarction: impact on prognosis. JAMA 1992;267(4):515-19
55. Berkman LF, Leo-Summers L, Horwitz RI. Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(12):1003-9
56. Vaccarino V, McClure C, Johnson BD, et al. Depression, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Psychosom Med 2008;70(1):40-8
57. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a Statement from the council on clinical cardiology (subcommittee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention) and the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism (subcommittee on physical activity). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23(8):e42-9
58. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al. AHA Guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update: consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Circulation 2002;106(3):388-91
59. Glassman AH. Cigarette smoking: implications for psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150(4):546-53
60. Dawood N, Vaccarino V, Reid KJ, et al. Predictors of smoking cessation after a myocardial infarction: the role of institutional smoking cessation programs in improving success. Arch Intern Med 2008;168(18):1961-7
61. Glassman AH, Covey LS, Stetner F, Rivelli S. Smoking cessation and the course of major depression: a follow-up study. Lancet 2001;357(9272):1929-32
62. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, et al. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans: a statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1996;94(4):857-62
63. Wenger NK, Froelicher ES, Smith LK, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clin Pract Guidel Quick Ref Guide Clin 1995(17):1-23
64. Glazer KM, Emery CF, Frid DJ, Banyasz RE. Psychological predictors of adherence and outcomes among patients in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002;22(1):40-6
65. Casey E, Hughes J, Waechter D, et al. Depression predicts failure to complete phase-II cardiac rehabilitation. J Behav Med 2008;31(5):421-31
66. Ziegelstein RC, Fauerbach JA, Stevens SS, et al. Patients with depression are less likely to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(12):1818-23
67. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, et al. Major depression and medication adherence in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Health Psychol 1995;14(1):88-90
68. Hansen R, Gaynes B, Thieda P, et al. Meta-analysis of major depressive disorder relapse and recurrence with second-generation antidepressants. Psychiatr Serv 2008;59(10):1121-30
69. Joffe R, Sokolov S, Streiner D. Antidepressant treatment of depression: a metaanalysis. Can J Psychiatry 1996;41:613-16
70. Simon GE. Evidence review: efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2002;24(4):213-24
71. Mulrow CD, Williams JW, Chiquette E, et al. Efficacy of newer medications for treating depression in primary care patients. Am J Med 2000;108(1):54-64
72. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Depression in adults (update). Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults. Clinical guideline no. 90. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), London UK; 2009. p. 1-585
73. Brugha TS, Bebbington PE, Singleton N, et al. Trends in service use and treatment for mental disorders in adults throughout Great Britain. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185(5):378-84
74. Pirraglia PA, Stafford RS, Singer DE. Trends in prescribing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other newer antidepressant agents in adult primary care. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2003;5(4):153-7
75. Sonnenberg CM, Deeg DJH, Comijs HC, et al. Trends in antidepressant use in the older population: results from the LASA-study over a period of 10 years. J Affect Disord 2008;111(2-3):299-305
76. Moncrieff J, Kirsch I. Efficacy of antidepressants in adults. BMJ 2005;331(7509):155-7
77. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, et al. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med 2008;5(2):e45
78. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, et al. Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;303(1):47-53
79. Glassman AH, OConnor CM, Califf RM, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 2002;288:701-9
80. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Koszycki D, et al. Effects of citalopram and interpersonal psychotherapy on depression in patients with coronary artery disease: the Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) Trial. JAMA 2007;297(4):367-79
81. Von Ruden AE, Adson DE, Kotlyar M. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008;13(1):32-40
82. Roose SP. Treatment of depression in patients with heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(3):262-8
83. Jiang W, Davidson JRT. Antidepressant therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 2005;150(5):871-81
84. Post-Myocardial Infarction Depression Clinical Practice Guideline P. AAFP Guideline for the detection and management of post-myocardial infarction depression. Ann Fam Med 2009;7(1):71-9
85. Summers KM, Martin KE, Watson K. Impact and clinical management of depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Pharmacotherapy 2010;30(3):304-22
86. Pozuelo L, Tesar G, Zhang J, et al. Depression and heart disease: what do we know, and where are we headed? Cleve Clin J Med 2009;76(1):59-70
87. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373(9665):746-58
88. Ferguson JM. SSRI antidepressant medications: adverse effects and tolerability. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2001;3(1):22-7
89. Cohen HW, Gibson G, Alderman MH. Excess risk of myocardial infarction in patients treated with antidepressant medications: association with use of tricyclic agents. Am J Med 2000;108(1):2-8
90. Glassman AH, Roose SP, Bigger JT Jr. The safety of tricyclic antidepressants in cardiac patients: risk-benefit reconsidered. JAMA 1993;269(20):2673-5
91. van Noord C, Straus SMJM, Sturkenboom MCJM, et al. Psychotropic drugs associated with corrected QT interval prolongation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29(1):9-15
92. OConnor CM, Jiang W, Kuchibhatla M, et al.; Ranga Krishnan for the SADHART-CHF Investigators. Safety and efficacy of sertraline for depression in patients with heart failure: results of the SADHART-CHF Trial. JACC 2010 [Epub ahead of print]
93. van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190(6):460-6
94. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Does treating depression improve survival after acute coronary syndrome?: invited commentary on. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190(6):467-8
95. Writing Committee for the Enrichd Investigators. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003;289(23):3106-16
96. Taylor CB, Youngblood ME, Catellier D, et al. Effects of antidepressant medication on morbidity and mortality in depressed patients after myocardial infarction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(7):792-8
97. Cohen HW, Madhavan S, Alderman MH. History of treatment for depression: risk factor for myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients. Psychosom Med 2001;63(2):203-9
98. Hippisley-Cox J, Pringle M, Hammersley V, et al. Antidepressants as risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: case-control study in primary care. BMJ 2001;323(7314):666-9
99. Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB, et al. Cyclic antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75(3):234-41 (Pubitemid 38314873)
100. Tata LJ, West J, Smith C, et al. General population based study of the impact of tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2005;91(4):465-71
101. Sherwood A, Blumenthal JA, Trivedi R, et al. Relationship of depression to death or hospitalization in patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:367-73
102. Davidson KW, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2010;170(7):600-8
103. Hollon SD, Thase ME, Markowitz JC. Treatment and prevention of depression. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2002;3(2):39-77
104. Smith D, Dempster C, Glanville J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Venlafaxine compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:396-404
105. Rush AJ, Trivendi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1905-17
106. Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, et al. Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006;354(12):1243-52
107. Elkin I, Shea MT, Watkins JT, et al. National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General effectiveness of treatments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46(11):971-82; discussion 83
108. DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, et al. Cognitive therapy vs medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(4):409-16
109. Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Shelton RC, et al. Prevention of relapse following cognitive therapy vs medications in moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(4):417-22
110. Chambless DL, Ollendick TH. Empirically supported psychological interventions: controversies and evidence. Annu Rev Psychol 2001;52:685-716
111. Barkham M, Stiles WB, Connell J, et al. Effects of psychological therapies in randomized trials and practice-based studies. Br J Clin Psychol 2008;47:397-415
112. Mendes de Leon CF, Czajkowski SM, Freedland KE, et al. The effect of a psychosocial intervention and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) clinical trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2006;26(1):9-13; quiz 4-5
113. Rees K, Bennett P, West R, et al. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 2ArtNo: CD002902DOI: 101002/14751858CD002902pub2 2004
114. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Prince RH, et al. Randomized trial of home-based psychosocial nursing intervention for patients recovering from myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;350:473-9
115. Jones DA, West RR. Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: multicentre randomized controlled trial. BMJ 1996;313:1517-21
116. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, et al. Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293(13):1626-34
117. Mead GE, Morley W, Campbell P, et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3ArtNo: CD004366l DOI: 101002/146518585CD004366 pub4 2009
118. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, et al. Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(19):2349-56
119. Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S, et al. Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med 2000;62(5):633-8
120. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy MP, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 2007;69:587-96
121. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Rogers SD, et al. Understanding prognostic benefits of exercise and antidepressant therapy for persons with depression and heart disease: the UPBEAT study - rationale, design, and methodological issues. Clin Trials 2007;4:548-59
122. Franklink BA, Bonzheim K, Gordon S, Timmis GC. Safety of medically supervised outpatient cardiac rehabilitation exercise therapy: a 16-year follow-up. Chest 1998;114:902-6
123. Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, Rimm AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 1988;260:945-50
124. Jolliffe JA, Rees K, Tayulor RS, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001;1:CD001800
125. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Carney RM, et al. Exercise, depression, and mortality after myocardial infarction in the ENRICHD trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:746-55
126. Lett HS, Davidson J, Blumenthal JA. Nonpharmacologic treatments for depression in patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2005;67(Suppl 1):58-62
127. Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St Johns wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287(14):1807-14
128. Linde K, Berner M, Egger M, Mulrow C. St Johns wort for depression: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry 2005;186(2):99-107
129. Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, et al. A Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(5):996-8
130. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, St-Andre E, et al. The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2010:e1-9
131. Blumenthal JA, Ong L. A commentary on exercise and depression (Mead, et al, 2008): and the verdict is. Ment Health Phys Act 2009;2(2):97-9
132. Blumenthal JA, Wang JT, Babyak M, et al. Enhancing standard cardiac rehabilitation with stress management training: background, methods, and design for the ENHANCED study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2010;30:77-84