Escherichia coli and enterococci are sensitive and reliable indicators for human, livestock and wildlife faecal pollution in alpine mountainous water resources

Journal of Applied Microbiology

Volumn 109, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 1599-1608

  Farnleitner, A H ^a   Ryzinska Paier, G ^a   Reischer, G H ^a   Burtscher, M M ^a   Knetsch, S ^b   Kirschner, A K T ^b   Dirnbock T ^c   Kuschnig, G ^d   Mach, R L ^a   Sommer, R ^b  

^a VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c Vienna Waterworks ^*  (Austria)

^d Vienna Water Works   (Austria)

Author keywords

Clostridium perfringens; Enterococci; Escherichia coli; General faecal pollution indicators; Microbial source tracking marker; Water quality monitoring

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; CATCHMENTS; CLOSTRIDIUM; GROUNDWATER; RIVER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY; WATER RESOURCES;

CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; ENTEROCOCCUS; FAECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA; FECAL POLLUTION; GENERAL FECAL POLLUTION INDICATOR; MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING; MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING MARKER; POLLUTION INDICATORS; WATER QUALITY MONITORING; WATERS RESOURCES;

ESCHERICHIA COLI;

WATER;

ALPINE ENVIRONMENT; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BACTERIUM; BIOINDICATOR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; POLLUTION MONITORING; WATER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY; WATER RESOURCE;

ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; CATCHMENT; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; COLONY FORMING UNIT; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES MICROFLORA; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; INDICATOR ORGANISM; LIVESTOCK; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; POLLUTION MONITORING; RELIABILITY; SEWAGE; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; WILDLIFE;

ANIMALIA; BOS; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; ESCHERICHIA COLI;

EID: 78650427983     PISSN: 13645072     EISSN: 13652672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04788.x     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Bej, A.K., Steffan, R.J., DiCesare, J., Haff, L. and Atlas, R.M. (1990) Detection of coliform bacteria in water by polymerase chain reaction and gene probes. Appl Environ Microbiol 56, 307-314.
2. Bisson, J.W. and Cabelli, V.J. (1980) Clostridium perfringens as a water pollution indicator. J WPCF 52, 241-248.
3. Boehm, A.B., Ashbolt, N.J., Colford, J.M., Dunbar, L.E., Fleming, L.E., Gold, M.A., Hansel, J.A., Hunter, P.R. et al. (2009) A sea change ahead for recreational water quality criteria. J Water Health 7, 9-20.
4. Bonde, G.J. (1963) Bacterial Indicators of Water Pollution: a Study of Quantitative Estimation. Copenhagen: Teknisk Forlag, pp. 422.
5. Bonde, G.J. (1966) Bacteriological methods for estimation of water pollution. Health Lab Sci 3, 124-128.
6. Burtscher, M.M. (2002) Differentiation and determination of bacterial fecal contamination by means of Escherichia coli in a representative karst catchment area. Master Thesis, Vienna University of Technology, pp. 92.
7. Burtscher, M.M., Köllner, K., Sommer, R., Keiblinger, K., Farnleitner, A.H. and Mach, R.L. (2006) Development of a highly reproducible amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method for typing of Enterococcus spp. and application on isolates from cattle faeces in an alpine watershed. J Microbiol Meth 66, 281-293.
8. Cabelli, V.J. (1977) Clostridium perfringens as a water quality indicator. In Bacterial Indicators/Health Hazards Associated With Water ed. Hodleay, A.W. and Dutka, B.J. pp. 65-79. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM STP 635, American Society for Testing Materials.
9. Cabelli, V.J. (1978) Obligate anaerobic bacterial indicators. In Indicators of Viruses in Water and Food ed. Berg, G. pp. 171-200. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Sciences.
10. Cotruvo, J.A., Dufour, A., Rees, G., Bartram, J., Carr, R., Cliver, D.O., Craun, G.F., Fayer, R. and Gannon, V.P.J. (eds.) (2004) Waterborn Zoonoses. London: IWA Publishing. pp. 506.
11. Crane, S.R., Moore, J.A., Grismer, M.E. and Miner, J.R. (1983) Bacterial pollution from agricultural sources: a review. Trans ASAE 858-872.
12. Donnison, A., Ross, C. and Clark, D. (2008) Escherichia coli shedding by dairy cows. N Z J Agric Res 51, 273-278.
13. Fach, P. and Popoff, M.R. (1997) Detection of enterotoxogenic Clostridium perfringens in food and faecal samples with a duplex PCR and the slide latex agglutination test. Appl Environ Microbiol 63, 4232-4236.
14. Farnleitner, A.H., Wilhartitz, I., Ryzinska, G., Kirschner, A.K.T., Stadler, H., Burtscher, M., Hornek, R. et al. (2005) Bacterial dynamics in spring water of two contrasting alpine karst aquifers indicate autochthounous microbial endokarst communities. Environ Microbiol 7, 1248-1259.
15. Farnleitner, A.H., Stadler, H., Reischer, G.H., Sommer, R., Kirschner, A.K.T., Burtscher, M.M., Ryzinska, G., Wilhartitz, I. et al. (2008) Methods and strategies for alpine karstic water resource management: opening pollution microbiology's "black box". Presented at: World Water Conference and Exhibition 2008. International Water Association, Vienna.
16. Feachem, R. (1975) An improved role for faecal coliform to faecal streptococci ratios in the differentiation between human and non-human pollution sources. Water Res 9, 689-690.
17. Ferguson, C.M., Charles, K. and Deere, D. (2009) Quantification of microbial sources in drinking-water catchments. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 39, 1-40.
18. Finegold, M.S., Attebery, H.R. and Sutter, V.L. (1974) Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am J Clin Nutr 27, 1456-1469.
19. Ford, D.C. and Williams, P. (2007) Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
20. Fremaux, B., Prigent-Combaret, C., Beutin, L., Gleizal, A., Trevisan, D., Quetin, P., Jocteur-Monrozier, L. and Rozand, C. (2010) Survival and spread of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in alpine pasture grasslands. J Appl Microbiol 108, 1332-1343.
21. Fujioka, R.S. and Shizumura, L.K. (1985) Clostridium perfringens a reliable indicator of stream water quality. J WPCF 57, 986-992.
22. Fujioka, R., Sian-Denton, C., Borja, M., Castro, J. and Morphew, K. (1999) Soil: the environmental source of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Guams streams. J Appl Microbiol 85, 83S-89S.
23. Geldreich, E.E. (1978) Bacterial populations and indicator concepts in feces, sewage, stormwater and solid wastes. In Indicators of Virus in Water and Food ed. Berg, G. pp. 51-97. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.
24. Geldreich, E.E. and Kenner, B.A. (1969) Concepts of fecal streptococci in stream pollution. J WPCF 41, R336-R352.
25. Geldreich, E.E., Best, L.C., Kenner, B.A. and Van Donsel, D.J. (1968) The bacteriological aspects of stormwater pollution. J WPCF 40, 1861-1872.
26. Hausschild, A.H.W., Desmarchelier, P., Gilbert, R.J., Harmon, S.M. and Vahlefeld, R. (1979) ICMSF methods studies. XII. Comparative study for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in feces. Can J Microbiol 25, 953-963.
27. Ishii, S. and Sadowsky, M.J. (2008) Escherichia coli in the environment: implications for water quality and human health. Microbes Environ 23, 101-108.
28. ISO (2000) Water Quality - Detection and Enumeration of Intestinal Enterococci - Part 2: Membrane Filtration Method (ISO 7899-2: 2000). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization of Standardization.
29. ISO (2002) Water Quality - Detection and Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens - Part 2: Method by Membrane Filtration (ISO/CD 6461-2). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization of Standardization.
30. Konishi, K., Yamagishi, T., Ishisaka, S., Sakamoto, K. and Sakurai, S. (1981) Incidence and survival of Clostridium perfringens in soil. Jpn J Bacteriol 36, 459-464.
31. Leclerc, H., Mossel, D.A.A., Edberg, S.C. and Struijk, C.B. (2001) Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annu Rev Microbiol 55, 201-234.
32. Maki, L.R. and Picard, K. (1965) Normal intestinal flora of cattle fed high-roughage rations. J Bacteriol 89, 1244-1249.
33. Pourcher, A.M., Devriese, L.A., Hernandez, J.F. and Delattre, J.M. (1991) Enumeration by a miniaturized method of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus bovis and enterococci as indicators of the origin of faecal pollution. J Appl Bacteriol 70, 525-530.
34. Reischer, G.H., Haider, J.M., Sommer, R., Stadler, H., Keiblinger, K.M., Hornek, R., Mach, R.L. and Farnleitner, A.H. (2008) Quantitative microbial faecal source tracking with sampling guided by hydrological catchment dynamics. Environ Microbiol 10, 2598-2608.
35. Sartory, D.P. (1988) Faecal clostridia and indicator bacteria levels in an eutrophic impoundment. Water SA 14, 115-117.
36. Shimizu, T., Ohtani, K., Hirakawa, H., Ohshima, K., Yamashita, A., Shiba, T. et al. (2002) Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater. PNAS 99, 996-1001.
37. Sinton, L.W., Braithwaite, R.R., Hall, C.H. and Mackenzie, M.L. (2007) Survival of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in bovine feces on pasture. Appl Environ Microbiol 73, 7917-7925.
38. Slanetz, L.W. and Bartley, C.H. (1957) Numbers of enterococci in water, sewage, and feces determined by the membrane filtration technique with an improved medium. J Bacteriol 57, 591-595.
39. Smith, H. (1965) The development of the flora of the alimentary tract in young animals.. J Pathol Bacteriol 90, 495-513.
40. Smith, W.H. and Crabb, W.E. (1961a) The faecal bacterial flora of animals and man: its development in the young. J Pathol Bacteriol 82, 53-66.
41. Sorensen, D.L., Eberl, S.G. and Dicksa, R.A. (1989) Clostridium perfringens as a point source indicator in non-point polluted streams. Water Res 23, 191-197.
42. Stadler, H., Skritek, P., Sommer, R., Mach, R.L., Zerobin, W. and Farnleitner, A.H. (2008) Microbiological monitoring and automated event sampling at karst springs using LEO- satellites. Water Sci Technol 58, 899-909.
43. Texier, S., Prigent-Combaret, C., Gourdon, M.H., Poirier, M.A., Faivre, P., Dorioz, J.M. et al. (2008) Persistence of culturable Escherichia coli fecal contaminants in dairy alpine grassland soils. J Environ Qual 37, 2299-2310.
44. WHO (2004) Guidlines for Drinking-Water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
45. Wilhartitz, I., Kirschner, A.K.T., Mach, R.L.M., Stadler, H., Herndl, G. and Farnleitner, A.H. (2009) Prokaryotic production in karstic alpine spring aquifers and their ecological implications. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 68, 287-299.
46. Yamagishi, T., Serikawa, T., Morita, R., Nakamura, S. and Nishida, S. (1976) Persistent high numbers of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of Japanese aged adults. Jpn J Microbiol 20, 397-403.
47. Zaiss, U., Unteregger, B. and Kaltwasser, H. (1983) The distribution of the gas-gangrene causing C. perfingens in rural rivers (in german). gwf-wasser/abwasser 124, 536-540.