Upper ocean bubble measurements from the NE Pacific and estimates of their role in air-sea gas transfer of the weakly soluble gases nitrogen and oxygen

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 115, Issue 12, 2010, Pages

  Vagle, Svein ^a   McNeil, Craig ^b   Steiner, Nadja ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; ESTIMATION; GASES; HURRICANES; OCEANOGRAPHY; OXYGEN; STORMS; WIND EFFECTS;

AIR INJECTION; BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODELS; BUBBLE CLOUD; BUBBLE PENETRATION DEPTH; BUBBLE SIZE; ECHO SOUNDERS; FLUX CALCULATIONS; GAS EXCHANGE; GAS FLUX; GAS TRANSFER; GASEOUS NITROGEN; HURRICANE FRANCES; NEAR-SURFACE; OPEN OCEAN; SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION; SOLUBLE GAS; SURFACE OCEAN-LOWER ATMOSPHERE STUDIES; TRANSFER RATES; UPPER OCEAN; WIND SPEED; WINTER STORMS;

NITROGEN;

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; CARBON DIOXIDE; ECHO SOUNDER; GAS TRANSPORT; HURRICANE FRANCES 2004; NITROGEN; OXYGEN;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTHEAST);

EID: 78650423622     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009JC005990     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Aller, J. Y., M. R. Kuznetsova, C. J. Jahns, and P. F. Kemp (2005), Enrichment of viruses and bacteria in the sea surface microlayer and marine aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 801-812, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.10.012. (Pubitemid 40603593)
2. Asher, W. E. (2009), The effect of experimental uncertainty in parameterizing air-sea gas exchange using tracer experiment data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 131-139, doi:10.5194/acp-9-131-2009.
3. Commander, K. C., and A. Prosperetti (1989), Linear pressure waves in bubbly liquids: Comparison between theory and experiments, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 85, 732-746, doi:10.1121/1.397599.
4. Crawford, G., and D. M. Farmer (1987), On the spatial distribution of ocean bubbles, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8231-8243, doi:10.1029/JC092iC08p08231.
5. Dahl, P. H., and A. T. Jessup (1995), On bubble clouds produced by breaking waves: An event analysis of ocean acoustic measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5007-5020, doi:10.1029/94JC03019.
6. D'Asaro, E., and C. McNeil (2007), Air-sea gas exchange at extreme wind speeds, J. Mar. Syst., 66, 92-109, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.06.007. (Pubitemid 46694312)
7. Deane, G. B., and M. D. Stokes (2002), Scale dependence of bubble creation mechanisms in breaking waves, Nature, 418, 839-844, doi:10.1038/nature00967. (Pubitemid 34966297)
8. Eller, A. I. (1970), Damping constants of pulsating bubbles, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 47, 1469-1470, doi:10.1121/1.1912063.
9. Emerson, S. (1987), Seasonal oxygen cycles and biological new production in surface waters of the subarctic pacific ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6535-6544, doi:10.1029/JC092iC06p06535.
10. Fairaill, C., J. Hare, J. Edson, and W. McGillis (2000), Parameterization and micrometeorological measurement of air-sea gas transfer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 96, 63-106, doi:10.1023/A:1002662826020.
11. Farmer, D. M., S. Vagle, and A. D. Booth (1989), A free flooding acoustical resonator for measurement of bubble size distributions, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1132-1146.
12. Farmer, D. M., C. L. McNeil, and B. D. Johnson (1993), Evidence for the importance of bubbles in increasing air-sea gas flux, Nature, 361, 620-623, doi:10.1038/361620a0.
13. Hamme, R. C., and S. R. Emerson (2006), Constraining bubble dynamics and mixing with dissolved gases: Implications for productivity measurements by oxygen mass balance, J. Mar. Res., 64(1), 73-95, doi:10.1357/002224006776412322.
14. Jenkins, W. J. (1988), The use of anthropogenic tritium and helium-3 to study subtropical gyre ventilation and circulation, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 325, 43-61, doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0041.
15. Johnson, B. D., and R. C. Cooke (1979), Bubble populations and spectra in coastal waters: A photographic approach, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3761-3766, doi:10.1029/JC084iC07p03761.
16. Kanwisher, J. (1963), On the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the sea, Deep-Sea Res., 10, 195-207.
17. Kolovayeyv, P. A. (1976), Investigation of the concentration and statistical size distribution of wind-produced bubbles in the near surface ocean layer, Oceanology, Engl. Transl., 15, 659-661.
18. Lamarre, E., and W. K. Melville (1991), Air entrainment and dissipation in breaking waves, Nature, 351, 469-472, doi:10.1038/351469a0.
19. Leifer, I., R. K. Patro, and P. Bowyer (2000), A study of the temperature variation of rise velocity for large clean bubbles, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 1392-1402, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)0172.0.CO;2.
20. Liss, P. S., and L. Merlivat (1986), Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis, in The Role of Air-sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited by P. Buat-Menard, pp. 113-127, Springer, New York.
21. Macpherson, J. D. (1957), The effect of gas bubbles on sound propagation in water, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, Sect. B, 70, 85-92, doi:10.1088/0370-1301/70/ 1/312.
22. Mason, B. J. (2001), The role of sea-salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei over the remote oceans, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 2023-2032, doi:10.1002/qj.49712757609.
23. McNeil, C. L., and E. A. D'Asaro (2007), Parameterization of air-sea gas exchange at extreme wind speeds, J. Mar. Syst., 66, 110-121, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.05.013. (Pubitemid 46694313)
24. McNeil, C. L., B. Johnson, and D. M. Farmer (1995), In-situ measurement of dissolved nitrogen and oxygen in the ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 819-826, doi:10.1016/0967-0637(95)97829-W.
25. McNeil, C. L., B. Johnson, and D. M. Farmer (2005), Continuous shipboard sampling of gas tension, oxygen and nitrogen, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 52, 1767-1785, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.003. (Pubitemid 41074733)
26. McNeil, C. L., E. D'Asaro, B. Johnson, and M. Horn (2006), A gas tension device with response times of minutes, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 1539-1558, doi:10.1175/JTECH1974.1. (Pubitemid 44941210)
27. Medwin, H. (1970), In-situ acoustic measurements of bubble populations in coastal waters, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 599-611, doi:10.1029/JC075i003p00599.
28. Medwin, H. (1977a), Counting bubbles acoustically: A review, Ultrasonics, 15, 7-13, doi:10.1016/0041-624X(77)90005-1. (Pubitemid 8018493)
29. Medwin, H. (1977b), Acoustical determinations of bubble-size spectra, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 62, 1041-1044, doi:10.1121/1.381617.
30. Medwin, H. (1977c), In-situ acoustic measurements of microbubbles at sea, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 971-976, doi:10.1029/JC082i006p00971.
31. Monahan, E. C., and M. Lu (1990), Acoustically relevant bubble assemblages and their dependence on meteorological parameters, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 15, 340-349, doi:10.1109/48.103530.
32. Monahan, E. C., and I. O. Muircheartaigh (1980), Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage dependence on windspeed, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 2094-2099, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1980)0102.0.CO;2.
33. Mulholland, M., and D. Capone (2000), Microbial ecology of the oceans, in The Marine Microbial Nitrogen Cycle, pp. 455-493, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
34. Newhouse, V. L., and P. M. Shankar (1984), Bubble size measurement using the nonlinear mixing of two frequencies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 75, 1473-1477, doi:10.1121/1.390863.
35. Nightingale, P. D., G. Malin, C. Law, A. Watson, P. Liss, M. Liddicoat, J. Boutin, and R. Upstill-Goddard (2000), In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 373-387, doi:10.1029/1999GB900091.
36. Norton, G., J. Novarini, and R. Keiffer (1998), Modeling the propagation from a horizontally directed high-frequency source in shallow water in the presence of bubble clouds and sea surface roughness, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 3256-3267, doi:10.1121/1.423042. (Pubitemid 28274949)
37. Novarini, J., and D. Bruno (1982), Effects of the sub-surface bubble layer on sound propagation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 72, 510-514, doi:10.1121/1.388107.
38. Nützel, B., H. Herwig, P. Koenigs, and J. Monti (1994), Acoustic backscatter measurements in the North Sea: 3-18 kHz, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 95, 2488-2494, doi:10.1121/1.409858. (Pubitemid 24152838)
39. Quilfen, Y., B. Chapron, and J. Tournadre (2010), Satellite microwave surface observations in tropical cyclones, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 421-437, doi:10.1175/2009MWR3040.1.
40. Sarmiento, J., and N. Gruber (2006), Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics, pp. 73-99, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J.
41. Steiner, N., S. Vagle, K. Denman, and C. L. McNeil (2007), Oxygen and nitrogen cycling in the North-East Pacific - Simulations and observations at Station Papa in 2003/2004, J. Mar. Res., 65(3), 441-469.
42. Terrill, E. J., W. K. Melville, and D. Stramski (2001), Bubble entrainment by breaking waves and their influence on optical scattering in the upper ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,815-16,823, doi:10.1029/2000JC000496.
43. Thomas, F., V. Garcon, and J. F. Minster (1990), Modelling the seasonal cycle of dissolved oxygen in the upper ocean at Ocean Weather Station P, Deep-Sea Res., 37, 463-491, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90020-V.
44. Thorpe, S. (1986), Measurements with an automatically recording inverted echo-sounder ARIES, and the bubble clouds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1462-1478, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1986)0162.0.CO;2.
45. Trevorrow, M. V. (2003), Measurements of near-surface bubble plumes in the open ocean, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 2672-2684, doi:10.1121/1.1621008. (Pubitemid 37371626)
46. Trevorrow, M. V., S. Vagle, and D. M. Farmer (1994), Acoustical measurements of microbubbles within ship wakes, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 95, 1922-1930, doi:10.1121/1.408706.
47. Vagle, S., and D. M. Farmer (1992), The measurement of bubble-size distributions by acoustic backscatter, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 630-644, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1992)0092.0.CO;2.
48. Vagle, S., and D. M. Farmer (1998), A comparison of four methods for bubble size and void fraction measurements, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 23, 211-222, doi:10.1109/48.701193.
49. Vagle, S., W. G. Large, and D. M. Farmer (1990), An evaluation of the WOTAN technique of inferring oceanic winds from underwater ambient sound, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 576-595, doi:10.1175/1520-0426 (1990)0072.0.CO;2.
50. Vagle, S., K. Foote, M. V. Trevorrow, and D. M. Farmer (1996), Absolute calibrations of monstatic echo-sounder systems for bubble counting, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 21, 298-305, doi:10.1109/48.508160.
51. Wallace, D. W. R., and C. D. Wirick (1992), Large air-sea gas fluxes associated with breaking waves, Nature, 356, 694-696, doi:10.1038/356694a0.
52. Walsh, A. L., and P. J. Mulhearn (1987), Photographic measurements of bubble populations from breaking wind waves at sea, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,553-14,565, doi:10.1029/JC092iC13p14553.
53. Wanninkhof, R. (1992), Relationship between gas exchange and windspeed over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373-7382, doi:10.1029/92JC00188.
54. 2 exchange and wind speed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1889-1892.
55. Woolf, D. K. (1997), Bubbles and their role in gas exchange, in The Sea Surface and Global Change, edited by P. S. Liss and R. A. Duce, pp. 173-206, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511525025.007.
56. Woolf, D. K. (2005), Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and seastate dependent wave breaking, Tellus, Ser. B, 57, 87-94, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00139.x. (Pubitemid 40473106)
57. Woolf, D. K., and S. Thorpe (1991), Bubbles and the air-sea exchange of gases in near saturation conditions, J. Mar. Res., 49, 435-466, doi:10.1357/002224091784995765.
58. Zedel, L. (1994), Deep ocean wave measurements using a vertically oriented sonar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 182-191, doi:10.1175/1520- 0426(1994)0112.0.CO;2.
59. Zhang, W., W. Perrie, and S. Vagle (2006), Impacts of winter storms on air-sea gas exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14803, doi:10.1029/2005GL025257. (Pubitemid 44945894)
60. 2 transfer velocity formula as a function of a breaking wave parameter, Tellus, Ser. B, 55, 478-487, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00055.x. (Pubitemid 36610985)
61. N. Steiner and S. Vagle, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Rd., Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. (Svein. Vagle@dfo-mpo.gc.ca)