Building bridges between structural and program evaluation approaches to evaluating policy

Journal of Economic Literature

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 356-398

  Heckman, James J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650412762     PISSN: 00220515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1257/jel.48.2.356     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Abbring, Jaap H., and James J. Heckman. 2007. "Econometric Evaluation of Social Programs, Part III: Distributional Treatment Effects, Dynamic Treatment Effects, Dynamic Discrete Choice, and General Equilibrium Policy Evaluation. " In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 6B, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 5145-5303. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier, North-Holland.
2. Ackerberg, Daniel, C. Lanier Benkard, Steven Berry, and Ariel Pakes. 2007. "Econometric Tools for Analyzing Market Outcomes." In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 6A, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 4171-4276. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier, North-Holland.
3. Aguirregabiria, Victor, and Pedro Mira. 2010. "Dynamic Discrete Choice Structural Models: A Survey." Journal of Econometrics, 156(1):38-67.
4. Ahn, Hyungtaik, and James L. Powell. 1993. "Semiparametric Estimation of Censored Selection Models with a Nonparametric Selection Mechanism." Journal of Econometrics, 58 (1-2): 3-29.
5. Albrecht, James, Gerard J. van den Berg, and Susan Vroman. 2009. "The Aggregate Labor Market Effects of the Swedish Knowledge Lift Program." Review of Economic Dynamics, 12(1):129-146.
6. Andrews, Donald W. K., and Marcia M. A. Schafgans. 1998. "Semiparametric Estimation of the Intercept of a Sample Selection Model." Review of Economic Studies, 65(3):497-517. (Pubitemid 128505124)
7. Angrist, Joshua D., and Guido W. Imbens. 1995. "Two-Stage Least Squares Estimation of Average Causal Effects in Models with Variable Treatment Intensity." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(430):431-42.
8. Angrist, Joshua D., and Jorn-Steffen Pischke. 2008. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
9. Angrist, Joshua D., and Jorn-Steffen Pischke. 2010. "The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design Is Taking the Con Out of Econometrics." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2):3-30.
10. Athey, Susan, and Philip A. Haile. 2007. "Nonparametric Approaches to Auctions." In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 6A, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 3847-3965. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier, North-Holland.
11. Attanasio, Orazio, Costas Meghir, and Ana Santiago. 2009. "Education Choices in Mexico: Using a Structural Model and a Randomized Experiment to Evalute Progresa." IFS/EDEPO Working Paper.
12. Autor, David H., Lawrence F. Katz, and Melissa S. Kearney. 2005. "Trends in U. S. Wage Inequality: Reassessing the Revisionists." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11627.
13. Barnow, Burt S., Glen G. Cain, and Arthur S. Goldberger. 1980. "Issues in the Analysis of Selectivity Bias." In Evaluation Studies, Volume 5, ed. E. Stromsdorfer and G. Farkas, 42-59. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications.
14. Becker, Gary S. 1964. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
15. Berk, Richard, Azusa Li, and Laura J. Hickman. 2005. "Statistical Diffculties in Determining the Role of Race in Capital Cases: A Re-analysis of Data from the State of Maryland." Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21(4):365-90. (Pubitemid 41433459)
16. Björklund, Anders, and Robert Mofftt. 1987. "The Estimation of Wage Gains and Welfare Gains in Self-Selection. " Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(1):42-49.
17. Brock, William A., and Steven N. Durlauf. 2001. "Interactions-Based Models." In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 5, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 3297-3380. Amsterdam; London and New York: Elsevier Science, North-Holland.
18. Brown, Donald J., and Rosa L. Matzkin. 1996. "Testable Restrictions on the Equilibrium Manifold." Econometrica, 64(6):1249-62. (Pubitemid 126463949)
19. Cameron, Stephen V., and Christopher Taber. 2004. "Estimation of Educational Borrowing Constraints Using Returns to Schooling." Journal of Political Economy, 112(1):132-82. (Pubitemid 38485518)
20. Campbell, Donald T, and Julian C. Stanley. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand McNally
21. Card, David. 1999. "The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings." In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3A, ed. Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 1801-63. Amsterdam; New York and Oxford: Elsevier Science, North-Holland.
22. Card, David. 2001. "Estimating the Return to Schooling: Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems." Econometrica, 69(5):1127-60. (Pubitemid 33723035)
23. Carneiro, Pedro, Karsten T. Hansen, and James J. Heckman. 2001. "Removing the Veil of Ignorance in Assessing the Distributional Impacts of Social Policies." Swedish Economic Policy Review, 8(2):273-301.
24. Carneiro, Pedro, Karsten T. Hansen, and James J. Heckman. 2003. "Estimating Distributions of Treatment Effects with an Application to the Returns to Schooling and Measurement of the Effects of Uncertainty on College Choice." International Economic Review, 44(2):361-422. (Pubitemid 36831907)
25. Carneiro, Pedro, James J. Heckman, and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2009. "Estimating Marginal Returns to Education. " Unpublished.
26. Carneiro, Pedro, James J. Heckman, and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2010. "Evaluating Marginal Policy Changes and the Average Effect of Treatment for Individuals at the Margin. " Econometrica, 78(1):377-94.
27. Cartwright, Nancy. 2004. "Causation: One Word, Many Things." Philosophy of Science, 71(5):805-19. (Pubitemid 40758795)
28. Chalak, Karim, Susanne Schennach, and Halbert White. 2010. "Local Indirect Least Squares and Average Marginal Effects in Nonseperable Structural Systems." Boston College Department of Economics Working Paper 680.
29. Chetty, Raj. 2009. "Suffcient Statistics for Welfare Analysis: A Bridge between Structural and Reduced-Form Methods." Annual Review of Economics, 1:451-88.
30. Cosslett, Stephen R. 1983. "Distribution-Free Maximum Likelihood Estimator of the Binary Choice Model." Econometrica, 51(3):765-82.
31. Cox, David R. 1958. Planning of Experiments. New York: Wiley.
32. Cunha, Flavio, and James J. Heckman. 2007. "The Evolution of Inequality, Heterogeneity and Uncertainty in Labor Earnings in the U. S. Economy." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 13526.
33. Cunha, Flavio, James J. Heckman, and Salvador Navarro. 2005. "Separating Uncertainty from Heterogeneity in Life Cycle Earnings." Oxford Economic Papers, 57(2):191-261. (Pubitemid 40473563)
34. Cunha, Flavio, James J. Heckman, and Salvador Navarro. 2006. "Counterfactual Analysis of Inequality and Social Mobility." In Mobility and Inequality: Frontiers of Research in Sociology and Economics, ed. Stephen L. Morgan, David B. Grusky, and Gary S. Fields, 290-346. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
35. Cunha, Flavio, James J. Heckman, and Salvador Navarro. 2007. "The Identifcation and Economic Content of Ordered Choice Models with Stochastic Thresholds." International Economic Review, 48(4):1273-1309.
36. Das, Mitali, Whitney K. Newey, and Francis Vella. 2003. "Nonparametric Estimation of Sample Selection Models." Review of Economic Studies, 70(1):33-58. (Pubitemid 36101504)
37. Dufo, Esther. 2004. "The Medium Run Effects of Educational Expansion: Evidence from a Large School Construction Program in Indonesia." Journal of Development Economics, 74(1):163-97.
38. Durbin, J. 1954. "Errors in Variables." Review of the International Statistical Institute, 22:23-32.
39. Durlauf, Steven N., and H. Peyton Young, eds. 2001. Social Dynamics. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press; Cambridge and London: MIT Press.
40. Einav, Liran, Amy Finkelstein, and Mark R. Cullen. Forthcoming. "Estimating Welfare in Insurance Markets Using Variation in Prices." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(3).
41. Einav, Liran, and Jonathan D. Levin. 2010. "Empirical Industrial Organization: A Progress Report." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2):145-62.
42. Farber, Henry S. 1983. "The Determination of the Union Status of Workers." Econometrica, 51(5):1417-37.
43. Frisch, Ragnar. 2009. Problems and Methods of Econometrics: The Poincaré Lectures of Ragnar Frisch, 1933. New York: Routledge.
44. Granger, Clive W. J. 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods." Econometrica, 37(3):424-38.
45. Gronau, Reuben. 1974. "Wage Comparisons-A Selectivity Bias." Journal of Political Economy, 82(6):1119-43.
46. Hahn, Jinyong, Petra E. Todd, and Wilbert Van der Klaauw. 2001. "Identifcation and Estimation of Treatment Effects with a Regression-Discontinuity Design. " Econometrica, 69(1):201-09. (Pubitemid 33635744)
47. Hansen, Lars Peter, and James J. Heckman. 1996. "The Empirical Foundations of Calibration. " Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1):87-104. (Pubitemid 126418338)
48. Harberger, Arnold C. 1964. "The Measurement of Waste." American Economic Review, 54(3):58-76.
49. Hausman, Jerry A. 1978. "Specifcation Tests in Econometrics." Econometrica, 46(6):1251-71.
50. Heckman, James J. 1974. "Shadow Prices, Market Wages, and Labor Supply." Econometrica, 42(4):679-94.
51. Heckman, James J. 1990. "Varieties of Selection Bias." American Economic Review, 80(2):313-18.
52. Heckman, James J. 1992. "Haavelmo and the Birth of Modern Econometrics: A Review of The History of Econometric Ideas by Mary Morgan. " Journal of Economic Literature, 30(2):876-86.
53. Heckman, James J. 1996. "Randomization as an Instrumental Variable." Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(2):336-41.
54. Heckman, James J. 1997. "Instrumental Variables: A Study of Implicit Behavioral Assumptions Used in Making Program Evaluations." Journal of Human Resources, 32(3):441-62.
55. Heckman, James J. 2000. "Causal Parameters and Policy Analysis in Economics: A Twentieth Century Retrospective." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1):45-97.
56. Heckman, James J. 2001. "Micro Data, Heterogeneity, and the Evaluation of Public Policy: Nobel Lecture." Journal of Political Economy, 109(4):673-748. (Pubitemid 32782283)
57. Heckman, James J. 2008. "Econometric Causality." International Statistical Review, 76(1):1-27.
58. Heckman, James J., and Bo E. Honoré. 1990. "The Empirical Content of the Roy Model." Econometrica, 58(5):1121-49.
59. Heckman, James J., and V. Joseph Hotz. 1989. "Choosing among Alternative Nonexperimental Methods for Estimating the Impact of Social Programs: The Case of Manpower Training." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84(408):862-74.
60. Heckman, James J., Robert J. LaLonde, and Jeffrey A. Smith. 1999. "The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs." In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3A, ed. Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 1865-2097. Amsterdam; New York and Oxford: Elsevier Science, North-Holland.
61. Heckman, James J., Lance Lochner, and Christopher Taber. 1998a. "Explaining Rising Wage Inequality: Explorations with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model of Labor Earnings with Heterogeneous Agents." Review of Economic Dynamics, 1(1):1-58. (Pubitemid 128345730)
62. Heckman, James J., Lance Lochner, and Christopher Taber. 1998b. "General-Equilibrium Treatment Effects: A Study of Tuition Policy." American Economic Review, 88(2):381-86. (Pubitemid 128451475)
63. Heckman, James J., Lance Lochner, and Christopher Taber. 1998c. "Tax Policy and Human-Capital Formation. " American Economic Review, 88(2):293-97. (Pubitemid 128451459)
64. Heckman, James J., and Richard Robb. 1985. "Alternative Methods for Evaluating the Impact of Interventions." In Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Data, ed. James J. Heckman and Burton Singer, 156-245. Cambridge; New York and Sydney: Cambridge University Press.
65. Heckman, James J., Daniel Schmierer, and Sergio Urzua. Forthcoming. "Testing the Correlated Random Coeffcient Model." Journal of Econometrics.
66. Heckman, James J., and Jeffrey A. Smith. 1995. "Assessing the Case for Social Experiments." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2):85-110.
67. Heckman, James J., and Jeffrey A. Smith. 1998. "Evaluating the Welfare State." In Econometrics and Economic Theory in the Twentieth Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, ed. Steinar Strøm, 241-318. Cambridge; New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
68. Heckman, James J., Jeffrey A. Smith, and Nancy Clements. 1997. "Making the Most Out of Programme Evaluations and Social Experiments: Accounting for Heterogeneity in Programme Impacts." Review of Economic Studies, 64(4):487-535.
69. Heckman, James J., and Sergio Urzua. 2010. "Comparing IV with Structural Models: What Simple IV Can and Cannot Identify." Journal of Econometrics, 156(1):27-37.
70. Heckman, James J., Sergio Urzua, and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2006. "Understanding Instrumental Variables in Models with Essential Heterogeneity." Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3):389-432. (Pubitemid 44554714)
71. Heckman, James J., Sergio Urzua, and Edward J. Vytlacil. Forthcoming. "Instrumental Variables in Models with Multiple Outcomes: The General Unordered Case." Les Annales d'Economie et de Statistique.
72. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 1999. "Local Instrumental Variables and Latent Variable Models for Identifying and Bounding Treatment Effects." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(8):4730-34. (Pubitemid 29190404)
73. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2000. "The Relationship between Treatment Parameters within a Latent Variable Framework." Economics Letters, 66(1):33-39.
74. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2001a. "Instrumental Variables, Selection Models, and Tight Bounds on the Average Treatment Effect." In Econometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies, ed. Michael Lechner and Friedhelm Pfeiffer, 1-15. Heidelberg and New York: Physica; Mannheim: Centre for European Economic Research.
75. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2001b. "Local Instrumental Variables." In Nonlinear Statistical Modeling: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Symposium in Economic Theory and Econometrics: Essays in Honor of Takeshi Amemiya, ed. Cheng Hsiao, Kimio Morimune, and James L. Powell, 1-46. Cambridge; New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
76. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2001c. "Policy-Relevant Treatment Effects." American Economic Review, 91(2):107-11. (Pubitemid 33595730)
77. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2005. "Structural Equations, Treatment Effects, and Econometric Policy Evaluation. " Econometrica, 73(3):669-738. (Pubitemid 41623678)
78. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2007a. "Econometric Evaluation of Social Programs, Part I: Causal Models, Structural Models and Econometric Policy Evaluation. " In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 6B, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 4779-4874. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier, North-Holland.
79. Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. 2007b. "Econometric Evaluation of Social Programs, Part II: Using the Marginal Treatment Effect to Organize Alternative Econometric Estimators to Evaluate Social Programs, and to Forecast their Effects in New Environments." In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 6B, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 4875-5144. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier, North-Holland.
80. Hendry, David F 1980. "Econometrics-Alchemy or Science?" Economica, 47(188):387-406.
81. Holland, Paul W. 1986. "Statistics and Causal Inference." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396):945-60.
82. Hurwicz, Leonid. 1962. "On the Structural Form of Interdependent Systems." In Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, ed. Ernest Nagel, P. Suppes, and A. Tarski, 232-39. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
83. Ichimura, Hidehiko, and Christopher Taber. 2002. "Semiparametric Reduced-Form Estimation of Tuition Subsidies." American Economic Review, 92(2):286-92.
84. Imbens, Guido W., and Joshua D. Angrist. 1994. "Identifcation and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects." Econometrica, 62(2):467-75.
85. Imbens, Guido W., and Jeffrey M. Wooldridge. 2009. "Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation. " Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1):5-86.
86. Katz, Lawrence F, and David H. Autor. 1999. "Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality." In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3A, ed. Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 1463-1555. Amsterdam; New York and Oxford: Elsevier Science, North-Holland.
87. Katz, Lawrence F, and Kevin M. Murphy. 1992. "Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(1):35-78. (Pubitemid 23364953)
88. Keane, Michael P. 2010. "A Structural Perspective on the Experimentalist School." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2):47-58.
89. Keane, Michael P., Petra E. Todd, and Kenneth I. Wolpin. Forthcoming. "The Structural Estimation of Behavioral Models: Discrete Choice Dynamic Programming Methods and Applications." In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 4.
90. Killingsworth, Mark R., and James J. Heckman. 1986. "Female Labor Supply: A Survey." In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 1, ed. Orley Ashenfelter and Richard Layard, 103-204. Amsterdam; Oxford and Tokyo: North-Holland
91. Klein, Lawrence R. 1953. A Textbook of Econometrics. Evanston: Row, Peterson and Co.
92. Klein, Roger W., and Richard H. Spady 1993. "An Effcient Semiparametric Estimator for Binary Response Models." Econometrica, 61(2):387-421.
93. Kydland, Finn E., and Edward C. Prescott. 1996. "The Computational Experiment: An Econometric Tool." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1):69-85. (Pubitemid 126418337)
94. LaLonde, Robert J. 1986. "Evaluating the Econometric Evaluations of Training Programs with Experimental Data." American Economic Review, 76(4):604-20.
95. Leamer, Edward E. 1983. "Let's Take the Con Out of Econometrics." American Economic Review, 73(1):31-43.
96. Leamer, Edward E. 2010. "Tantalus on the Road to Asymptopia." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2):31-46.
97. Lee, Donghoon, and Kenneth I. Wolpin. 2006. "Intersectoral Labor Mobility and the Growth of the Service Sector." Econometrica, 74(1):1-46. (Pubitemid 43417679)
98. Lewis, H. Gregg. 1986. Union Wage Effects: A Survey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
99. Lise, Jeremy, Shannon Seitz, and Jeffrey Smith. 2005. "Equilibrium Policy Experiments and the Evaluation of Social Programs." Queens University Department of Economics Working Paper 1076.
100. Lise, Jeremy, Shannon Seitz, and Jeffrey Smith. 2006. "Evaluating Search and Matching Models Using Experimental Data." Queen's University Department of Economics Working Paper 1074.
101. Liu, Ta-Chung. 1960. "Underidentification, Structural Estimation, and Forecasting." Econometrica, 28(4):855-65.
102. Manski, Charles F. 1988. "Identification of Binary Response Models." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(403):729-38.
103. Manski, Charles F. 1990. "Nonparametric Bounds on Treatment Effects." American Economic Review, 80(2):319-23.
104. Manski, Charles F. 1993. "Identification of Endogenous Social Effects: The Refection Problem." Review of Economic Studies, 60(3):531-42.
105. Manski, Charles F. 1995. Identification Problems in the Social Sciences. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
106. Manski, Charles F. 2003. Partial Identification of Probabilities Distributions. New York and Heidelberg: Springer.
107. Manski, Charles F. 2004. "Measuring Expectations." Econometrica, 72(5):1329-76.
108. Marschak, Jacob. 1953. "Economic Measurements for Policy and Prediction. " In Studies in Econometric Method, ed. William C. Hood and Tjalling C. Koopmans, 1-26. New York: Wiley.
109. Marshall, Alfred. 1890. Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan and Company.
110. Matzkin, Rosa L 1992. "Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Estimation of the Binary Threshold Crossing and the Binary Choice Models." Econometrica, 60(2):239-70.
111. Matzkin, Rosa L. 1993. "Nonparametric Identification and Estimation of Polychotomous Choice Models." Journal of Econometrics, 58 (1-2): 137-68.
112. Matzkin, Rosa L. 1994. "Restrictions of Economic Theory in Nonparametric Methods." In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 4, ed. Robert F. Engle and Daniel L. McFadden, 2523-58. Amsterdam; London and New York: Elsevier, North-Holland.
113. Matzkin, Rosa L 2007. "Nonparametric Identification. " In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 6B, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 5307-68. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier, North-Holland.
114. Matzkin, Rosa L. 2010a. "Estimation of Nonparametric Models with Simultaneity." Unpublished.
115. Matzkin, Rosa L. 2010b. "Identification in Nonparametric Limited Dependent Variable Models with Simultaneity and Unobserved Heterogeneity." Unpublished.
116. Nevo, Aviv, and Michael D. Whinston. 2010. "Taking the Dogma Out of Econometrics: Structural Modeling and Credible Inference." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2):69-82.
117. Neyman, Jerzy. 1923. "Statistical Problems in Agricultural Experiments." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society II (Supplement 2):107-80.
118. Pencavel, John H. 1986. "Labor Supply of Men: A Survey." In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 1, ed. Orley Ashenfelter and Richard Layard, 3-102. Amsterdam; Oxford and Tokyo: North-Holland.
119. Poirier, Dale J. 1980. "Partial Observability in Bivariate Probit Models." Journal of Econometrics, 12(2):209-17.
120. Powell, James L. 1994. "Estimation of Semiparametric Models." In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 4, ed. Robert F. Engle and Daniel L. McFadden, 2443-2521. Amsterdam; London and New York: Elsevier, North-Holland.
121. Quandt, Richard E. 1958. "The Estimation of the Parameters of a Linear Regression System Obeying Two Separate Regimes." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53(284):873-80.
122. Quandt, Richard E. 1972. "A New Approach to Estimating Switching Regressions." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 67(338):306-10.
123. Rosenzweig, Mark R., and Kenneth I. Wolpin. 2000. "Natural 'Natural Experiments' in Economics." Journal of Economic Literature, 38(4):827-74.
124. Roy, A. D. 1951. "Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Earnings." Oxford Economic Papers, 3(2):135-46.
125. Rubin, Donald B. 1974. "Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies." Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(5):688-701.
126. Rubin, Donald B. 1978. "Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects: The Role of Randomization. " Annals of Statistics, 6(1):34-58.
127. Rubin, Donald B. 1986. "Statistics and Causal Inference: Comment: Which Ifs Have Causal Answers." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396):961-62.
128. Shadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell. 2002. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
129. Shimer, Robert, and Ivan Werning. 2008. "Liquidity and Insurance for the Unemployed." American Economic Review, 98(5):1922-42.
130. Sims, Christopher A. 1972. "Money, Income, and Causality." American Economic Review, 62(4):540-52.
131. Sims, Christopher A. 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality." Econometrica, 48(1):1-48.
132. Sims, Christopher A. 1996. "Macroeconomics and Methodology." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1):105-20. (Pubitemid 126418339)
133. Sims, Christopher A. 2010. "But Economics Is Not an Experimental Science." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2):59-68.
134. Stock, James H. 1989. "Nonparametric Policy Analysis." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84(406):567-75.
135. Stock, James H. 2010. "The Other Transformation in Econometric Practice: Robust Tools for Inference." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2):83-94.
136. Tamer, Elie. 2003. "Incomplete Simultaneous Discrete Response Model with Multiple Equilibria." Review of Economic Studies, 70(1):147-65. (Pubitemid 36101508)
137. Todd, Petra E., and Kenneth I. Wolpin. 2006. "Assessing the Impact of a School Subsidy Program in Mexico: Using a Social Experiment to Validate a Dynamic Behavioral Model of Child Schooling and Fertility." American Economic Review, 96(5):1384-1417.
138. Tukey, John W. 1986. "Alternative Methods for Solving the Problem of Selection Bias in Evaluating the Impact of Treatments on Outcomes: Comment." In Drawing Inferences from Self-Selected Samples, ed. Howard Wainer, 108-110. New York: Springer-Verlag.
139. Tunali, Insan. 2000. "Rationality of Migration. " International Economic Review, 41(4):893-920. (Pubitemid 33207361)
140. Vella, Francis. 1998. "Estimating Models with Sample Selection Bias: A Survey." Journal of Human Resources, 33(1):127-69. (Pubitemid 128603279)
141. Vytlacil, Edward J. 2002. "Independence, Monotonicity, and Latent Index Models: An Equivalence Result." Econometrica, 70(1):331-41.
142. Willis, Robert J., and Sherwin Rosen. 1979. "Education and Self-Selection. " Journal of Political Economy, 87(5):S7-36.
143. Wu, De-Min. 1973. "Alternative Tests of Independence between Stochastic Regressors and Disturbances." Econometrica, 41(4):733-50.
144. Yitzhaki, Shlomo. 1989. "On Using Linear Regressions in Welfare Economics." Hebrew University Department of Economics Working Paper 217.