Visual depictions of female genitalia differ depending on source

Medical Humanities

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 75-79

  Howarth, Helena ^a   Sommer, Volker ^a   Jordan, Fiona M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BOOK; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; FEMINISM; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; INTERNET; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PUBLICATION; REFERENCE VALUE; VULVA;

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; EROTICA; FEMALE; FEMINISM; HUMANS; INTERNET; REFERENCE VALUES; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; TEXTBOOKS AS TOPIC; VULVA;

EID: 78650342705     PISSN: 1468215X     EISSN: 14734265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jmh.2009.003707     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Bramwell R, Morland C, Garden AS. Expectations and experience of labial reduction: a qualitative study. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2008;63:145e6.
2. Liao LM, Creighton SM. Requests for cosmetic genitoplasty: how should healthcare providers respond? BMJ 2007;334:1090e92. doi:10.1136/bmj.39206.422269.BE.
3. Liao LM, Michala L, Creighton SM. Labial surgery for well women: a review of the literature. BJOG 2010;117:20e5. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02426.x.
4. Braun V, Wilkinson S. Socio-cultural representations of the vagina. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2001;19:17e32.
5. Stewart EG, Spencer P. The V Book: A Doctors guide to complete vulvovaginal health. New York: Bantam Books, 2002.
6. Young ME, Norman GR, Humphreys KR. Medicine in the popular press: the influence of the media on perceptions of disease. PLoS ONE 2008;3:e3552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003552.
7. Yanovitzky I, Blitz CL. Effect of media coverage and physician advice on utilization of breast cancer screening by women 40 years and older. J Health Commun 2000;5:117e34.
8. NHS Information Centre. Big increase in numbers of women undergoing cervical screening. http://www.ic.nhs.uk/news-and-events/press-office/press-releases/J Med Ethics; Medical Humanities 2010;36:75e79. doi:10.1136/jmh.2009.003707 2009).
9. Duerksen S, Mikail A, Tom L, et al. Health disparities and advertising content of women's magazines: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2005;5:85. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-85.
10. Joyner BL, Gill-Bailey C, Moon RY. Infant sleep environments depicted in magazines targeted to women of childbearing age. Pediatrics 2009;124:e416e22. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3735.
11. Lloyd J, Crouch NS, Minto CL, et al. Female genital appearance:'normality' unfolds. BJOG 2005;112:643e46. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x.
12. Bsaran M, Kosif R, Bayar U, et al. Characteristics of external genitalia in pre- and postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2008;11:416e21.
13. Alexa Internet. Top Sites. http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/top_sites?cc1/4GB&ts_mode1/4country (accessed 4 Jun 2008).
14. RedTube. http://www.redtube.com (accessed 23 May 2008).
15. YouPorn. http://www.youporn.com (accessed 25 May 2008).
16. PornHub. http://www.pornhub.com (accessed 22 May 2008).
17. Vulvology. http://www.erogenousdot.com 1999 (accessed 21 May 2008).
18. Karras N. Petals. Korea: Crystal River Publishing, 2003.
19. Blank J, Corinne T. Femalia. San Francisco: Down There, 1993.
20. McCartney J. Design a vagina. http://www.brightonbodycasting.com/design-a-vagina.php 2009 (accessed 17 Jun 2009).
21. Dumesic DA, Schramm RD, Peterson E, et al. Impaired developmental competence of oocytes in adult prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys undergoing gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1111e19.
22. Maas SM, Hage JJ. Functional and aesthetic labia minora reduction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:1453e6.
23. Schick VR, Rima BN, Calabrese SK. Evulvalution: the portrayal of women's external genitalia and physique across time and the current Barbie Doll ideals. J Sex Res Published online First 2010. doi:10.1080/00224490903308404.
24. New View Campaign. Vulvagraphics: an intervention in honor of female genital diversity. http://www.newviewcampaign.org/vulvagraphics.asp 2008 (accessed 11 Nov 2009).
25. Eschenbach DA, Thwin SS, Patton DL, et al. Influence of the normal menstrual cycle on vaginal tissue, discharge, and microflora. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:901e7.
26. Farage M, Maibach H. Lifetime changes in the vulva and vagina. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2006;273:195e202.
27. Solursh DS, Ernst JL, Lewis RW, et al. The human sexuality education of physicians in North American medical schools. Int J Impot Res 2003;15:S41e5.
28. Wittenberg A, Gerber J. Recommendations for improving sexual health curricula in medical schools: results from a two-arm study collecting data from patients and medical students. J Sex Med 2009;6:362e8. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01046.x.
29. Parish SJ, Clayton AH. Sexual medicine education: review and commentary (CME). J Sex Med 2007;4:259e68. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00430.x.
30. O'Connell HE, Eizenberg N, Rahman M, et al. The anatomy of the distal vagina: towards unity. J Sex Med 2008;5:1883e91.
31. Karkazis K. Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.
32. Dreger A, Feder EK. Bad Vibrations. BioEthics Forum: The Hastings Center, http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Bioethicsforum/Post.aspx?id1/44730&blogid1/4140 2010 (accessed 19 Jun 2010).
33. Hrabovszky Z, Hutson JM. Surgical treatment of intersex abnormalities: a review. Surgery 2002;131:92e104.
34. Howarth HM. Male Choice: Potential Male Preferences For Female External Genital Morphology. Unpublished thesis, UCL, 2008.
35. Reinholtz RK, Muehlenhard CL. Genital perceptions and sexual activity in a college population. J Sex Res 1995;32:155e65.
36. Miklos JR, Moore RD. Labiaplasty of the labia minora: patients' indications for pursuing surgery. J Sex Med 2008;5:1492e95. doi:10.1111/J.1743-6109.2008.00813.X.
37. Goodman MP, Placik OJ, Benson RH, et al. A large multicenter outcome study of female genital plastic surgery. J Sex Med 2010;7:1565e77. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01573.x.
38. Groskop V. A Cut Too Far: The Rise In Cosmetic Surgery On Female Genitalia. Guardian, 2009.
39. Levine MP, Murnen SK. "Everybody knows that mass media are/are not [pick one] a cause of eating disorders": a critical review of evidence for a causal link between media, negative body image, and disordered eating in females. J Soc Clin Psychol 2009;28:9e42.
40. Grabe S, Ward LM, Hyde JS. Role of the media in body image concerns among women: a meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychol Bull 2008;134:460e76.