Reversals in the patterns of women's labor supply in the United States, 1977-2009

Monthly Labor Review

Volumn 133, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 16-36

  Macunovich, Diane J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REDLANDS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650265581     PISSN: 00981818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Marisa DiNatale and Stephanie Boraas, "The labor force experience of women from 'Generation X,'" Monthly Labor Review, March 2002, pp. 3-15, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2002/03/art1full.pdf (visited Nov. 1, 2010).
2. Chinhui Juhn and Simon Potter, "Changes in Labor Force Participation in the United States," Journal of Economic Perspectives, summer 2006, pp. 27-46.
3. Sharon R. Cohany and Emy Sok, "Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants," Monthly Labor Review, February 2007, pp. 9-16, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/02/art2full.pdf (visited Nov. 1, 2010).
4. Lisa Belkin, "The Opt-Out Revolution," New York Times Magazine, Oct. 26, 2003, on the Internet at www.nytimes.com/2003/10/26/magazine/the-opt-out-revolution.html (visited Nov. 1, 2010).
5. Claudia Wallis and others, "The Case For Staying Home," Time, Mar. 22, 2004, on the Internet at www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993641,00.html (visited Nov. 1, 2010).
6. Katharine Bradbury and Jane Katz, "Women's rise: a work in progress," Regional Review, first quarter 2005, pp. 58-67, on the Internet at www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr2005/q1/section5a.pdf (visited Nov. 1, 2010).
7. Linda Hirshman, "Homeward Bound," The American Prospect, Nov. 21, 2005, on the Internet at www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=10659 (visited Nov. 1, 2010).
8. Claire Shipman and Katty Kay, Womenomics: Write Your Own Rules for Success (New York, Harper Collins, 2009), p. xviii.
9. Arland Thornton and Linda Young-DeMarco, "Four Decades of Trends in Attitudes Toward Family Issues in the United States: the 1960s through the 1990s," Journal of Marriage and Family, November 2001, pp. 1009-37.
10. Saul D. Hoffman, "The changing impact of marriage and children on women's labor force participation," Monthly Labor Review, February 2009, pp. 3-14, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2009/02/art1full.pdf (visited Nov. 2, 2010).
11. Marisa DiNatale, "Characteristics of and preference for alternative work arrangements, 1999," Monthly Labor Review, March 2001, pp. 28-49, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/03/art2full.pdf (visited Nov. 2, 2010); see pp. 47-49.
12. Joan C. Williams, "The Opt-Out Revolution Revisited," The American Prospect, Feb. 19, 2007, on the Internet at www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_optout_revolution_revisited (visited Nov. 2, 2010).
13. See also Belkin, "The Opt-Out Revolution.".
14. Wallis and others, "The Case For Staying Home.".
15. Heather Boushey, "Are Women Opting Out? Debunking the Myth," (Washington, DC, Center for Economic and Policy Research, November 2005), on the Internet at www.cepr.net/documents/publications/opt_out_2005_11_2.pdf (visited Nov. 2, 2010).
16. Abraham Mosisa and Steven Hipple, "Trends in labor force participation in the United States," Monthly Labor Review, October 2006, pp. 35-57, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/10/art3full.pdf (visited Nov. 2, 2010).
17. Louise Story, "Many Women at Elite Colleges Set Career Path to Motherhood," The New York Times, Sept. 20, 2005, on the Internet at www.nytimes.com/2005/09/20/national/20women.html (visited Nov. 2, 2010).
18. James P. Vere, "'Having It All' No Longer: Fertility, Female Labor Supply, and the New Life Choices of Generation X," Demography, November 2007, pp. 821-28.
19. Williams, "The Opt-Out Revolution Revisited.".
20. Lonnie Golden, "Flexible work schedules: what are we trading off to get them?" Monthly Labor Review, March 2001, pp. 50-67, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/03/art3full.pdf; see pp. 52-53.
21. The 2009 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds (The Board of Trustees, Federal Old Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds, 2009), on the Internet at www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/2009/tr09.pdf (visited Nov. 2, 2010).
22. Francine Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, "Changes in the Labor Supply Behavior of Married Women: 1980-2000," Journal of Labor Economics, July 2007, pp. 393-438.
23. Bradley T. Heim, "The Incredible Shrinking Elasticities: Married Female Labor Supply, 1978-2002," Journal of Human Resources, fall 2007, pp. 881-918.
24. Kelly Bishop, Bradley Heim, and Kata Mihaly, "Single Women's Labor Supply Elasticities: Trends and Policy Implications," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 2009, pp. 146-68.
25. Julie L. Hotchkiss, "Changes in Behavioral and Characteristic Determination of Female Labor Force Participation, 1975-2005," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, second quarter 2006, pp. 1-20, on the Internet at www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/erq206_hotchkiss.pdf; see p. 2.
26. Boushey, "Are Women Opting Out?" p. 13.
27. Outgoing rotation groups are groups of people who are in their fourth or eighth month as part of the sample.
28. Hoffman, "The changing impact of marriage and children.".
29. Cohany and Sok, "Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants.".
30. "Married" is defined here, as it is in Blau and Kahn's 2007 article, as married with spouse present. "Single" comprises women in any of the following categories: married with spouse absent, divorced, separated.
31. This refers to women who have at least one child younger than 6 years. There is also a category for women with at least one child age 6-17.
32. Women who have both a child younger than age 6 and a child age 6-17 are classified only in the category for a child younger than age 6.
33. Blau and Kahn, "Changes in the Labor Supply Behavior.".
34. People with "allocated" time worked are those for whom time spent at work was imputed because there was no time reported.
35. Heim, "The Incredible Shrinking Elasticities.".
36. The Heim model for hours supplied (that is, hours worked) includes age, years of education, the unemployment rate (by State, age, and education group, calculated from the CPS), non-wage income (including husbands' earnings for married women), two year dummies, three race dummies, three region dummies, and two indicators of MSA status (as well as the inverse Mills ratio).
37. The model for the natural log of the wage included the cubics of age and years of education, two year dummies, three race dummies, three region dummies, and two indicators of MSA status (and the inverse Mills ratio).
38. The model for estimating the inverse Mills ratio included the cubics of age and education, two year dummies, the unemployment rate, the number of children under age 18 and an indicator of the presence of children under 6, three race dummies, metropolitan size, three region dummies, and two indicators of MSA status.
39. Chinhui Juhn and Kevin M. Murphy "Wage Inequality and Family Labor Supply," Journal of Labor Economics, January 1997, issue 1, pt.1, pp. 72-97.
40. Claudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 135.
41. Table 6 is based on the regression equation reported in table 1 for the period 1989-91.
42. However, results based on the equations for other years produce very similar results.
43. Similarly, although table 7 is based on the regression equation for 2007-09, similar results were obtained using equations from the other years. These other results are available on request.
44. Francine Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, "Changes in the Labor Supply Behavior of Married Women: 1980-2000," Journal of Labor Economics, July 2007, pp. 393-438.
45. If a woman was 25-54 years of age but her husband was not, neither the woman nor the husband were included in the sample.
46. People with "allocated" time worked are those for whom time spent at work was imputed because there was no time reported.
47. David A. Jaeger, "Reconciling educational attainment questions in the CPS and the census," Monthly Labor Review, August 1997, pp. 36-40.