Meat's place on the campaign menu: How US environmental discourse negotiates vegetarianism

Environmental Communication

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 255-276

  Freeman, Carrie Packwood ^a  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Environmental campaign; Meat; Plant based diet; Vegetarianism; Web discourse

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650136356     PISSN: 17524032     EISSN: 17524040     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17524032.2010.501998     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Agyeman, J. (2007). Communicating "just sustainability. Environmental Communication, 2(1), 119-122.
2. Allsop, M., Page, R., Johnston, P., & Santillo, D. (2007). Worldwatch report "Oceans in Peril: Protecting Marine Biodiversity, " Summary section. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5352
3. Bellarby, J., Foereid, B., Hastings, A., & Smith, P. (2008). Report: Cool farming: Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/ cool-farming-full-report.pdf
4. Calarco, M. (2008). Zoographies: The question of the animal from Heidegger to Derrida. New York: Columbia University Press.
5. Callicott, J. B. (1993). The conceptual foundations of the land ethic. In M. E. Zimmerman (Ed.), Environmental philosophy: From animal rights to radical ecology (pp. 110-134). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
6. Center for Biological Diversity [CBD] (2009). Grazing. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public-lands/grazing/ index.html
7. Center for Food Safety [CFS] (2009). Cool foods campaign: What you can do, reducing your carbon foodprint. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://coolfoodscampaign.org/your-tools/globalwarming-and-your-food/ from-field-to-feedlot-to-fork
8. Center for Science in the Public Interest [CSPI] (2009a). About CSPI. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cspinet.org/about/index.html
9. Center for Science in the Public Interest [CSPI] (2009b). Eating green. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cspinet.org/EatingGreen
10. Center for Science in the Public Interest [CSPI] (2009c). Six arguments for a greener diet: Resources Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.cspinet.org/EatingGreen/resources.html
11. Cox, R. (2006). Environmental communication and the public sphere. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Crompton, T. (2008). Weathercocks & signposts: The environmental movement at a crossroads. Report written as part of the World Wildlife Fund's Strategies for Change Project. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.wwf.org.uk/strategiesforchange
13. Devall, B., & Sessions, G. (1985). Deep ecology: Living as if nature mattered. Salt Lake City, UT: Peregrine Smith Books.
14. Environmental Defense Fund [EDF] (2007). Cleaning up hog waste in North Carolina. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.edforg/page.cfm?tagID=68
15. Environmental Defense Fund [EDF] (2009a). The promise and perils of fish farming. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.edforg/page.cfm?tagID=16150
16. Environmental Defense Fund [EDF] (2009b). Seafood selector. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=1521
17. Environmental Defense Fund [EDF] (2009c). Save energy and money at home. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.fightglobalwarming.com/page.cfm?tagID= 267
18. Environmental Defense Fund [EDF] (2009d). Fighting global warming with food. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.edf.org/article.cfm?contentid= 6604
19. Eshel, G., & Martin, P. A. (2006). Diet, energy and global warming. Earth Interactions, 10(9), 1-17.
20. FAO (2006). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations: News release titled "Livestock a Major Threat to Environment." Retrieved on November 18, 2007, from http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/ index.html
21. FARM Death Toll (2007). Farm animal reform movement news release for World farm animals day titled "Annual Farm Animal Death Toll Drops." Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://www.wfad.org/mediacenter/NRVictims7.pdf
22. Foer, J. S. (2009). Eating animals. NY: Little, Brown.
23. Food and Water Watch [FWW] (2007). Factory farm pollution in the United States. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.factoryfarmmap.org
24. Food and Water Watch [FWW] (2009a). Smart seafood guide. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/fish/seafood/seafood-guide/ national-seafood-guide
25. Food and Water Watch [FWW] (2009b). Fish & tips. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/Fish&TipsFrugalFish.pdf
26. Francione, G. (1996). Rain without thunder: The ideology of the animal rights movement. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
27. Freeman, C. P. (2009). This little piggy went to press: The American news media's construction of animals in agriculture. The Communication Review, 12(1), 78-103.
28. Freeman, C. P. (2010). Embracing humanimality: Deconstructing the human/animal dichotomy. In G. Goodale & J. E. Black (Eds.), Arguments about animal ethics (pp. 11-30). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
29. Global Resource Action Center for the Environment [GRACE] (2003-2010a). Film series "The Meatrix". Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.themeatrix.com
30. Global Resource Action Center for the Environment [GRACE] (2003-2010b). Eat well guide. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.eatwellguide.org/i. php?pd=Home
31. Global Resource Action Center for the Environment [GRACE] (2003-2010c). Sustainable table. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.sustainabletable. org/home.php
32. Goodland, R., & Anhang, J. (2009). Livestock and climate change. What if the key actors are... cows, pigs, and chickens? World Watch Magazine, 22(6), 10-19.
33. Greenpeace (2009a). Bycatch. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/oceans/threats/bycatch
34. Greenpeace (2009b). Pirate fishing. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/oceans/threats/pirate-fishing
35. Greenpeace (2009c). Factory fishing. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/oceans/threats/factory-fishing
36. Greenpeace (2009d). Oceans. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/oceans
37. Greenpeace (2009e). Top name brands implicated in Amazon destruction. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/slaughtering- the-amazon
38. Greenpeace (2009f). Selective seafood. In Green living guide section. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/getinvolved/green- guide/green-lifestyle/selective-seafood
39. Greenpeace (2009g). Go vegetarian. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/getinvolved/green-guide/green-lifestyle/ go-vegetarian
40. Greenpeace (2009h). Supermarket scorecard in Seafood section. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/oceans/seafood
41. Hall, S. (1975). Introduction. In A. C. H. Smith (Ed.), Paper voices: The popular press and social change, 1935-1965 (pp. 11-24). London: Chatto & Windus.
42. Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. London: Sage.
43. Halweil, B. (2006). Worldwatch Paper#172: Catchofthe Day: Choosing Seafood for Healthier Oceans. Summary section. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.worldwatch.org/brain/media/flashpaper/EWP172-sample.html
44. Halweil, B. (2008). Worldwatch Report: Farming Fish for the Future. Summary section. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/ 5880
45. Halweil, B., & Nierenberg, D. (2008). "Meat and Seafood: The Most Costly Ingredients in the Global Diet." Chapter 5. In Worldwatch Institute's report State of the World 2008: Innovations for a sustainable economy. Retrieved on August 1, 2009, from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5561
46. Holt, D. M. (2008). Unlikely allies against factory farms: Animal rights advocates and environmentalists. Agriculture & Human Values, 25, 169-171.
47. HRC (2007). Advocating meat reduction and vegetarianism to adults in the U. S. A report by the Humane Research Council. Retrieved April 8, 2008, from http://www.humanespot.org
48. Jamieson, D. (2002). Morality's progress: Essays on humans, other animals, and the rest of nature. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Jamieson, D. (2007). The moral and political challenges of climate change. In C. S. Moser & L. Dilling (Eds.), Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change (pp. 475-482). New York: Cambridge University Press.
50. Kenner, R., Pearlstein, E. (Producers), & Kenner, R. (Director). (2009). Food, Inc. [Motion Picture]. Los Angeles, CA: Magnolia Home Entertainment.
51. Kiesel, L. (2009). A comparative rhetorical analysis of US and UK newspaper coverage of the correlation between livestock production and climate change. Presented at the conference on communication & the environment, June 28, 2009, Portland, Maine.
52. Kingsolver, B. (2007). Animal, vegetable, miracle. NY: Harper Collins.
53. Maurer, D. (2002). Vegetarianism: Movement or moment?. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
54. McMichael, A. J., Powles, J. W., Butler, CD., & Uauy, R. (2007) Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. The Lancet, 370, 1253-1263.
55. Moser, C. S., & Dilling, L. (2007). Toward the social tipping point: creating a climate for change. In Moser & Dilling (Eds.), Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change (pp. 491-516). New York: Cambridge University Press.
56. Motavalli, J. (2002, January/February). Across the great divide. E Magazine, XIII (1), 34-39.
57. Nature Conservancy [NC] (2009). Carbon Footprint Calculator. Food & diet section. See "How is my carbon footprint calculated?" Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator
58. Natural Resources Defense Council [NRDC] (2009). Sustainable seafood guide. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/seafoodguide/ page4.asp
59. Neff, R. A., Chan, I. L., & Smith, K. C. (2009). Yesterday's dinner, today's weather, tomorrow's news? U. S. newspaper coverage of food system contributions to climate change. Public Health Nutrition, 12(7), 1006-1014.
60. Nierenberg, D. (2005). Worldwatch Paper #171: Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry. Retreived August 1, 2009, from http://www.worldwatch. org/node/819
61. Pew Charitable Trust (2007). Pew environmental group report: Protecting life in the sea. Retrieved August 28, 2009, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/ uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/TaxonomyCopy/Enviroment/oceans-final-web.pdf
62. Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore's dilemma: A natural history of four meals. New York: Penguin Press.
63. Rainforest Action Network [RAN] (2009a). Rainforest agribusiness. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://ran.org/what-we-do/rainforest- agribusiness/about-the-campaign
64. Rainforest Action Network [RAN] (2009b). Seven steps kids can take. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://ran.org/new/kidscorner/kid-s-action/7- steps-kids-can-take
65. Rainforest Action Network [RAN] (2009c). Kids action toolkit! Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.ran.org/fileadmin/materials/grassroots/pdf/Kids- Action-Toolkit.pdf
66. Rainforest Action Network [RAN] (2009d). Student fact sheet: facts about beef. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://ran.org/fileadmin/materials/ education/factsheets/fs-beef.pdf
67. Regan, T. (2002). How to worry about endangered species. In D. Schmidtz & E. Willott (Eds.), Environmental ethics: What really matters, what really works (pp. 105-108). New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Retzinger, J. P. (2008). Pizza as praxis: Bridging nature and culture. Environmental Communication, 2(2), 246-255.
69. Small Planet Institute [SPI] (2009). Ten things you can do right now-and feel better! Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.smallplanet.org/action/ item/ten-things-you-can-do-right-now-and-feel-better
70. Sagoff, M. (1993). Animal liberation and environmental ethics: Bad marriage, quick divorce. In M. E. Zimmerman (Ed.), Environmental philosophy: From animal rights to radical ecology (pp. 84-94). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
71. Schlosser, E. (2001). Fast food nation: The dark side of the all-American meal. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
72. Schutten, J. K. (2008). Chewing on the grizzly man: Getting to the meat of the matter. Environmental Communication, 2(2), 193-211.
73. Sierra Club [SC] (2009a). The true cost of food. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.sierraclub.org/truecostoffood
74. Sierra Club [SC] (2009b). Green tips: Food and drink. Sections on Mind Your Meat and Go Vegetarian. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www. sierraclub.org/tips/food-drink.aspx#meat
75. Sierra Club [SC] (2009c). Sustainability and meat: Can we have both? Eating less meat. In discussion guide. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.sierraclub.org/truecostoffood/leaders.asp
76. Singer, P., & Mason, J. (2006). The ethics of what we eat: Why our food choices matter. Emmaus, PA: Rodale.
77. Torres, B. (2007). Making a killing: The political economy of animal rights. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
78. USDA Economic Research Service (2009). Food availability spreadsheets. Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/ FoodAvailSpreadsheets.htm
79. Van Dijk, T. (2009). Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach. In R. Wodack & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 62-86). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
80. Waterkeeper Alliance [WA] (2009). Pure farms, pure waters. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.waterkeeper.org/ht/d/Contents/cids/275, 1383/pid/201
81. Willard, B. E. (2002). The American story of meat: Discursive influences on cultural eating practice. Journal of Popular Culture, 36(1), 105-118.
82. Worldwatch Institute [WI] (2004). Is meat sustainable? World Watch Magazine, 17(4), 12-10.
83. World Wildlife Fund [WWF] (2009a). Aquaculture: Why it matters. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/ aquaculture/whyitmatters.html
84. World Wildlife Fund [WWF] (2009b). Agriculture: What we are doing. Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/ agriculture/whatwearedoing.html