Argument, institutional process, and human rights sanctions in democratic foreign policy

European Journal of International Relations

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 639-662

  Walldorf Jr , C William ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

agents; constructivism; Greece; human rights; process; sanctions; South Africa; structures; Turkey

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650108508     PISSN: 13540661     EISSN: 14603713     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1354066109344015     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Baker PH (1989) The United States andSouth Africa: The Reagan Years. New York: The Ford Foundation andForeign Policy Association.
2. Berger TU (1996) Norms, identity, andnational security in Germany andJapan. In: Katzenstien PJ (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms andIdentity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 317-356.
3. Borstelmann T. (1993) Apartheida's Reluctant Uncle: The United States andSouthern Africa in the Early Cold War. New York andOxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Checkel JT (1997) Ideas andInternational Political Change: Soviet/Russian Behavior andthe End of the Cold War. New Haven, CT andLondon: Yale University Press.
5. Coker C. (1986) The United States andSouth Africa, 1968-1985: Constructive Engagement andits Critics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
6. Congressional Record (1971). 92nd Cong, 1st sess., Vol. 116, pt. 29.
7. Congressional Record (1974). 93rd Cong., 2nd sess, Vol. 120, pts 26 and 28.
8. Congressional Record (1977). 95th Cong., 1st sess, Vol. 123, pt. 28.
9. Congressional Record (1982). 97th Cong., 2nd sess, Vol. 128, pt. 4.
10. Congressional Record (1984). 98th Cong., 2nd sess, Vol. 130, pts 4, 18, and 21-22.
11. Congressional Record (1985). 99th Cong., 1st sess, Vol. 131, pt. 10, and 13-14.
12. Congressional Record (1986). 99th Cong., 2nd sess, Vol. 132, pts 8, 10, 15, and 19.
13. Coufoudakis V. (1993) The reverse influence phenomenon: The impact of the Greek-American lobby on the foreign policy of Greece. In: Constas DC, Platias AG (eds) Diasporas in World Politics: The Greeks in Comparative Perspective. London: Macmillan, 51-75.
14. Crawford NC (1993) Decolonization as an international norm: The evolution of practices, arguments, andbeliefs. In: Reed L, Kaysen C (eds) Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention: A Collection of Essays from a Project of the American Academy of Arts andSciences. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts andSciences, 37-61.
15. Crawford NC (2002) Argument andChange in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, andHumanitarian Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Crawford NC, Klotz A (eds) (1999) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa. New York: St. Martina's Press.
17. Crocker C. (1992) High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood. New York andLondon: W.W. Norton andCo.
18. Crocker C., Greznes M., andHenderson R. (1981) A US policy for the a'80s. Africa Report 26(1): 7-14.
19. Desch MC (1998) Culture clash: Assessing the importance of ideas in security studies. International Security 23(1): 141-170.
20. Dessler D., Owen J. (2005) Constructivism andthe problem of explanation. Perspectives on Politics 3(3): 597-610.
21. Doyle M. (1986) Liberalism andworld politics. American Political Science Review 80(4): 1151-1169.
22. Eyre DP, Suchman MC (1996) Status, norms andthe proliferation of conventional weapons: An institutional theory approach. In: Katzentein PJ (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms andIdentity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 79-113.
23. Fearon JD, Wendt A. (2002) Rationalism andconstructivism in international relations theory. In: Carlsnaes W, Risse T, andSimmons BA (eds) Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications, 52-72.
24. Fierke KM (1998) Changing Games, Changing Strategies: Critical Investigations in Security. Manchester andNew York: Manchester University Press.
25. Fierke KM (2007) Constructivism. In: Dunne T, Kurki M, andSmith S (eds) International Relations Theories: Discipline andDiversity. Oxford andNew York: Oxford University Press, 166-184.
26. Finnemore M. (1996) National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY andLondon: Cornell University Press.
27. Finnemore M. (2003) The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force. Ithaca, NY andLondon: Cornell University Press.
28. Geldenhuys D. (1990) Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Green N. (1984) Export controls act thwarted by a standoff on Capitol Hill. CQ Weekly Report 42(41): 2672 and2718.
30. Hackett CP (1980) The role of Congress andGreek-American relations. In: Couloumbis TA, Iatrides JO (eds) Greek America Relations: A Critical Review. New York: Pella Publishing Co, 131-147.
31. Halley L. (1985) Ancient Affections: Ethnic Groups andForeign Policy. New York: Praeger.
32. Harkin T. (1979) Human rights andforeign aid: Forging an unbreakable link. In: Brown PG, MacLean D (eds) Human Rights andUS Foreign Policy: Principles andApplications. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 15-26.
33. Hauck D., Voorhes M., andGoldberg G. (1983) Two Decades of Debate: The Controversy Over US Companies in South Africa. Washington, DC: Investor Responsibility Research Center.
34. Herman RG (1996) Identity, norms andnational security: The Soviet foreign policy revolution andthe end of the Cold War. In: Katzenstein PJ (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms andIdentity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 271-316.
35. Hull RW (1990) American Enterprise in South Africa: Historical Dimensions of Engagement andDisengagement. New York andLondon: New York University Press.
36. 'Interview with Randall Robinson, Executive Director of TransAfricaa' (1980) Africa Report, 25(1).
37. Ioaniddes CP (2001) Realpolitik in the Eastern Mediterranean: From Kissinger andthe Cyprus Crisis to Carter andthe Lifting of the Turkish Arms Embargo. New York: Pella Publishing Co.
38. Jackson PT, Nexon DH (1999) Relations before states: Substance, process andthe study of world politics. European Journal of International Relations 5(3): 291-332.
39. Keck ME, Sikkink K. (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY andLondon: Cornell University Press.
40. King G., Keohane RO, andVerba S. (1994) Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
41. Klandermans B. (1988) The formation andmobilization of consensus. In: Klandermans B, Kriesi H, andTarrow S (eds) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures. London andGreenwich, CT: JAI Press, 173-196.
42. Klotz A. (1995) Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid. Ithaca, NY andLondon: Cornell University Press.
43. Klotz A. (1999) Diplomatic isolation. In: Crawford NC, Klotz A (eds) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa. New York: St. Martina's Press, 195-212.
44. Kofas JV (2003) Under the Eaglea's Claw: Exceptionalism in Postwar US-Greek Relations. Westport, CT andLondon: Praeger.
45. Kowert P., Legro J. (1996) Norms, identity, andtheir limits: A theoretical reprise. In: Katzenstein PJ (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms andIdentity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 195-212.
46. Legro JW (2000) The transformation of policy ideas. American Journal of Political Science 44(3): 419-432.
47. Legro JW (2005) Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies andInternational Order. Ithaca, NY andLondon: Cornell University Press.
48. Lugar RG (1988) Letters to the Next President. New York andLondon: Simon andSchuster.
49. McAdam D. (1988) Micromobilization contexts andrecruitment activism. In: Klandermans B, Kriesi H, andTarrow S (eds) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures. London andGreenwich, CT: JAI Press, 125-154.
50. McCarthy JD, Zald MN (1977) Resource mobilization andsocial movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology 82(6): 1212-1241.
51. McDonald R. (1990) The colonelsa' dictatorship: 1967-1974. In: Sarafis M, Eve M (eds) Background to Contemporary Greece. London: Merlin Press, 255-315.
52. Martin L. (2000) Democratic Commitments: Legislatures andInternational Cooperation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
53. Massie RK (1997) Loosing the Bonds: The United States andSouth Africa in the Apartheid Years. New York: Doubleday.
54. Mott WH (2002) United States Military Assistance: An Empirical Perspective. Westport, CT andLondon: Greenwood Press.
55. Mozia TM (1991) Chronology of arms embargoes against South Africa./Chronology of economic embargoes against South Africa. In: Shepherd GW, Jr (ed.) Effective Sanctions on South Africa: The Cutting Edge of Economic Intervention. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 97-108 and 109-126.
56. Nesbitt FN (2004) Race for Sanctions: African Americans Against Apartheid, 1946-1994. Bloomington andIndianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
57. Peceny M. (1999) Democracy at the Point of Bayonets. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
58. Price R., Tannenwald N. (1996) Norms anddeterrence: The nuclear andchemical weapons taboo. In: Katzenstein PJ (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms andIdentity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 114-152.
59. Price R. (1991) The Apartheid State in Crisis: Political Transformation in South Africa, 1975- 1990. New York andOxford: Oxford University Press.
60. Risse-Kappen T. (1994) Ideas do not float freely: Transnational coalitions, domestic structures, andthe end of the Cold War. International Organization 48(2): 185-214.
61. Robinson R. (1998) Defending the Spirit: A Black Life in America. New York: Dutton.
62. Rogers ES (1993) The conflicting roles of American ethnic andbusiness interests in US economic sanctions policy: The case of South Africa. In: Skidmore D, Hudson VM (eds) The Limits of State Autonomy: Societal Groups andForeign Policy Formulation. Boulder, CO andOxford: Westview Press, 185-204.
63. Schennik B. (1988) From peace week to peace work: Dynamics of the peace movement in the Netherlands. In: Klandermans B, Kriesi H, andTarrow S (eds) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures. London andGreenwich, CT: JAI Press, 247-279.
64. Schimmelfennig F. (1998/99) NATO enlargement: A constructivist explanation. Security Studies 8(2 and3): 198-234.
65. Shultz GP (1993) Turmoil andTriumph: My Years as Secretary of State. New York: Charles Scribnera's Sons.
66. Snow DA, Benford RD (1988) Ideology, frame resonance, andparticipant mobilization. In: Klandermans B, Kriesi H, andTarrow S (eds) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures. London andGreenwich, CT: JAI Press, 247-279.
67. Snow DA, Rochford EB, Jr, Worden SKet al(1986) Frame alignment, micromobilization, andmovement participation. American Sociological Review 51: 464-481.
68. Stern L. (1977) The Wrong Horse: The Politics of Intervention andthe Failure of American Diplomacy. New York: Times Books.
69. Tarrow S. (1994) Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action andPolitics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Torture in Greece: The First Torturesa' Trial in 1975 (1977) London: Amnesty International Publications.
71. Walldorf CW, Jr (2008) Just Politics: Human Rights andthe Foreign Policy of Great Powers. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
72. Watanabe PY (1984) Ethnic Groups, Congress, andAmerican Foreign Policy: The Politics of the Turkish Arms Embargo. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
73. Wendt A. (1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.