Causes and consequences of inadequate management of acute pain

Pain Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1859-1871

  Sinatra, Raymond ^a  

^a YALE NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute Pain; Analgesia; Chronic Pain; Opioid

Indexed keywords

OPIATE DERIVATIVE;

CHRONIC PAIN; CONSTIPATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HUMAN; ILEUS; INCIDENCE; NAUSEA; PAIN; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRURITUS; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; URINE RETENTION; VOMITING;

EID: 78650101104     PISSN: 15262375     EISSN: 15264637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00983.x     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Pletcher MJ, Kertesz SG, Kohn MA, Gonzales R. Trends in opioid prescribing by race/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments. JAMA 2008;299(1):70-8.
2. McCaig LF, Nawar EW. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2004 emergency department summary. Adv Data 2006;(372):1-29.
3. Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain experience: Results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesth Analg 2003;97(2):534-40. table of contents.
4. Guru V, Dubinsky I. The patient vs caregiver perception of acute pain in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2000;18(1):7-12.
5. Todd KH, Ducharme J, Choiniere M, et al. Pain in the emergency department: Results of the pain and emergency medicine initiative (PEMI) multicenter study. J Pain 2007;8(6):460-6.
6. Warfield CA, Kahn CH. Acute pain management. Programs in U.S. hospitals and experiences and attitudes among U.S. adults. Anesthesiology 1995;83(5):1090-4.
7. Rupp T, Delaney KA. Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2004;43(4):494-503.
8. Weinstein SM, Laux LF, Thornby JI, et al. Physicians' attitudes toward pain and the use of opioid analgesics: Results of a survey from the Texas Cancer Pain Initiative. South Med J 2000;93(5):479-87.
9. Juhl IU, Christensen BV, Bulow HH, et al. Postoperative pain relief, from the patients' and the nurses' point of view. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993;37(4):404-9.
10. Stalnikowicz R, Mahamid R, Kaspi S, Brezis M. Undertreatment of acute pain in the emergency department: A challenge. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17(2):173-6.
11. Tanabe P, Buschmann M. A prospective study of ED pain management practices and the patient's perspective. J Emerg Nurs 1999;25(3):171-7.
12. Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Prevalence of opioid adverse events in chronic non-malignant pain: Systematic review of randomised trials of oral opioids. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7(5):R1046-R1051.
13. Eberhart LH, Morin AM, Wulf H, Geldner G. Patient preferences for immediate postoperative recovery. Br J Anaesth 2002;89(5):760-1.
14. Wheeler M, Oderda GM, Ashburn MA, Lipman AG. Adverse events associated with postoperative opioid analgesia: A systematic review. J Pain 2002;3(3):159-80.
15. Jovey RD, Ennis J, Gardner-Nix J, et al. Use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain-A consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society, 2002. Pain Res Manage 2003;8(suppl A):3A-28A.
16. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. A consensus statement from the American Academy of Pain Medicine and the American Pain Society. Clin J Pain 1997;13(1):6-8.
17. Brown JC, Klein EJ, Lewis CW, Johnston BD, Cummings P. Emergency department analgesia for fracture pain. Ann Emerg Med 2003;42(2):197-205.
18. Orgill R, Krempl GA, Medina JE. Acute pain management following laryngectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;128(7):829-32.
19. Weissman DE, Joranson DE, Hopwood MB. Wisconsin physicians' knowledge and attitudes about opioid analgesic regulations. Wis Med J 1991;90(12):671-5.
20. Potter M, Schafer S, Gonzalez-Mendez E, et al. Opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain. Attitudes and practices of primary care physicians in the UCSF/Stanford Collaborative Research Network. University of California, San Francisco. J Fam Pract 2001;50(2):145-51.
21. Moulin DE, Clark AJ, Speechley M, Morley-Forster PK. Chronic pain in Canada-Prevalence, treatment, impact and the role of opioid analgesia. Pain Res Manage 2002;7(4):179-84.
22. Fleming MF, Balousek SL, Klessig CL, Mundt MP, Brown DD. Substance use disorders in a primary care sample receiving daily opioid therapy. J Pain 2007;8(7):573-82.
23. Portenoy RK, Farrar JT, Backonja MM, et al. Long-term use of controlled-release oxycodone for noncancer pain: Results of a 3-year registry study. Clin J Pain 2007;23(4):287-99.
24. Gan TJ, Lubarsky DA, Flood EM, et al. Patient preferences for acute pain treatment. Br J Anaesth 2004;92(5):681-8.
25. Turjanica MA. Postoperative continuous peripheral nerve blockade in the lower extremity total joint arthroplasty population. Medsurg Nurs 2007;16(3):151-4. quiz 155.
26. Scholz A, Kuboyama N, Hempelmann G, Vogel W. Complex blockade of TTX-resistant Na+ currents by lidocaine and bupivacaine reduce firing frequency in DRG neurons. J Neurophysiol 1998;79(4):1746-54.
27. Komai H, McDowell TS. Local anesthetic inhibition of voltage-activated potassium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Anesthesiology 2001;94(6):1089-95.
28. Borgeat A, Perschak H, Bird P, Hodler J, Gerber C. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after major shoulder surgery: Effects on diaphragmatic and respiratory function. Anesthesiology 2000;92(1):102-8.
29. Borgeat A, Tewes E, Biasca N, Gerber C. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine after major shoulder surgery: PCIA vs PCA. Br J Anaesth 1998;81(4):603-5.
30. Borgeat A, Schappi B, Biasca N, Gerber C. Patient-controlled analgesia after major shoulder surgery: Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 1997;87(6):1343-7.
31. Klein SM, Grant SA, Greengrass RA, et al. Interscalene brachial plexus block with a continuous catheter insertion system and a disposable infusion pump. Anesth Analg 2000;91(6):1473-8.
32. Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Wright TW, Chidgey LK, Enneking FK. Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block for postoperative pain control at home: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 2003;96(4):1089-95. table of contents.
33. Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Wang RD, Enneking FK. Continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block for postoperative pain control at home: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 2002;97(4):959-65.
34. Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Acute Pain Management. Anesthesiology 2004;100(6):1573-81.
35. Stone MB, Wang R, Price DD. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus nerve block vs procedural sedation for the treatment of upper extremity emergencies. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26(6):706-10.
36. Armstrong KP, Cherry RA. Brachial plexus anesthesia compared to general anesthesia when a block room is available. Can J Anaesth 2004;51(1):41-4.
37. Gonano C, Kettner SC, Ernstbrunner M, et al. Comparison of economical aspects of interscalene brachial plexus blockade and general anaesthesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Br J Anaesth 2009;103(3):428-33.
38. Strassels SA, McNicol E, Wagner AK, et al. Persistent postoperative pain, health-related quality of life, and functioning 1 month after hospital discharge. Acute Pain 2004;6:95-104.
39. Wu CL, Naqibuddin M, Rowlingson AJ, et al. The effect of pain on health-related quality of life in the immediate postoperative period. Anesth Analg 2003;97(4):1078-85. table of contents.
40. Pavlin DJ, Chen C, Penaloza DA, Buckley FP. A survey of pain and other symptoms that affect the recovery process after discharge from an ambulatory surgery unit. J Clin Anesth 2004;16(3):200-6.
41. Dihle A, Helseth S, Paul SM, Miaskowski C. The exploration of the establishment of cutpoints to categorize the severity of acute postoperative pain. Clin J Pain 2006;22(7):617-24.
42. Morrison RS, Magaziner J, McLaughlin MA, et al. The impact of post-operative pain on outcomes following hip fracture. Pain 2003;103(3):303-11.
43. Coley KC, Williams BA, DaPos SV, Chen C, Smith RB. Retrospective evaluation of unanticipated admissions and readmissions after same day surgery and associated costs. J Clin Anesth 2002;14(5):349-53.
44. Shang AB, Gan TJ. Optimising postoperative pain management in the ambulatory patient. Drugs 2003;63(9):855-67.
45. Romundstad L, Breivik H, Roald H, et al. Chronic pain and sensory changes after augmentation mammoplasty: Long term effects of preincisional administration of methylprednisolone. Pain 2006;124(1-2):92-9.
46. Pluijms WA, Steegers MA, Verhagen AF, Scheffer GJ, Wilder-Smith OH. Chronic post-thoracotomy pain: A retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006;50(7):804-8.
47. Steegers MA, Van De Luijtgaarden A, Noyez L, Scheffer GJ, Wilder-Smith OH. The role of angina pectoris in chronic pain after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Pain 2007;8(8):667-73.
48. Fassoulaki A, Melemeni A, Staikou C, Triga A, Sarantopoulos C. Acute postoperative pain predicts chronic pain and long-term analgesic requirements after breast surgery for cancer. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2008;59(4):241-8.
49. Nikolajsen L, Sorensen HC, Jensen TS, Kehlet H. Chronic pain following Caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48(1):111-6.
50. Katz J, Jackson M, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN. Acute pain after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Clin J Pain 1996;12(1):50-5.
51. Poleshuck EL, Katz J, Andrus CH, et al. Risk factors for chronic pain following breast cancer surgery: A prospective study. J Pain 2006;7(9):626-34.
52. Yarnitsky D, Crispel Y, Eisenberg E, et al. Prediction of chronic post-operative pain: Pre-operative DNIC testing identifies patients at risk. Pain 2008;138(1):22-8.
53. Hanley MA, Jensen MP, Smith DG, et al. Preamputation pain and acute pain predict chronic pain after lower extremity amputation. J Pain 2007;8(2):102-9.
54. Kairaluoma PM, Bachmann MS, Rosenberg PH, Pere PJ. Preincisional paravertebral block reduces the prevalence of chronic pain after breast surgery. Anesth Analg 2006;103(3):703-8.
55. Senturk M, Ozcan PE, Talu GK, et al. The effects of three different analgesia techniques on long-term postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 2002;94(1):11-5. table of contents.
56. Gundes H, Kilickan L, Gurkan Y, Sarlak A, Toker K. Short- and long-term effects of regional application of morphine and bupivacaine on the iliac crest donor site. Acta Orthop Belg 2000;66(4):341-4.
57. Tasmuth T, Kataja M, Blomqvist C, Von Smitten K, Kalso E. Treatment-related factors predisposing to chronic pain in patients with breast cancer-a multivariate approach. Acta Oncolo 1997;36(6):625-30.
58. Singh K, Samartzis D, Strom J, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study evaluating the efficacy of postoperative continuous local anesthetic infusion at the iliac crest bone graft site after spinal arthrodesis. Spine (Philadelphia, Pa: 1976) 2005;30(22):2477-83.
59. Singh K, Phillips FM, Kuo E, Campbell M. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of postoperative continuous local anesthetic infusion at the iliac crest bone graft site after posterior spinal arthrodesis: A minimum of 4-year follow-up. Spine (Philadelphia, Pa: 1976) 2007;32(25):2790-6.
60. Batoz H, Verdonck O, Pellerin C, Roux G, Maurette P. The analgesic properties of scalp infiltrations with ropivacaine after intracranial tumoral resection. Anesth Analg 2009;109(1):240-4.
61. Morrison RS, Flanagan S, Fischberg D, Cintron A, Siu AL. A novel interdisciplinary analgesic program reduces pain and improves function in older adults after orthopedic surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57(1):1-10.
62. Shahin AY, Osman AM. Parietal peritoneal closure and persistent postcesarean pain. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;104(2):135-9.
63. Fassoulaki A, Triga A, Melemeni A, Sarantopoulos C. Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin and local anesthetics prevents acute and chronic pain after breast surgery for cancer. Anesth Analg 2005;101(5):1427-32.
64. Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H. Prospective study of chronic pain after groin hernia repair. Br J Surg 1999;86(12):1528-31.
65. Smith MT, Klick B, Kozachik S, et al. Sleep onset insomnia symptoms during hospitalization for major burn injury predict chronic pain. Pain 2008;138(3):497-506.
66. Dworkin RH, Hartstein G, Rosner HL, et al. A high-risk method for studying psychosocial antecedents of chronic pain: The prospective investigation of herpes zoster. J Abnorm Psychol 1992;101(1):200-5.
67. Jung BF, Johnson RW, Griffin DR, Dworkin RH. Risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia in patients with herpes zoster. Neurology 2004;62(9):1545-51.
68. Harrison RA, Soong S, Weiss HL, Gnann JW, Jr., Whitley RJ. A mixed model for factors predictive of pain in AIDS patients with herpes zoster. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;17(6):410-7.
69. Atherton K, Wiles NJ, Lecky FE, et al. Predictors of persistent neck pain after whiplash injury. Emerg Med J 2006;23(3):195-201.
70. Eisenach JC, Pan PH, Smiley R, et al. Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression. Pain 2008;140(1):87-94.
71. Desbiens NA, Wu AW, Alzola C, et al. Pain during hospitalization is associated with continued pain six months later in survivors of serious illness. The SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. Am J Med 1997;102(3):269-76.
72. Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: Risk factors and prevention. Lancet 2006;367(9522):1618-25.
73. Mastronardi L, Pappagallo M, Puzzilli F, Tatta C. Efficacy of the morphine-Adcon-L compound in the management of postoperative pain after lumbar microdiscectomy. Neurosurgery 2002;50(3):518-24. discussion 524-5.
74. Kairaluoma PM, Bachmann MS, Korpinen AK, Rosenberg PH, Pere PJ. Single-injection paravertebral block before general anesthesia enhances analgesia after breast cancer surgery with and without associated lymph node biopsy. Anesth Analg 2004;99(6):1837-43. table of contents.
75. Lavand'homme P, De Kock M. The use of intraoperative epidural or spinal analgesia modulates postoperative hyperalgesia and reduces residual pain after major abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2006;57(4):373-9.
76. Obata H, Saito S, Fujita N, et al. Epidural block with mepivacaine before surgery reduces long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Can J Anaesth 1999;46(12):1127-32.
77. Iohom G, Abdalla H, O'Brien J, et al. The associations between severity of early postoperative pain, chronic postsurgical pain and plasma concentration of stable nitric oxide products after breast surgery. Anesth Analg 2006;103(4):995-1000.
78. Duale C, Sibaud F, Guastella V, et al. Perioperative ketamine does not prevent chronic pain after thoracotomy. Eur J Pain 2009;13(5):497-505.
79. Fassoulaki A, Patris K, Sarantopoulos C, Hogan Q. The analgesic effect of gabapentin and mexiletine after breast surgery for cancer. Anesth Analg 2002;95(4):985-91. table of contents.
80. Katz J, Cohen L, Schmid R, Chan VW, Wowk A. Postoperative morphine use and hyperalgesia are reduced by preoperative but not intraoperative epidural analgesia: Implications for preemptive analgesia and the prevention of central sensitization. Anesthesiology 2003;98(6):1449-60.
81. Gatti A, Sabato AF, Occhioni R, Colini Baldeschi G, Reale C. Controlled-release oxycodone and pregabalin in the treatment of neuropathic pain: Results of a multicenter Italian study. Eur Neurol 2009;61(3):129-37.
82. Andersen LJ, Poulsen T, Krogh B, Nielsen T. Postoperative analgesia in total hip arthroplasty: A randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on peroperative and postoperative ropivacaine, ketorolac, and adrenaline wound infiltration. Acta Orthop 2007;78(2):187-92.
83. Beaussier M, El'Ayoubi H, Schiffer E, et al. Continuous preperitoneal infusion of ropivacaine provides effective analgesia and accelerates recovery after colorectal surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 2007;107(3):461-8.
84. Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Tuman KJ, et al. Effects of perioperative administration of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor on pain management and recovery of function after knee replacement: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(18):2411-8.
85. Carney J, McDonnell JG, Ochana A, Bhinder R, Laffey JG. The transversus abdominis plane block provides effective postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 2008;107(6):2056-60.
86. Iohom G, Walsh M, Higgins G, Shorten G. Effect of perioperative administration of dexketoprofen on opioid requirements and inflammatory response following elective hip arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth 2002;88(4):520-6.
87. Mathiesen O, Rasmussen ML, Dierking G, et al. Pregabalin and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol for postoperative pain control after abdominal hysterectomy. A randomized clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;53(2):227-35.
88. McDonnell JG, Curley G, Carney J, et al. The analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after cesarean delivery: A randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2008;106(1):186-91. table of contents.
89. Paech MJ, Pavy TJ, Orlikowski CE, et al. Postcesarean analgesia with spinal morphine, clonidine, or their combination. Anesth Analg 2004;98(5):1460-6. table of contents.
90. Safdar B, Degutis LC, Landry K, et al. Intravenous morphine plus ketorolac is superior to either drug alone for treatment of acute renal colic. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48(2):173-81. 181 e1.
91. Siddiqui ZI, Cepeda MS, Denman W, Schumann R, Carr DB. Continuous lumbar plexus block provides improved analgesia with fewer side effects compared with systemic opioids after hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007;32(5):393-8.
92. Sinatra RS, Shen QJ, Halaszynski T, Luther MA, Shaheen Y. Preoperative rofecoxib oral suspension as an analgesic adjunct after lower abdominal surgery: The effects on effort-dependent pain and pulmonary function. Anesth Analg 2004;98(1):135-40. table of contents.
93. Sinatra RS, Boice JA, Loeys TL, et al. Evaluation of the effect of perioperative rofecoxib treatment on pain control and clinical outcomes in patients recovering from gynecologic abdominal surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006;31(2):134-42.
94. Wang JJ, Ho ST, Lee SC, Tang JJ, Liaw WJ. Intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide for pain control after arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87(5):1113-6.
95. Rawal N. Organization, function, and implementation of acute pain service. Anesth Clin North Am 2005;23(1):211-25.
96. USDHHS. Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices Evidence Report. Technology Assessment. No. 43. Chapter 37, Subchapter 2 Available at: (accessed October 5, 2010).
97. Rawal N. Acute pain services revisited-Good from far, far from good? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27(2):117-21.
98. Bardiau FM, Taviaux NF, Albert A, Boogaerts JG, Stadler M. An intervention study to enhance postoperative pain management. Anesth Analg 2003;96(1):179-85. table of contents.
99. Bardiau FM, Braeckman MM, Seidel L, Albert A, Boogaerts JG. Effectiveness of an acute pain service inception in a general hospital. J Clin Anesth 1999;11(7):583-9.
100. Gould TH, Crosby DL, Harmer M, et al. Policy for controlling pain after surgery: Effect of sequential changes in management. BMJ 1992;305(6863):1187-93.
101. Tighe SQ, Bie JA, Nelson RA, Skues MA. The acute pain service: Effective or expensive care? Anaesthesia 1998;53(4):397-403.
102. Stadler M, Schlander M, Braeckman M, Nguyen T, Boogaerts JG. A cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analysis of an acute pain service. J Clin Anesth 2004;16(3):159-67.