The politics of 'non-planning' interventions in African cities: Unravelling the international and local dimensions in Harare and Maputo

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 889-912

  Kamete, Amin Y ^a   Lindell, Ilda ^b,c  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NORDIC AFRICA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUREAUCRACY; URBAN AREA; URBAN DEVELOPMENT; URBAN PLANNING; URBAN POLITICS;

HARARE [ZIMBABWE]; MAPUTO [MOZAMBIQUE]; MOZAMBIQUE; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 78650083123     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070.2010.527643     Document Type: Article

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64. Interview with Ms P, youth activist, Harare, 24 August 2005. A total of 31 planners, 21 activists, and 47 victims were interviewed. All identities have been concealed.
65. Interview with Mr S, Town Planner, Harare, 29 August 2005.
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72. D. Potts, '"Restoring Order"? Operation Murambatsvina and the Urban Crisis in Zimbabwe', Journal of Southern African Studies, 32, 2 (2006), p. 274.
73. The Herald, 'Government Not Punishing People' (Harare, 16 June 2005).
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77. Potts, 'Restoring Order'?
78. D. Potts, City Life in Zimbabwe at a Time of Fear and Loathing: Urban Planning, Urban Poverty and Operation Murambatsvina', in G. Myers and M. Murray, Cities in Contemporary Africa (New York, Palgrave, 2007), pp. 265-88.
79. A. Kamete, 'Cold-Hearted, Negligent and Spineless?', pp. 153-71.
80. A. Kamete, 'Planning Versus Youth: Stamping out Spatial Unruliness in Harare', Geoforum, 3, 5 (2008), pp. 1,721-1,733.
81. A. Kamete, 'In the Service of Tyranny: Debating the Role of Planning in Zimbabwe's Urban "Clean-up" Operation', Urban Studies, 46, 4 (2009), pp. 897-922.
82. Chitekwe-Biti, 'Struggles for Urban Land by the Zimbabwe Homeless People's Federation'.
83. D. Potts, 'Restoring Order"?';
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89. D. Potts, 'Restoring Order?'
90. Fontein, 'Anticipating the Tsunami', p. 371.
91. Compare A. Harris, 'Discourses of Dirt and Disease in Operation Murambatsvina', in M. Vambe, Zimbabwe: The Hidden Dimensions of Operation Murambatsvina (Harare & Pretoria, Weaver Press & Africa Institute of South Africa, 2008), pp. 40-50.
92. D. Potts, 'Displacement and Livelihoods: the Longer Term Impacts of Operation Murambatsvina', in M. Vambe, Zimbabwe, p. 54.
93. See SPT, Discarding the Filth.
94. Fontein, 'Anticipating the Tsunami', p. 375.
95. GoZ, 'Response by Government of Zimbabwe', p. 16.
96. A. Harris, 'Discourses of Dirt and Disease in Operation Murambatsvina', in Vambe Zimbabwe, p. 40.
97. As the discussion will show, this is problematic considering that there is virtually no difference between state and the ruling party in Zimbabwean politics.
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102. Government of Zimbabwe, 'Response by Government of Zimbabwe', p. 30;
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104. S. Bracking, 'Development Denied: Autocratic Militarism in Post-Election Zimbabwe', Review of African Political Economy, 32, 104/5 (2005), pp. 341-7.
105. A.K. Tibaijuka, 'Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to Assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina by the United Nations Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe' (New York, United Nations, 2005), p. 85.
106. Kamete, 'Cold-Hearted, Negligent and Spineless?', pp. 153-71
107. Kamete, 'In the Service of Tyranny', p. 918.
108. SPT, Discarding the Filth.
109. GoZ, 'Response by Government of Zimbabwe', p. 30.
110. Potts, 'Restoring Order?' p. 291.
111. M. Ndlovu, 'Operations Murambatsvina and Garikai' (unpublished paper, presented at the Conference on Mass Violence, Uppsala, 1-3 December 2006).
112. SPT, Discarding the Filth, p. 12.
113. City of Harare, Speech by the Chairperson of the Harare Commission Cde Sekesai Makwavarara on the Occasion of the Official Launch of 'Operation Murambatsvina' (Harare, 19 May 2006).
114. Tibaijuka, 'Report of the Fact-Finding Mission...', p. 57
115. Kamete, 'Cold-Hearted, Negligent and Spineless?', p. 162.
116. Government of Zimbabwe, Regional Town and Country Planning Act (Chapter 29:12) (Revised Edition) (Harare, Government Printer, 1996).
117. A.Y. Kamete, 'Defending Illicit Livelihoods: Youth Resistance in Harare's Contested Spaces', The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33, 4 (2009).
118. Ankomah, 'Zimbabwe: A Land of Many Surprises'.
119. The Herald, 'President Backs Clean-Up', Harare, 28 May (2005).
120. Interview with Reverend M, cleric and human rights activist, Harare, 28 August 2005.
121. The Daily Mirror, 'Riots in Harare', (Harare, 26 May 2005).
122. Mail & Guardian, 'Widespread Rioting in Harare', 26 May 2005 (Online) Available http://www.mg.co.za/ article/2005-05-26-widespread-rioting-in-harare (Retrieved 26 May 2005).
123. Interview with Reverend M.
124. Interview with Tizai S, victim of OM/RO, Harare 29 August 2005.
125. Interview with Marisa M, victim of OM/RO, Harare, 25 August 2005.
126. Interview with Ms H, youth activist, Harare, 22 December 2005.
127. Dr S, human rights activist, personal communication, 20 April 2008.
128. Government of Zimbabwe, 'Response by Government of Zimbabwe.
129. Tibaijuka, 'Report of the Fact-Finding Mission'.
130. J. Grest, 'Urban Management, Local Government Reform and the Democratisation Process in Mozambique: Maputo City 1975-1990', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21, 1 (1995), pp. 147-64.
131. P. Jenkins, 'Image of the City in Mozambique: Civilization, Parasite, Engine of Growth or Place of Opportunity?', in D. Bryceson and D. Potts (eds), African Urban Economies: Viability, Vitality or Vitiation? (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 107-30.
132. P. Jenkins, 'Strengthening Access to Land for Housing for the Poor in Maputo, Mozambique'. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25, 3 (2001), pp. 629-48.
133. P. Jenkins, 'The Image of the City in Mozambique'.
134. B. Lachartre, Enjeux Urbains au Mozambique (Paris, Editions Karthala, 2000)
135. I. Lundin, Reflections on the Dynamics of a Nation Building Process under Stress: The case of Mocambique 1993-1998 (Goteborg, Handelshogskolan vid Goteborgs Universitet, 2001).
136. P. Jenkins, 'The Image of the City in Mozambique'.
137. B. Lachartre, Enjeux Urbains au Mozambique, p. 185.
138. I. Lundin, Reflections on the Dynamics of a Nation Building Process, p. 70.
139. Ibid., pp. 72-3.
140. B. Lachartre, Enjeux Urbains au Mozambique.
141. I. Lindell (ed.), Africa's Informal Workers: Collective Agency, Alliances and Transnational Organizing in Urban Africa (London and Uppsala, Zed Books and The Nordic Africa Institute, 2010).
142. B. Lachartre, Enjeux Urbains au Mozambique.
143. I. Lindell, 'The Multiple Sites of Urban Governance: Insights from an African City', Urban Studies, 45, 10 (2008), pp. 1,879-901.
144. B. Lachartre, Enjeux Urbains au Mozambique; Lundin, Reflections on the Dynamics of a Nation Building, Process.
145. I. Lundin, 'The Multiple Sites of Urban Governance'.
146. For a discussion, see I. Lundin, 'The Multiple Sites of Urban Governance'.
147. In one market for example, in the early 2000s, the local government ordered the association to stop collecting fees in that market and gave that right to another rival association. Only after many months was the association able to charge fees and operate normally again.
148. I. Lundin, 'The Multiple Sites of Urban Governance', p. 1,897.
149. P. Jenkins, 'Strengthening Access to Land for Housing';
150. Grest; 'Urban Management'.
151. P. Jenkins, 'Strengthening Access to Land for Housing';
152. P. Jenkins, 'Image of the City in Mozambique';
153. P. Jenkins, 'The Role of Civil Society in Housing Policy Development: Some Lessons from Southern Africa', in S. Romaya and C. Rakodi (eds), Building Sustainable Urban Settlements (London, ITDG Publishing, 2002), pp. 106-19.
154. I. Lindell, 'The Multiple Sites of Urban Governance' for a discussion of these connections.
155. Urban District is a sub-local level of government administration in Maputo.
156. P. Jenkins,'Image of the City in Mozambique'.
157. D. Potts with C.C. Mutambirwa, 'High-density Housing in Harare', Third World Planning Review, 13, 1 (1991), p. 2;
158. Chitekwe-Biti, 'Struggles for Urban Land by the Zimbabwe Homeless People's Federation', p. 349. 130
159. Chitekwe-Biti, 'Struggles for Urban Land by the Zimbabwe Homeless People's Federation', p. 348. 131
160. Kamete, Governance for Sustainability?, p. 33.
161. Interview with Mr P, planning consultant, Harare, 22 December 2005.
162. A.Y. Kamete, 'The Return of the Jettisoned: ZANU(PF)'s Crack at Re-urbanising in Harare', Journal of Southern African Studies, 32, 2 (2006), pp. 256-71.
163. It should be noted that in Maputo, while the studied association sometimes turned to the ruling party for protection, this has not hindered local government actors from acting forcefully upon urban vendors.
164. Interview with Mr S, town planner, Harare, 29 August 2005.
165. A.Y. Kamete, 'Planning Versus Youth', p. 1,731.
166. Bratton and Masunungure, 'Popular Reactions to State Repression'.
167. Interview with Mr V, human rights campaigner, Harare, 26 August 2005.
168. City of Harare, 'Speech by the Chairperson of the Harare Commission Cde Sekesai Makwavarara on the occasion of the official launch of Operation Murambatsvina' (Harare, 19 May 2005).
169. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Members of the Diplomatic Corps on the Nation-Wide Operation Murambatsvina/Restore Order' (Harare, 27 June 2005).
170. A.Y. Kamete, 'The Return of the Jettisoned'.
171. City of Harare, Speech by the Chairperson of the Harare Commission, Harare, 19 May 2005
172. Interview with Mrs C, civil society activist, Harare, 25 August 2005.
173. SPT, Discarding the Filth, p. 22.
174. Interview with Reverend M, cleric and human rights activist, Harare, 28 August 2005.
175. J.A. Robinson and T. Verdier, 'The Political Economy of Clientelism' (July 2003), pp. 1-2, available at http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/,jrobins/researchpapers/unpublishedpapers/jr_clientel.pdf (retrieved on 30 January 2006).
176. Interview with Murombo G, victim of OM/RO, Harare, 23 August 2005.