An integrated approach to preventing cardiovascular disease: Community-based approaches, health system initiatives, and public health policy

Risk Management and Healthcare Policy

Volumn 3, Issue , 2010, Pages 39-48

  Karwalajtys, Tina ^a   Kaczorowski, Janusz ^b,c  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Blood pressure determination; Community health planning; Community health services; Public health practice; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

AGE; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMUNITY CARE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CULTURAL FACTOR; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FAT INTAKE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDICAL FEE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT MONITORING; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL STATUS; SODIUM RESTRICTION;

EID: 78649783414     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11791594     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S7528     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Evans R, Barer M, Marmor T, editors. Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not? The Determinants of Health of Populations. New York, NY: Aldine De Gruyter; 1994.
2. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change. Nutr Rev. 2004;62:S140-S143.
3. World Health Organization. Preventing chronic disease: a vital investment. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2005.
4. Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al. AHA guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke: 2002 update: consensus panel guide to comprehensive risk reduction for adult patients without coronary or other atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases. Circulation. 2002;106:388-391.
5. Mancia G. Optimal control of blood pressure in patients with diabetes reduces the incidence of macro and microvascular events. J Hypertens Suppl. 2007;25(1):S7-S12.
6. The Hypertension in Diabetes Study Group. Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS); Part II: increased risk of cardiovascular complications in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. J Hypertens. 1993;11:319-325.
7. Lawes CM, vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A; International Society of Hypertension. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371:1513-1518.
8. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287(8):1003-1010.
9. Wilkins K, Campbell NRC, Joffres MR, et al. Blood pressure in Canadian adults. Health Rep. 2010;21(1):37-46.
10. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2009 update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2009.
11. Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new joint national committee guidelines: new challenges of the old problem. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164:2126-2134.
12. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Hense HW, Joffres M. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada and the United States. JAMA. 2003;289:2363-2369.
13. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Weinstein MC; International Society of Hypertension. The global cost of nonoptimal blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2009;27:1472-1477.
14. Elliott P, Stamler J. Primary prevention of high blood pressure. In: Marmot M, Elliot P, editors. Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005:751-768.
15. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease; Part I: prolonged differences in blood pressure - prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335:765-774.
16. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease; Part II: short-term reductions in blood pressure - overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet. 1990;335:827-838.
17. Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, et al. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2006;24(2):215-233.
18. Khan NA, McAlister FA, Rabkin SW, et al. The 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension; Part II: therapy. Can J Cardiol. 2006;22(7): 583-593.
19. Tobe SW, Touyz RM, Campbell NR; Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The Canadian Hypertension Education Program: a unique Canadian knowledge translation program. Can J Cardiol. 2007; 23(7):551-555.
20. Carter BL, Rogers M, Daly J, Zheng S, James PA. The potency of team-based care interventions for hypertension: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(19):1748-1755.
21. Thompson A, Campbell NR, Cloutier L, et al. Tackling the burden of hypertension in Canada: encouraging collaborative care. Can Fam Physician. 2008;54(12):1659-1662, 1664-1667.
22. Germino FW. The management and treatment of hypertension. Clin Cornerstone. 2010;9 Suppl 3:S27-S33.
23. Campbell NR, So L, Amankwah E, Quan H, Maxwell C; Canadian Hypertension Education Program Outcomes Research Task Force. Characteristics of hypertensive Canadians not receiving drug therapy. Can J Cardiol. 2008;24(6):485-490.
24. Trilling JS, Froom J. The urgent need to improve hypertension care. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(9):794-801.
25. Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2007;49(1):69-75.
26. Joffres M, Ghadirian P, Fodor JG, Petrasovits A, Chockalingam A, Hamet P. Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Canada. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10(10):1097-1102.
27. Pavlik VN, Greisinger AJ, Pool J, Haidet P, Hyman DJ. Does reducing physician uncertainty improve hypertension control?: rationale and methods. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(3):257-263.
28. Parati G. Blood pressure variability, target organ damage and antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens. 2003;21(10):1827-1830.
29. Petrella RJ, Merikle EP, Jones J. Prevalence, treatment and control of hypertension in primary care: gaps, trends and opportunities. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9(1):28-35.
30. Mosca L, Linfante AH, Benjamin EJ, et al. National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation. 2005;111(4):499-510.
31. Heisler M, Hogan MM, Hofer TP, Schmittdiel JA, Pladevall M, Kerr EA. When more is not better: treatment intensification among hypertensive patients with poor medication adherence. Circulation. 2008;117(22):2884-2894.
32. Wang YR, Alexander GC, Stafford RS. Outpatient hypertension treatment, treatment intensification, and control in Western Europe and the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(2):141-147.
33. O'rourke MF, Namasivayam M, Adji A. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. Minerva Med. 2009;100(1):25-38.
34. Kesarwani M, Perez A, Lopez VA, Wong ND, Franklin SS. Cardiovascular comorbidities and blood pressure control in stroke survivors. J Hypertens. 2009;27(5):1056-1063.
35. Borzecki AM, Kader B, Berlowitz DR. The epidemiology and management of severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(1):9-18.
36. Orleans CT. Promoting the maintenance of health behavior change: recommendations for the next generation of research and practice. Health Psychol. 2000;19 Suppl 1:76-83.
37. Heaton PC, Frede SM. Patients' need for more counseling on diet, exercise, and smoking cessation: results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2006;46(3): 364-369.
38. Feng JH, Graham AM. Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;52: 363-382.
39. National Center for Health Statistics. Healthy People 2010 Progress Review. Focus Area 19: Nutrition and Overweight Presentation. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ppt/hp2010/focus_areas/fa19_2.ppt#803,14,Slide 14. Published 2008. Accessed Apr 18, 2010.
40. Barr SI. Reducing dietary sodium intake: the Canadian context. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010;35:1-8.
41. Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world: a growing challenge. 3. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:213-215.
42. Caballero B. A nutrition paradox: underweight and obesity in developing countries. N Eng J Med. 2005;352:1514-1516.
43. Neitert PJ, Wessell AM, Feifer C, Ornstein SM. Effect of terminal digit preference on blood pressure measurement and treatment in primary care. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(2):147-152.
44. Parati G, Valentini M. Do we need out-of-office blood pressure in every patient? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2007;22(4):321-328.
45. Chambers LW, Kaczorowski J, Levitt C, Karwalajtys T, McDonough B, Lewis J. Blood pressure self-monitoring in pharmacies. Building on existing resources. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:1594-1595, 1602-1604.
46. Sullivan SM, Kaczorowski J, Myers MG, Karwalajtys T, Chambers LW. Use of automated blood pressure measurement to reduce white coat response in a pharmacy setting. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23(Suppl C):85C. http://www.pulsus.com/ccc2007/abs/0206.htm.
47. Pickering TG. The natural history of hypertension: prehypertension or masked hypertension? J Clin Hypertens. 2007;9.
48. Canadian Hypertension Education Program. 2110 Key Messages. Available from: http://hypertension.ca/chep/summaries/key-messages/. Accessed April 18, 2010.
49. Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Kessels AG, de Leeuw PW. Home blood pressure measurement: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46(5):743-751.
50. Committee on Public Health Priorities to Reduce and Control Hypertension in the US Population; Institiute of Medicine. A population-based policy and systems change approach to prevent and control hypertension (executive summary). Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences Press. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12819.html. Accessed Apr 18, 2010.
51. Welch VLL, Hill MN. Effective strategies for blood pressure control. Cardiol Clin. 2002;20:321-333,vii.
52. Myers MG. Automated blood pressure measurement in routine clinical practice. Blood Press Monit. 2006;11:59-82.
53. Henderson L, Irving K, Gregory J, et al, editors. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64. Vitamin and mineral intake and urinary analytes. Vol 3. London, England: TSO; 2003: 127-136.
54. Food Standards Agency. Dietary sodium levels surveys. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/urinary. Published 2008. Accessed Apr 18, 2010.
55. Food Standards Agency. Agency publishes 2012 salt reduction targets. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2009/may/salttargets. Published 2008. Accessed April 18, 2010.
56. Girgis S, Neal B, Prescott J, et al. A one-quarter reduction in the salt content of bread can be made without detection. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57:616-620.
57. Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board, Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States (Consensus Report). Available from: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Strategies-to-Reduce-Sodium-Intake-in-the-United-States.aspx. Accessed April 18, 2010.
58. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med. 2006; 354(15):1601-1613.
59. World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/cvd/en/. Published 2008. Accessed Jan 20, 2008.
60. Sargent RP, Shepard RM, Glantz SA. Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study. BMJ. 2004;328:977-980.
61. Bartecchi C. A city-wide smoking ordinance reduces the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. Paper presented at: American Heart Association Annual Scientif ic Sessions; 2005 Nov 14; Dallas, Texas.
62. Schooler C, Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Flora JA. Synthesis of findings and issues from community prevention trials. Ann Epidemiol. 1997; 7:S54-S68.
63. Pearson TA, Wall S, Lewis C, et al. Dissecting the "black box" of community intervention: lessons from community-wide cardiovascular disease prevention programs in the US and Sweden. Scand J Public Health. 2001;29:69-78.
64. Dobbins M, Beyers J. The effectiveness of community-based heart health projects: a systematic overview update. Paper presented at: Ontario Public Health Research, Education and Development Program; 1999; Ontario, Canada.
65. Stone EJ, Pearson TA, Fortmann SP, McKinlay JB. Community-based prevention trials: challenges and directions for public health practice, policy, and research. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:S113-S120.
66. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D. Neighbourhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1552-1558.
67. Kirkpatrick S, Tarasuk V. The relationship between low income and household food expenditure patterns in Canada. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(6):589-597.
68. Berrigan D, Troiano RP. The association between urban form and physical activity in US adults. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23 Suppl 2: 74-79.
69. Frank LD, Schmid TL, Sallis JF, Chapman J, Saelens BE. Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28 (2 Suppl 2):117-125.
70. Hanusaik N, O'Loughlin JL, Kishchuk N, Eyles J, Robinson K, Cameron R. Building the backbone for organisational research in public health systems: development of measures of organisational capacity for chronic disease prevention. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:742-749.
71. Merzel C, D'Affliti J. Reconsidering community-based health promotion: promise, performance, and potential. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93(4):557-574.
72. Rose G. The Strategy of Preventive Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc; 1992.
73. Minkler M, Wallerstein NB. Improving health through community organization and community building. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Lewis FM, editors. In Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002:279-311.
74. Engelgau MM, Venkat Narayan KM, Herman WH. Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1563-1580.
75. Shah CP. Public Health and Preventive Medicine in Canada. 4th ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1998:40-42, 168-170.
76. Wilson JMG, Junger G. The Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Public Health Papers No. 34. Geneva: WHO; 1968.
77. Baum F. Measuring effectiveness in community-based health promotion. In: Davies JK, Macdonald G, editors. Quality, Evidence and Effectiveness in Health Promotion. Striving for Certainties. London: Routledge; 1998:68-89.
78. Edwards N. Investing in multi-level and multi-strategy disease and illness prevention (Banff conference). Available from: http://www.uleth.ca/man/research/centres/chmr/conferences/2005/files/Investing%20in%20MIPs%20Banff.pdf. Published 2005. Accessed Jul 24, 2007.
79. Farquhar JW, Maccoby N, Wood PD, et al. Community education for cardiovascular health. Lancet. 1977;1:1192-1195.
80. Puska P, Salonen JT, Nissinen A, et al. Change in risk factors for coronary heart disease during 10 years of a community intervention programme (North Karelia project). Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983; 287(6408):1840-1844.
81. Winkleby MA, Feldman HA, Murray DM. Joint analysis of three US community intervention trials for reduction of cardiovascular disease risk. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:645-658.
82. Shea S, Basch CE. A review of five major community-based cardiovascular disease prevention programs. Part I: rationale, design and theoretical framework. Am J Health Promot. 1990;4:203-213.
83. Shea S, Basch CE. A review of five major community-based cardiovascular disease prevention programs; Part II: intervention strategies, evaluation methods, and results. Am J Health Promot. 2006;4(4): 279-287.
84. Burgess-Record N, Harris DE, Record SS, Gilbert-Arcari J, DeSisto M, Bunnell S. Mortality impact of an integrated community cardiovascular health program. Am J Prev Med. 2000;19(1):30-38.
85. Luepker RV, Rastam L, Hannan PJ, et al. Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention. Morbidity and mortality results from the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Am J Epidemiol. 1996; 144(4): 351-362.
86. Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Flora JA, et al. Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project. JAMA. 1990;264(3):359-365.
87. Rossouw JE, Jooste PL, Chalton DO, et al. Community-based interventions: the Coronary Risk Factor Study (CORIS). Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22:428-438.
88. Wrench JGA. Coronary heart disease: account of a preventive clinic in general practice. J R Coll Gen Prac. 1984;34:477-481.
89. Wonderling D, Langham S, Buxton M, et al. What can be concluded from the Oxcheck and British family heart studies: commentary on cost effectiveness analyses. BMJ. 1996;312:1274-1278.
90. Walsh JM, McDonald KM, Shojania KG, et al. Quality improvement strategies for hypertension management: a systematic review. Med Care. 2006;44(7):646-657.
91. Rosenthal MB, Frank RG, Li Z, Epstein AM. Early experience with pay-for-performance: from concept to practice. JAMA. 2005;294(14): 1788-1793.
92. Epstein AM. Pay for performance at the tipping point. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:515-517.
93. Epstein AM. Paying for performance in the United States and abroad. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:406-408.
94. Pink GH, Brown AD, Studer ML, Reiter KL, Leatt P. Pay-for-performance in publicly financed healthcare: some international experience and considerations for Canada. Healthc Pap. 2006;6:8-26.
95. Medicare Australia. Practice Incentives Program (PIP). Available from: http://www.medicareaustralia.gov.au/provider/incentives/pip/index.shtml. Published 2010. Accessed May 18, 2010.
96. Greb S, Focke A, Hessel F, Wasem J. Financial incentives for disease management programmes and integrated care in German social health insurance. Health Policy. 2006;78:295-305.
97. Custers T, Arah OA, Klazinga NS. Is there a business case for quality in The Netherlands? A critical analysis of the recent reforms of the health care system. Health Policy. 2007;82:226-239.
98. Perkins R, Seddon M. Quality improvement in New Zealand healthcare; Part V: measurement for monitoring and controlling performance - the quest for external accountability. N Z Med J. 2006;119: U2149.
99. Campbell SM, Reeves D, Kontopantelis E, Sibbald B, Roland M. Effects of pay for performance on the quality of primary care in England. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(4):368-378.
100. Doran T, Fullwood C. Pay for performance: is it the best way to improve control of hypertension? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2007;9(5):360-367.
101. Doran T, Roland M. Lessons from major initiatives to improve primary care in the United Kingdom. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29: 1023-1029.
102. Heselmans A, van de Velde S, Donceel P, Aertgeerts B, Ramaekers D. Effectiveness of electronic guideline-based implementation systems in ambulatory care settings: a systematic review. Implement Sci. 2009; 4:82.
103. Bryan C, Boren SA. The use and effectiveness of electronic clinical decision support tools in the ambulatory/primary care setting: a systematic review of the literature. Inform Prim Care. 2008;16(2):79-91.
104. Poon EG, Wright A, Simon SR, Jenter CA, Kaushal R, Volk LA. Relationship between use of electronic health record features and health care quality: results of a statewide survey. Med Care. 2010;48(3): 203-209.
105. Wolbeck Minke S, Smith C, Plotnikoff RC, Khalema E, Raine K. The evolution of integrated chronic disease prevention in Alberta, Canada. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3(3):A102. Epub 2006 Jun 15.
106. Wagner EH. Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness? Eff Clin Pract. 1998;1(1):2-4.
107. Hung DY, Rundall TG, Tallia AF, Cohen DJ, Halpin HA, Crabtree BF. Rethinking prevention in primary care: applying the chronic care model to address health risk behaviors. Milbank Q. 2007;85(1):69-91.
108. Rosenheck R. Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk. Obes Rev. 2008;9(6):535-547.
109. Finkelstein EA, Zuckerman L. The Fattening of America. How The Economy Makes Us Fat, If It Matters and What To Do About It. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Published simultaneously in Canada.
110. Powell LM, Chaloupka FJ. Food prices and obesity: evidence and policy implications for taxes and subsidies. Milbank Q. 2009;87(1): 229-257.
111. Sacks G, Swinburn B, Lawrence M. Obesity policy action framework and analysis grids for a comprehensive policy approach to reducing obesity. Obes Rev. 2009;10(1):78-86.
112. Kaczorowski J, Shubair M, Kaczorowski M. Fast food and the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes: are we doomed to become obese and develop diabetes? In: Bishop MR, editor. Chocolate, Fast Foods and Sweeteners: Consumption & Health. Commack, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2009. Chapter 17, pp. 293-299.
113. Caraher M, Cowburn G. Taxing food: implications for public health nutrition. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(8):1242-1249.
114. Wang Y, Beydoun MA. The obesity epidemic in the United States - gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:6-28.