Validation of FLACS against experimental data sets from the model evaluation database for LNG vapor dispersion

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 857-877

  Hansen, Olav R ^a   Gavelli, Filippo ^a   Ichard, Mathieu ^a   Davis, Scott G ^a  

^a GEXCON US   (United States)

Author keywords

CFD; Consequence modeling; Dense gas dispersion; FLACS; LNG

Indexed keywords

CFD; CONSEQUENCE MODELING; DENSE GAS DISPERSION; FLACS; LNG;

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; DISPERSIONS; GAS HAZARDS; LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS; VAPORS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION;

EID: 78649734300     PISSN: 09504230     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2010.08.005     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. van den Bosch C.J.H., Weterings R.A.P.M. Methods for the calculation of physical effects due to the release of hazardous materials (liquids and gases). TNO yellow book 1997, CPR14E, TNO, The Hague, The Netherlands. 3rd ed.
2. Brown T.C., Cederwall R.T., Chan S.T., Ermak D.L., Koopman R.P., Lamson K.C., et al. Falcon series data report: 1987 LNG vapor barrier verification field June 1990, Report no. GRI-89/0138, Gas Research Institute. http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/6633087-9HP88a/.
3. Carissimo B., Jagger S.F., Daish N.C., Halford A., Selmer-Olsen S., Riikonen K., et al. The SMEDIS database and validation exercise. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 2001, 16(1-6):614-629.
4. Coldrick S., Lea C.J., Ivings M.J. Validation database for evaluating vapor dispersion models for safety analysis of LNG facilities, guide to the LNG model validation database 24th February 2009, The Fire Protection Research Foundation. http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/Research/LNG_database_guide.pdf.
5. Colenbrander G.W., Evans A., Puttock J.S. Spill tests of LNG and refrigerated liquid propane on the sea. Maplin Sands 1980: Dispersion data digest; trial 27 May 1984, Shell Research Ltd, Thornton Research Centre, Report TNER.84.028.
6. Colenbrander G.W., Evans A., Puttock J.S. Spill tests of LNG and refrigerated liquid propane on the sea. Maplin Sands 1980: Dispersion data digest; trial 34 May 1984, Shell Research Ltd, Thornton Research Centre, Report TNER.84.030.
7. Colenbrander G.W., Evans A., Puttock J.S. Spill tests of LNG and refrigerated liquid propane on the sea. Maplin Sands 1980: Dispersion data digest; trial 35 May 1984, Shell Research Ltd, Thornton Research Centre, Report TNER.84.031.
8. Dharmavaram S., Hanna S.R., Hansen O.R. Consequence analysis - using a CFD model for industrial sites. Process Safety Progress 2005, 24:316-327.
9. Ermak D.L., Chapman R., Goldwire H.C., Gouveia F.J., Rodean H.C. Heavy gas dispersion test summary report October 1988, UCRL-21210, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
10. FLACS v9.1 user's manual. (2009).
11. Flaherty, J. E., Allwine, K. J., Brown, M. J., Coirier, W. J., Ericson, S. C., Hansen, O. R. et al. (2007). Evaluation study of building-resolved urban dispersion models. In Seventh symposium on the urban environment, 10-13 September 2007.
12. Gavelli F., Bullister E., Kytomaa H. Application of CFD (Fluent) to LNG spills into geometrically complex environments. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2008, 159:158-168.
13. Goldwire H.C., Rodean H.C., Cederwall R.T., Kansa E.J., Koopman R.P., McClure J.W., et al. Coyote series data report: LLNL/NWC 1981 LNG spill tests dispersion, vapor burn and rapid-phase transitions 1983, Vols. 1-2. UCID-19953, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/195363.pdf. https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/195030.pdf.
14. Han J., Arya S.P., Shen S., Lin Y.L. An estimation of turbulent kinetic energy and energy dissipation rate based on atmospheric boundary similarity theory 2000, Tech. Rep. CR-2000-210298, NASA, USA.
15. Hanna S.R., Chang J.C., Strimaitis D.G. Hazardous gas model evaluation with field observations. Atmospheric Environment 1993, 27 A(15):2265-2285.
16. Hanna S.R., Hansen O.R., Dharmavaram S. FLACS CFD air quality model performance evaluation with Kit Fox, MUST, Prairie Grass and EMU observations. Atmospheric Environment 2004, 38:4675-4687.
17. Hanna S.R., Hansen O.R., Ichard M., Strimaitis D. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model simulations of dispersion from chlorine railcar releases in industrial and urban areas. Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43:262-270.
18. Hanna S.R., Strimaitis D.G., Chang J.C. Evaluation of commonly-used hazardous gas dispersion models. Hazard response modelling uncertainty (a quantitative method) 1991, Vol. II. Sigma Research Corporation, Final report; April 1989-April 1991.
19. Hansen, O. R., Melheim, J. A., & Storvik, I. E., 2007. CFD-modeling of LNG dispersion experiments. In AIChE Spring national meeting, 7th topical conference on natural gas utilization, Houston, USA.
20. Havens J., Spicer T. LNG vapor cloud exclusion zones for spills into impoundments. Process Safety Progress 2005, 24(3):181-186.
21. Havens, J., & Spicer, T. (October 2006). Vapor dispersion and thermal hazard modelling. Final topical report to Gas Technology Institute under sub-contract K100029184.
22. Havens, J., Spicer, T., & Sheppard, W. (2007). Wind tunnel studies of LNG vapor dispersion from impoundments. In AIChE national Spring meeting, Houston.
23. Hjertager B.H. Three-dimensional modeling of flow, heat transfer, and combustion. Handbook of heat and mass transfer 1986, (pp. 304-350), Gulf Publishing Company, P.O. Box 2608, Houston, Texas 770011.
24. Incopera F.P., de Witt D.P. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer 1996, Wiley Ed.
25. Ivings M.J., Jagger S.F., Lea C.J., Webber D.M. Evaluating vapor dispersion models for safety analysis of LNG facilities May 9, 2007, The Fire Protection Research Foundation. http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/Research/LNGVaporDispersionModel.pdf.
26. Koopman R.P., Baker J., Cederwall R.T., Goldwire H.C., Hogan W.J., Kamppinen L.M., et al. Burro series data report LLNL/NWC 1980 LNG spill tests 1982, Vols. 1-2. UCID-19075, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and https://e-reportsext.llnl.gov/pdf/194606.pdf. https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/194414.pdf.
27. 3 LNG spill experiments. Journal of Hazardous Materials 1982, 6:43-83.
28. Launder B.E., Spalding D.B. The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 1974, 3:269-289.
29. McQuaid, J. (Ed.). (1987). Heavy gas dispersion trials at Thorney Island - 2. In Proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Sheffield, Great Britain, September 1986. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 16, 1-502.
30. Middha P., Hansen O.R., Grune J., Kotchourko A. CFD calculations of gas leak dispersion and subsequent gas explosions: validation against ignited impinging hydrogen jets. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2010, 179:84-94.
31. Model Evaluation Group. (1994). Guidelines for model developers. European Communities Directorate General XII Science Research and Development.
32. Model Evaluation Group. (1994). Model evaluation protocol. European Communities Directorate General XII Science Research and Development.
33. Nielsen M., Ott S. A collection of data from dense gas experiments March 1996, Riso-R-845 (EN), Riso National Laboratory, Denmark. http://www.risoe.dtu.dk/research/sustainable_energy/energy_systems/projects/rediphem.aspx.
34. Puttock J.S., Blackmore D.R., Colenbrander G.W. Field experiments on dense gas dispersion. Journal of Hazardous Materials 1982, 6:13-41.
35. Rohsenow W.M. A method of correlating heat transfer data for surface boiling of liquids. Transactions of the ASME 1952, 74:969-976.