Technology and the crime society: Rethinking legal protection

Law, Innovation and Technology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 93-124

  Koops, Bert Jaap ^a  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 78649675294     PISSN: 17579961     EISSN: 1757997X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17579961.2009.11428366     Document Type: Article

References (142)

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3. J Simon, Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear (Oxford University Press, 2007);
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5. AH Vedder et al, Van privacyparadijs tot controlestaat? Misdaaden terreurbestrijding in Nederland aan het begin van de 21ste eeuw (Rathenau Instituut, 2007), and other literature mentioned below, sections 3 and 4.
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11. BJ Koops and MM Prinsen, ‘Houses of Glass, Transparent Bodies: How New Technologies Affect Inviolability of the Home and Bodily Integrity in the Dutch Constitution’ (2007) 16 Information & Communications Technology Law 177
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14. DJ Phillips, ‘Texas 9-1-1: Emergency Telecommunications and the Genesis of Surveillance Infrastructure’ (2005) 29 Telecommunications Policy 843;
15. MS Monmonier, Spying with Maps: Surveillance Technologies and the Future of Privacy (University of Chicago Press, 2002) 13.
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19. Randall Stross, ‘Google Anything, So Long as it’s Not Google’ New York Times, 28 August 2005.
20. Apart from the many cases of content industry asking for users’ IP addresses from Internet Service Providers, perhaps the most illustrative example of this movement is Sony’s rootkit; see www.sysinternals.com/blog/2005/10/sony-rootkits-and-digital-rights.html (last accessed 19 February 2009).
21. BJ Koops and R Leenes, '“Code” and the Slow Erosion of Privacy’ (2005) 12 Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Law Review 115, 129-132.
22. Koops and Prinsen (n 8).
23. Royal Academy of Engineering, Dilemmas of Privacy and Surveillance: Challenges of Technological Change (RAE, 2007), www.raeng.org.uk/policy/reports/pdf/dilemmas_of_privacy_and_surveillance_report.pdf, 7.
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26. Monmonier (n 9);
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28. ‘Plane Passengers Shocked by their X-ray Scans’ Sunday Times, 7 November 2004.
29. Crime Prevention Panel, Just Around the Corner: A Consultation Document (DTI, 2000), www.foresight.gov. uk/Previous_Rounds/Foresight_1999__2002/Crime_Prevention/Reports/Just%20Around%20the%20Corn er/CrimeConsultation.pdf, 12-13.
30. Kyllo v United States, 533 US 27 (2001);
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34. see www.netkwesties.nl/editie67/artikel1.php (last accessed 19 February 2009).
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36. Royal Academy of Engineering (n 17) 14.
37. See, in particular, JB v Switzerland, App No 31827/96, ECtHR 3 May 2001;
38. District Court Vermont, United States v Boucher, 2007 WL 4246473 (29 November 2007).
39. Royal Academy of Engineering (n 17) 4.
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48. Garland (n 2).
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50. Vedder et al (n 2).
51. D Downes and R Van Swaaningen, ‘The Road to Dystopia? Changes in the Penal Climate of the Netherlands’ in M Tonry and C Bijleveld (eds), Crime and Justice in the Netherlands (University of Chicago Press, 2007) 31, 66:
52. Garland (n 2) 194-195.
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59. Lyon, Surveillance Society (n 41) 128-37;
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61. Lyon, Surveillance Society (n 41) 1.
62. Lyon, Theorizing Surveillance (n 41) 1.
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64. A Ashworth, Principles of Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 2006) 52.
65. House of Commons Home Affairs Committee (n 41) §77.
66. Ashworth (n 45) 25.
67. A Ashworth, ‘Is the Criminal Law a Lost Cause?' (2000) 116 Law Quarterly Review 225.
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70. Ericson (n 34) 2.
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74. Simon (n 2) 221.
75. Simon (n 2) 225.
76. Garland (n 2) 187.
77. Simon (n 2);
78. Ericson (n 34).
79. Garland (n 2);
80. S Garfinkel, Database Nation: The Death of Privacy in the 21st Century (O’Reilly, 1999);
81. House of Commons Home Affairs Committee (n 41);
82. Vedder et al (n 2).
83. In the UK, it has evolved less dynamically (or less visibly), largely because interception can only be used for intelligence and not for evidence purposes.
84. Public Law 99-508, 21 October 1986, 100 Stat 1848.
85. Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, Public Law 107-56, 26 October 2001.
86. AHH Smits, Strafvorderlijk onderzoek van telecommunicatie, diss Tilburg (Wolf Legal Publishers, 2006).
87. Data retrieved from the 1997 (which includes 1987 data) and 2006 annual Wiretap Reports of the Administrative Office of the US Courts, www.uscourts.gov/library/wiretap.html (last accessed 19 February 2009).
88. At least in terms of criminal investigation. Wiretapping for intelligence purposes may yield a quite different picture, although it is difficult to compare these due to the official secrecy associated with intelligence practice.
89. Z Reijne, Tappen in Nederland (WODC/Gouda Quint 1996).
90. R Williams et al, Genetic Information & Crime Investigation: Social, Ethical and Public Policy Aspects of the Establishment, Expansion and Police Use of the National DNA Database (University of Durham, 2004);
91. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, The Forensic Use of Bioinformation: Ethical Issues (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2007) 3, 9;
92. M Prinsen, Forensisch DNA-onderzoek. Een balans tussen opsporing en fundamentele rechten, diss Tilburg (Wolf Legal Publishers, 2008).
93. European Court of Human Rights’ judgment in S and Marper v United Kingdom, App Nos 30562/04 and 30566/04, 4 December 2008;
94. Brownsword and Somsen, this issue, p 35.
95. Act of 5 July 2001, Staatsblad [Dutch Official Journal] 2001, 335;
96. Act of 16 September 2004, Staatsblad 2004, 465.
97. Nuffield Council on Bioethics (n 70) 9.
98. Nuffield Council on Bioethics (n 70) 9.
99. Figures published on www.dnasporen.nl. See also the comparison of UK and Dutch developments in Prinsen (n 70).
100. BJ Koops and MHM Schellekens, ‘Forensic DNA Phenotyping:Regulatory Issues’ (2008) 9 Columbia Science and Technology Law Review 158.
101. Nuffield Council on Bioethics (n 70) 80-81.
102. Forensic Science Service, Fact Sheet: Commonplace Characteristics (2004).
103. Koops and Schellekens (n 76);
104. M Hibbert, ‘DNA Databanks: Law Enforcement’s Greatest Surveillance Tool?' (1999) 34 Wake Forest Law Review 767, 791-2.
105. Act of 8 May 2003, Staatsblad 2003, 201.
106. DJ Solove, The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age (New York University Press, 2004) 200.
107. United States v Miller, 425 US 435 (1976).
108. OS Kerr, ‘The Case for the Third-Party Doctrine’ (2009) 107 Michigan Law Review 561, 595, describing various ‘doctrines [that] limit considerably the threat that the third-party doctrine poses to civil liberties’.
109. Solove (n 81) 202-209.
110. Solove (n 81) 209.
111. Act of 16 July 2005, Staatsblad 2005, 390.
112. Koops and Prinsen (n 8).
113. Garland (n 2) 31.
114. Garland (n 2) 170-171.
115. Projectgroep Visie op de politiefunctie, Politie in ontwikkeling. Visie op de politiefunctie (Raad van Hoofdcommissarissen, NPI, 2005), www.politie.nl/Overige/Images/33_143611.pdf, 93-94 (translation Vivian Carter).
116. Garland (n 2) 194.
117. Directive 2006/24/EC, OJ L105/54, 13 April 2006.
118. US: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, see www.askcalea.net (last accessed 19 February 2009);
119. Europe: Council Resolution of 17 January 1995 on the lawful interception of telecommunications (96/C329/01), OJ 4 November 1996, www.gliif.org/LI_legal/EU.htm (last accessed 19 February 2009).
120. Koops and Bekkers (n 28).
121. Parliamentary Proceedings Second Chamber [Handelingen II] 25 October 1995, 17-1123 (my translation, emphasis added).
122. Phillips (n 9).
123. Simon (n 2) 14.
124. SR Cunningham, CMV Clarkson and HM Keating, Clarkson & Keating, Criminal Law: Text and Materials (Sweet & Maxwell, 6th edn 2007);
125. WR LaFave, Criminal Law (Thomson West, 4th edn 2003);
126. J De Hullu, Materieel strafrecht (Kluwer, 3rd edn 2006).
127. Garland (n 2) 194 (emphasis in original).
128. R Van Swaaningen, ‘Veiligheid in Nederland en Europa: een sociologische beschouwing aan de hand van David Garland’ (2004) 30 Justitiële verkenningen 9 also recognises many features of the new paradigm.
129. Ashworth (n 45) 55.
130. Garland (n 2) 192.
131. Khan v United Kingdom, App No 35394/97, 12 May 2000
132. DA Sklansky, ‘Is the Exclusionary Rule Obsolete?' (2008) 5 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 567.
133. Solove (n 81) ch 3.
134. Van den Heuvel in Prakken (n 39) 89.
135. EJ Dommering and L Asscher (eds), Coding Regulation: Essays on the Normative Role of Information Technology (TMC Asser Press, 2006)
136. R Brownsword and K Yeung (eds), Regulating Technologies (Hart Publishing, 2008).
137. M Hildebrandt and B-J Koops (eds), D7.9: A Vision of Ambient Law (FIDIS 2007).
138. Van Swaaningen (n 98) 20: ‘The police will develop more and more into a risk manager and information broker’ (my translation).
139. Simon (n 2).
140. Simon (n 2).
141. Lacey (n 45).
142. D Brin, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom? (Perseus Books, 1998).