Microtectonics of low-P low-T carbonate fault rocks

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 32, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1392-1402

  Billi, Andrea ^a  

^a ROMA TRE UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Carbonate; Fault; Fault rock; Microtectonics

Indexed keywords

CATACLASIS; DAMAGE ZONES; FAULT; FAULT CORE; FAULT ROCK; FAULT ZONE; FRACTURE PATTERN; GRAIN-SIZE REDUCTION; MAIN PROCESS; MATRIX; MESOSCOPICS; MICROTECTONICS; OPTICAL MICROSCOPES; PRESSURE SOLUTION; ROCK SAMPLE; SHEAR FRACTURING;

CARBONATION; DISSOLUTION; ROCKS;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

CARBONATE ROCK; FAULT ZONE; FRACTURE; GRAIN SIZE; TECTONIC SETTING; TECTONIC STRUCTURE;

EID: 78649442943     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2009.05.007     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Lithofacies Map of Latium-Abruzzi and Neighbouring Areas 1986, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, scale 1:250,000. G. Accordi, F. Carbone (Eds.).
2. Agosta F., Aydin A. Architecture and deformation mechanism of a basin-bounding normal fault in Mesozoic platform carbonates, central Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 2006, 28:1445-1467.
3. Agosta F., Kirschner D.L. Fluid conduits in carbonate-hosted seismogenic normal faults of central Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:2221. 10.1029/2002JB002013.
4. Agosta F., Prasad M., Aydin A. Physical properties of carbonate fault rocks, Fucino basin, central Italy: implications for fault seal in platform carbonates. Geofluids 2007, 7:19-32.
5. Amato A., Azzara R., Chiarabba C., Cimini G.B., Cocco M., Di Bona M., Margheriti L., Mazza S., Mele F., Selvaggi G., Basili A., Boschi E., Courboulex F., Deschamps A., Gaffet S., Bittarelli G., Chiaraluce L., Piccinini D., Ripepe M. The 1997 Umbria-Marche, Italy, earthquake sequence: a first look at the main shocks and aftershocks. Geophysical Research Letters 1998, 25:2861-2864.
6. Babaie H.A., Hadizadeh J., Babaei A. Self-similar cataclasis in the Saltville thrust zone, Knoxville, Tennessee. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:18075-18084.
7. Barchi M., Minelli G., Pialli G. The CROP 03 profile: a synthesis of results on deep structures of the Northern Apennines. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 1998, 52:383-400.
8. Barchi M., Amato A., Cippitelli G., Merlini S., Montone P. Extensional tectonics and seismicity in the axial zone of the southern Apennines. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 2007, 7:47-56. (special issue).
9. Barnhoorn A., Bystricky M., Burlini L., Kunze K. The role of recrystallisation on the deformation behaviour of calcite rocks: large strain torsion experiments on Carrara marble. Journal of Structural Geology 2004, 26:885-903.
10. Barnhoorn A., Bystricky M., Burlini L., Kunze K. Post-deformational annealing of calcite rocks. Tectonophysics 2005, 403:167-191.
11. Structural Model of Italy 1991, SELCA, Florence, scale 1:500,000. G. Bigi, D. Cosentino, M. Parotto, R. Sartori, P. Scandone (Eds.).
12. Billi A. Grain size distribution and thickness of breccia and gouge zones from thin (<1m) strike-slip fault cores in limestone. Journal of Structural Geology 2005, 27:1823-1837.
13. Billi A. On the extent of size range and power law scaling for particles of natural carbonate fault cores. Journal of Structural Geology 2007, 29:1512-1521.
14. Billi A., Salvini F. Fault-related solution cleavage in exposed carbonate reservoir rocks in the Southern Apennines, Italy. Journal of Petroleum Geology 2001, 24:147-169.
15. Billi A., Storti F. Fractal distribution of particle size in carbonate cataclastic rocks from the core of a regional strike-slip fault zone. Tectonophysics 2004, 384:115-128.
16. Billi A., Di Toro G. Fault-related carbonate rocks and earthquake indicators: recent advances and future trends. Structural Geology: New Research 2008, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppage, NY, USA. S.J. Landowe, G.M. Hammler (Eds.).
17. Billi A., Salvini F., Storti F. The damage zone-fault core transition in carbonate rocks: implications for fault growth, structure and permeability. Journal of Structural Geology 2003, 25:1779-1794.
18. Billi A., Storti F., Salvini F. Particle size distributions of fault rocks and fault transpression: are they related?. Terra Nova 2003, 15:61-66.
19. Billi A., Tiberti M.M., Cavinato G.P., Cosentino D., Di Luzio E., Keller J.V.A., Kluth C., Orlando L., Parotto M., Praturlon A., Romanelli M., Storti F., Wardell N. First results from the CROP-11 deep seismic profile, central Apennines, Italy: evidence of mid-crustal folding. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2006, 163:583-586.
20. Billi A., Gambini R., Nicolai C., Storti F. Neogene-Quaternary intraforeland transpression along a Mesozoic platform-basin margin: the Gargano fault system, Adria, Italy. Geosphere 2007, 3:1-15.
21. Billi A., Valle A., Brilli M., Faccenna C., Funiciello R. Fracture-controlled fluid circulation and dissolutional weathering in sinkhole-prone carbonate rocks from central Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 2007, 29:385-395.
22. Billi A., Primavera P., Soligo M., Tuccimei P. Minimal mass transfer across dolomitic granular fault cores. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2008, 9:Q01001. 10.1029/2007GC001752.
23. Blenkinsop T. Cataclasis and processes of particle size reduction. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1991, 136:59-86.
24. Bonnet E., Bour O., Odling N.E., Davy P., Main I., Cowie P., Berkowitz P. Scaling of fracture systems in geological media. Reviews of Geophysics 2001, 39:347-383.
25. Brankman C., Aydin A. Uplift and contractional deformation along a segmented strike-slip fault system: the Gargano Promontory, southern Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 2004, 26:807-824.
26. Burkhard M. Calcite-twins, their geometry, appearance and significance as stress-strain markers and indicators of stress regime: a review. Journal of Structural Geology 1993, 15:351-368.
27. Caine J.S., Evans J.P., Forster C.B. Fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Geology 1996, 24:1025-1028.
28. Carmignani L., Kligfield R. Crustal extension in the northern Apennines: the transition from compression to extension in the Alpi Apuane core complex. Tectonics 1990, 9:1275-1303.
29. Cavinato G., DeCelles P.G. Extensional basins in tectonically bimodal central Apennines fold-thrust belt, Italy: response to corner flow above a subducting slab in retrograde motion. Geology 1999, 27:955-958.
30. Cavinato G.P., Carusi C., Dall'Asta M., Miccadei E., Piacentini T. Sedimentary and tectonic evolution of Plio-Pleistocene alluvial and lacustrine deposits of Fucino basin (central Italy). Sedimentary Geology 2002, 148:29-59.
31. Celico F., Petrella E., Celico P. Hydrogeological behaviour of some fault zones in a carbonate aquifer of Southern Italy: an experimentally based model. Terra Nova 2006, 18:308-313.
32. Cipollari P., Cosentino D. Miocene unconformities in the central Apennines: geodynamic significance and sedimentary basin evolution. Tectonophysics 1995, 252:375-389.
33. Corrado S. Optical maturity of organic matter dispersed in sediments: first results from the central Apennines (Italy). Terra Nova 1995, 7:338-347.
34. Corrado S., Miccadei E., Parotto M., Salvini F. Evoluzione tettonica del settore di Montagna Grande (Appennino centrale): il contributo di nuovi dati geometrici, cinematici e paleogeotermici. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 1995, 115:325-338.
35. Corrado S., Di Bucci D., Naso G., Giampaolo C., Adatte T. Application of organic matter and clay minerals studies to the tectonic history of the Molise area, central Apennines. Tectonophysics 1998, 285:167-181.
36. Cosentino D., Cipollari P., Di Donato V., Sgrosso I., Sgrosso M. The Volsci range in the kinematic evolution of the northern and southern Apennine orogenic system. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 2002, (1):209-218.
37. De Bresser J.H.P., Spiers C.J. Slip systems in calcite single crystals deformed at 300-800°C. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:6397-6409.
38. Del Gaudio V., Pierri P., Frepoli A., Calcagnile G., Venisti N., Cimini G.B. A critical revision of the seismicity of Northern Apulia (Adriatic microplate - Southern Italy) and implications for the identification of seismogenic structures. Tectonophysics 2007, 436:9-35.
39. Di Bucci D., Mazzoli S. The October-November 2002 Molise seismic sequence (Southern Italy): an expression of Adria intraplate deformation. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2003, 160:503-506.
40. Doglioni C., Mongelli F., Pieri P. The Puglia uplift (SE Italy): an anomaly in the foreland of the Apenninic subduction due to buckling of a thick continental lithosphere. Tectonics 1994, 13:1309-1321.
41. Seismic Imaging of Carbonate Reservoirs and Systems. AAPG Memoir 81 2004, G.P. Eberli, J.L. Masaferro, J.F. Sarg (Eds.).
42. Elter P., Giglia G., Tongiorgi M., Trevisan L. Tensional and compressional areas in the recent (Tortonian to present) evolution of the Northern Apennines. Bollettino di Geofisica Teoretica ed Applicata 1975, 17:3-19.
43. Engelder T. Cataclasis and the generation of fault gouge. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1974, 85:1515-1522.
44. Engelder T. Joints and shear fractures in rock. Fracture Mechanics of Rock 1987, 27-69. Academic Press, London. B.K. Atkinson (Ed.).
45. Faccenna C., Piromallo C., Crespo-Blanc A., Jolivet L., Rossetti F. Lateral slab deformation and the origin of the western Mediterranean arcs. Tectonics 2004, 23:TC1012. 10.1029/2002TC001488.
46. Favali P., Funiciello R., Mattietti G., Mele G., Salvini F. An active margin across the Adriatic Sea (central Mediterranean Sea). Tectonophysics 1993, 219:109-117.
47. Ferrill D.A., Morris A.P. Fault zone deformation controlled by carbonate mechanical stratigraphy, Balcones fault system, Texas. AAPG Bulletin 2008, 92:359-380.
48. Friedman M., Higgs N.G. Calcite fabrics in experimental shear zones. Geophysical Monograph 24 1981, 11-27. American Geophysical Union. N.L. Carter, M. Friedman, J.M. Logan, D.W. Stearns (Eds.).
49. Funiciello R., Locardi E., Parotto M. Lineamenti geologici dell'area sabatina orientale. Bollettino della Societá Geologica Italiana 1976, 95:831-849.
50. Funiciello R., Montone P., Salvini F., Tozzi M. Caratteri strutturali del Promontorio del Gargano. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 1988, 41:1235-1243.
51. Gallagher J.J., Friedman M., Handin J., Sowers G.M. Experimental studies relating to microfractures in sandstone. Tectonophysics 1974, 21:203-247.
52. Ghisetti F., Vezzani L. Interfering paths of deformation and development of arcs in the fold-and-thrust belt of the central Apennines. Tectonics 1997, 16:523-536.
53. Ghisetti F., Vezzani L. Normal faulting, extension and uplift in the outer thrust belt of the central Apennines (Italy): role of the Caramanico fault. Basin Research 2002, 14:225-236.
54. Ghisetti F., Kirschner D.L., Vezzani L., Agosta F. Stable isotope evidence for contrasting paleofluid circulation in thrust faults and normal faults of the central Apennines, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:8811-8826.
55. Graham B., Antonellini M., Aydin A. Formation and growth of normal faults in carbonates within a compressive environment. Geology 2003, 31:11-14.
56. Gratier J.-P., Gueydan F. Deformation in the presence of fluids and mineral reactions. Tectonic Faults 2007, 319-356. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. M.R. Handy, G. Hirth, N. Hovius (Eds.).
57. Guo Y., Morgan J.K. Fault gouge evolution and its dependence on normal stress and rock strength - results of discrete element simulations: gouge zone properties. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:B10403. 10.1029/2006JB004524.
58. Guo Y., Morgan J.K. Fault gouge evolution and its dependence on normal stress and rock strength - results of discrete element simulations: gouge zone micromechanics. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:B08417. 10.1029/2006JB004525.
59. Hadizadeh J. Interaction of cataclasis and pressure solution in a low-temperature carbonate shear zone. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1994, 143:255-280.
60. Hadizadeh J., Rutter E.H. Experimental study of cataclastic deformation of a quartzite. Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium on Rock Mechanics 1982, 372-379. University of California, Berkeley. R.E. Goodman, F.E. Heuze (Eds.).
61. Han R., Shimamoto T., Ando J., Ree J. Seismic slip record in carbonate-bearing fault zones: an insight from high-velocity friction experiments on siderite gouge. Geology 2007, 35:1131-1134.
62. Han R., Shimamoto T., Hirose T., Ree J., Ando J. Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition. Science 2007, 316:878-881.
63. Heilbronner R., Keulen N. Grain size and grain shape analysis of fault rocks. Tectonophysics 2006, 427:199-216.
64. Jolivet L., Faccenna C., Goffé B., Mattei M., Rossetti F., Brunet C., Storti F., Funiciello R., Cadet J.P., D'Agostino N., Parra T. Midcrustal shear zones in postorogenic extension: example from the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103:12123-12160.
65. Keller J.V.A., Minelli G., Pialli G. Anatomy of late orogenic extension: the northern Apennines case. Tectonophysics 1994, 238:275-294.
66. Kennedy L.A., Logan J.M. The role of veining and dissolution in the evolution of fine-grained mylonites. Journal of Structural Geology 1997, 19:785-797.
67. Kim Y.-S., Peacock D.C.P., Sanderson D.J. Mesoscale strike-slip faults and damage zones at Marsalforn, Gozo Island, Malta. Journal of Structural Geology 2003, 25:793-812.
68. Lavecchia G., Brozzetti F., Barchi M., Menichetti M., Keller J.V.A. Seismotectonic zoning in east-central Italy deduced from an analysis of the Neogene to present deformations and related stress fields. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1994, 106:1107-1120.
69. Llana-Funez S., Rutter E.H. Distribution of non-plane strain in experimental compression of short cylinders of Solnhofen limestone. Journal of Structural Geology 2005, 27:1205-1216.
70. Main I.G., Kwon O., Ngwenya B.T., Elphick S.C. Fault sealing during deformation-band growth in porous sandstone. Geology 2000, 28:1131-1134.
71. Malinverno A., Ryan W.B.F. Extension in the Tyrrhenian Sea and shortening in the Apennines as result of arc migration driven by sinking of the lithosphere. Tectonics 1986, 5:227-254.
72. Mancini E.A., Blasingame T.A., Archer R., Panetta B.J., Haynes C.D., Benson D.J. Improving hydrocarbon recovery from mature oil fields producing from carbonate facies through integrated geoscientific and engineering reservoir characterization and modeling studies, Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation, Womack Hill Field (Eastern Gulf Coast, USA). AAPG Bulletin 2004, 88:1629-1651.
73. Mandl G., de Jong L.N.J., Maltha A. Shear zones in granular material - an experimental study of their structure and mechanical genesis. Rock Mechanics 1977, 9:95-144.
74. Marone C., Scholz C.H. Grain-size distribution and microstructures within simulated fault gouge. Journal of Structural Geology 1989, 11:799-814.
75. Mazzullo S.J. Overview of porosity evolution in carbonate reservoirs. Kansas Geological Society Bulletin 2004, 79:20-28.
76. Micarelli L., Benedicto A., Wibberley C.A.J. Structural evolution and permeability of normal fault zones in highly porous carbonate rocks. Journal of Structural Geology 2006, 28:1214-1227.
77. Mimran Y. Strain determination using a density distribution technique and its application to deformed Upper Cretaceous Dorset Chalks. Tectonophysics 1976, 31:175-192.
78. Mimran Y. Chalk deformation and large-scale migration of calcium carbonate. Sedimentology 1977, 24:333-360.
79. Mort K., Woodcock N.H. Quantifying fault breccia geometry: dent fault, NW England. Journal of Structural Geology 2008, 30:701-709.
80. Newman J., Mitra G. Fluid-influenced deformation and recrystallization of dolomite at low temperatures along a natural fault zone, Mountain City window, Tennessee. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1994, 106:1267-1280.
81. Ngwenya B.T., Elphick S.C., Main I.G., Shimmield G.B. Experimental constraints on the diagenetic self-sealing capacity of faults in high porosity rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 183:187-199.
82. Nicolosi I., Speranza F., Chiappini M. Ultrafast oceanic spreading of the Marsili Basin, southern Tyrrhenian Sea: evidence from magnetic anomaly analysis. Geology 2006, 34:717-720.
83. Ortolani F., Pagliuca S. Tettonica transpressiva nel Gargano e rapporti con le catene Appenninica e Dinarica. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 1987, 38:205-224.
84. Patacca E., Scandone P. The 1627 Gargano earthquake (southern Italy): identification and characterization of the causative fault. Journal of Seismology 2004, 8:259-273.
85. Patacca E., Sartori R., Scandone P. Tyrrhenian basin and Apenninic arcs: kinematic relations since late Tortonian times. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 1992, 45:425-451.
86. Pieri M., Burlini L., Kunze K., Stretton I., Olgaard D.L. Rheological and microstructural evolution of Carrara marble with high shear strain: results from high temperature torsion experiments. Journal of Structural Geology 2001, 23:1393-1413.
87. Pieri M., Kunze K., Burlini L., Stretton I.C., Olgaard D.L., Burg J.-P., Wenk H.R. Texture development in calcite through deformation and dynamic recrystallization during torsion to large strains. Tectonophysics 2001, 330:119-140.
88. Ricchetti G., Ciaranfi N., Luperto Sinni E., Mongelli F., Pieri P. Geodinamica ed evoluzione sedimentaria e tettonica dell'Avampaese apulo. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 1992, 41:467-494.
89. Rossetti F., Balsamo F., Villa I.M., Bouybaouenne M., Faccenna C., Funiciello R. Pliocene-Pleistocene high-T/low-P metamorphism during multiple granitic intrusions in the southern branch of the Larderello geothermal field (Southern Tuscany, Italy). Journal of the Geological Society, London 2007, 165:247-262.
90. Rossetti F., Tecce F., Billi A., Brilli M. Patterns of fluid flow in the contact aureole of the late Miocene Monte Capanne pluton (Elba Island, Italy): the role of structures and rheology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2007, 153:743-760.
91. Royden L., Patacca E., Scandone P. Segmentation and configuration of subducted lithosphere in Italy: an important control on thrust-belt and foredeep basin evolution. Geology 1987, 15:714-717.
92. Rutter E.H. The influence of temperature, strain rate and interstitial water in the experimental deformation of calcite rocks. Tectonophysics 1974, 22:311-334.
93. Salvi S., Quattrocchi F., Brunori C.A., Doumaz F., Angelone M., Billi A., Buongiorno F., Funiciello R., Guerra M., Mele G., Pizzino L., Salvini F. A multidisciplinary approach to earthquake research: implementation of a geochemical geographic information system for the Gargano site, southern Italy. Natural Hazards 1999, 20:255-278.
94. Salvini F., Billi A., Wise D.U. Strike-slip fault-propagation cleavage in carbonate rocks: the Mattinata fault zone. Journal of Structural Geology 1999, 21:1731-1749.
95. Sammis C.G., Osborne R.H., Anderson J.L., Banerdt M., White P. Self-similar cataclasis in the formation of fault gouge. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1986, 124:53-78.
96. Sammis C.G., King G., Biegel R. The kinematics of gouge deformation. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1987, 125:777-812.
97. Sammis C.G., Biegel R. Fractals, fault-gouge and friction. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1989, 131:254-271.
98. Sammis C.G., King G. Mechanical origin of power law scaling in fault zone rock. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L04312. 10.1029/2006GL028548.
99. Scholz C.H. Wear and gouge formation in brittle faulting. Geology 1987, 15:493-495.
100. Scholz C.H. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
101. Sibson R. Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1977, 133:191-213.
102. Sibson R. Faulting and fluid flow. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 18 1990, 93-132. B.E. Nesbit (Ed.).
103. Storti F., Billi A., Salvini F. Particle size distributions in natural carbonate fault rocks: insights for non-self-similar cataclasis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 206:173-186.
104. Storti F., Balsamo F., Salvini F. Particle shape evolution in natural carbonate granular wear material. Terra Nova 2007, 19:344-352.
105. Tondi E. Nucleation, development and petrophysical properties of faults in carbonate grainstones: evidence from the San Vito Lo Capo peninsula (Sicily, Italy). Journal of Structural Geology 2007, 29:614-628.
106. Tondi E., Piccardi L., Cacon S., Kontny B., Cello G. Structural and time constraints for dextral shear along the seismogenic Mattinata fault (Gargano, southern Italy). Journal of Geodynamics 2005, 40:134-152.
107. Tondi E., Antonellini M., Aydin A., Marchegiani L., Cello G. The role of deformation bands, stylolites and sheared stylolites in fault development in carbonate grainstones of Majella Mountain, Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 2006, 28:376-391.
108. Turcotte D.L., Schubert G. Geodynamics. Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems 1982, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
109. Turner F.J., Griggs D.T., Heard H.C. Experimental deformation of calcite crystals. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1954, 65:883-934.
110. Wenk H.R. Carbonates. Preferred Orientation in Deformed Metals and Rocks: an Introduction to Modern Texture Analysis 1985, 11-47. Academic Press, Orlando. H.R. Wenk (Ed.).
111. Xu S.-S., Nieto Samaniego A.F., Alaniz-Álvarez S.A., Velasquillo-Martínez L.G. Effect of sampling and linkage on fault length and length-displacement relationship. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2006, 95:841-853.