Fault gouge evolution and its dependence on normal stress and rock strength - Results of discrete element simulations: Gouge zone properties

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 112, Issue 10, 2007, Pages

  Guo, Yonggui ^a   Morgan, Julia K ^a  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; DEFORMATION MECHANISM; DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD; FAULT GOUGE; NUMERICAL MODEL; STRESS;

EID: 37349078375     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JB004524     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Abe, S., and K. Mair (2005), Grain fracture in 3D numerical simulations of granular shear, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05305, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL022123.
2. Amitrano, D., and J. Schmittbuhl (2002), Fracture roughness and gouge distribution of a granite shear band, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2375, doi:10.1029/2002JB001761.
3. An, L., and C. G. Sammis (1994), Particle size distribution of cataclastic fault materials from southern California: A 3-D study, Pure Appl. Geophys., 143, 203-227.
4. Anderson, J. L., R. H. Osborne, and D. F. Palmer (1980), Petrogenesis of cataclastic rock within the San Andreas fault zone of southern California, Tectonophysics, 67, 221-229.
5. Anderson, J. L., R, H. Osborne, and D. F. Palmer (1983), Cataclastic rock of the San Gabriel fault - An expression of deformation at deeper crustal levels in the San Andreas fault zone, Tectonophysics, 98, 209-251.
6. Anthony, J. L., and C. Marone (2005), Influence of particle characteristics on granular friction, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B08409, doi:10.1029/2004JB003399.
7. Attewell, P. B., and I. W. Farmer (1976), Principles of Engineering Geology, Chapman and Hall, London.
8. Beeler, N. M., T. E. Tullis, and J. D. Weeks (1996), Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8697-8715.
9. Biegel, R. L., C. S. Sammis, and J. H. Dieterich (1989), The frictional properties of a simulated gouge having a fractal particle distribution, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 827-846.
10. Billi, A., F. Salvini, and F. Storti (2003), The damage zone-fault core transition in carbonate rocks: Implications for fault growth, structure and permeability, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 1779-1794.
11. Blenkinsop, T. G. (1991), Cataclasis and processes of particle size reduction, Pure Appl. Geophys., 136, 59-86.
12. Byerlee, J., and R. Summers (1976), A note on the effect of fault gouge thickness on fault stability, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 13, 35-36.
13. Byerlee, J., V. Mjachkin, R. Summers, and O. Voevoda (1978), Structures developed in fault gouge during stable sliding and stick-glip, Tectonophysics, 44, 161-171.
14. Chester, F. M., and J. M. Logan (1987), Composite planar fabric of fault gouge from the Punchbowl Fault, California, J. Struct. Geol., 9, 621-634.
15. Cowan, D. S., T. T. Cladouhos, and J. K. Morgan (2003), Structural geology and kinematic history of rocks formed along low-angle normal faults, Death Valley, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 1230-1248.
16. Cundall, P. A., and O. D. L. Strack (1979), A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies, Geotechnique, 29, 47-65.
17. Dieterich, J. H. (1981), Constitutive properties of faults with simulated gouge, in Mechanical Behavior of Crustal Rocks, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 24, edited by N. L. Carter, M. Friedman, J. M. Logan, and D. W. Steams, pp. 103-120, AGU, Washington, D. C.
18. Engelder, J. T. (1974), Cataclasis and the generation of fault gouge, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 85, 1515-1522.
19. Engelder, J. T., J. M. Logan, and J. Hardin (1975), The sliding characteristics of sandstone on quartz fault-gouge, Pure Appl. Geophys., 113, 69-86.
20. Gu, Y., and T. F. Wong (1994), Development of shear localization in simulated quartz gouge: Effects of cumulative slip and gouge particle size, Pure Appl. Geophys., 143, 387-423.
21. Guo, Y, and J. K. Morgan (2004), Influence of normal stress and grain shape on granular friction: Results of discrete element simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B12305, doi:10.1029/2004JB003044.
22. Gun, Y., and J. K. Morgan (2006), The frictional and micromechanical effects of grain comminution in fault gouge from distinct element simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B12406, doi:10.1029/ 2005JB004049.
23. Heermance, R., Z. K. Shipton, and J. P. Evans (2003), Fault structure control on fault slip and ground motion during the 1999 rupture of the Chelungpu fault, Taiwan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93, 1034-1050.
24. Johnson, K. L. (1985), Contact Mechanics, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
25. Kessler, D. W. (1933), Wear resistance of natural stone flooring, U.S. Bur. Stand. Res. Pap., RP612, 635-648.
26. Knipe, R. J., and S. H. White (1979), Deformation in low grade shear zones in the Old Red Sandstone, SW Wales, J. Struct. Geol., 1, 53-66.
27. Lin, A. (2001), S-C fabric developed in cataclastic rocks from Nojima fault zone, Japan and their implications for tectonic history, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 1167-1178.
28. Logan, J. M., M. Friedman, N. Higgs, C. Dengo, and T. Shimamoto (1979), Experimental studies of simulated gouge and their application to studies of natural fault zones, Proceedings of Conference VIII - Analysis of Actual Fault Zones in Bedrock, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 79-1239, 305-343.
29. Logan, J. M., C. A. Dengo, N. G. Higgs, and Z. Z. Wang (1992), Fabrics of experimental fault zones: Their development and relationship to mechanical behavior, in Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties in Rocks, edited by B. Evans and T. F. Wong, pp. 33-67, Academic, New York.
30. Mair, K., K. M. Frye, and C. Marone (2002), Influence of grain characteristics on the friction of granular shear zones, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B10), 2219, doi:10.1029/2001JB000516.
31. Marone, C., and C. H. Scholz (1989), Particle-size distribution and microstructures within simulated fault gauge, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 799-814.
32. Marone, C., C. B. Raleigh, and C. H. Scholz (1990), Frictional behavior and constitutive modeling of simulated fault gouge, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7007-7025.
33. Mindlin, R. D., and H. Deresiewiez (1953), Elastic spheres in contact under varying oblique forces, Trans. ASME J. Appl. Mach., 20, 327-344.
34. Monzawa, N., and K. Otsuki (2003), Comminution and fluidization of granular fault materials; implications for fault slip behavior, Tectonophysics, 367, 127-143.
35. Mora, P., and D. Place (1998), Numerical simulation of earthquake faults with gouge: Toward a comprehensive explanation for the heat flow paradox, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21,067-21,089.
36. Mora, P., and D. Place (1999), The weakness of earthquake faults, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 123-126.
37. Morgan, J. K. (1999), Numerical simulations of granular shear zones using the distinct element method, 2: Effects of particle size distribution and interparticle friction on mechanical behavior, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2721-2732.
38. Morgan, J. K., and M. S. Boettcher (1999), Numerical simulations of granular shear zones using the distinct element method: 1. Shear zone kinematics and the micromechanics of localization, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2703-2719.
39. Morgan, J. K., T. T. Cladouhos, K. M. Scharer, D. S. Cowan, and P. Vrolijk (1996), Fractal particle size distributions in Death Valley fault zones: Controls on mechanics and kinematics of fault rocks, Eos Trans. AGU, 77, 717.
40. Morrow, C. A., and J. D. Byerlee (1989), Experimental studies of compaction and dilatancy during frictional sliding on faults containing gouge, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 815-825.
41. Morrow, C., B. Radney, and J. Byerlee (1992), Frictional strength and the effective pressure law of montmorillonite and illite clays, in Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks; A Festschrift in Honor of W. F. Brace, edited by B. Evans and T. F. Wong, pp. 69-88, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
42. Power, W. L., T. E. Tullis, and J. D. Weeks (1988), Roughness and wear during brittle faulting, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,268-15,278.
43. Queener, C. A., T. C. Smith, and W. L. Mitchell (1965), Transient wear of machine parts, Wear, 8, 391-400.
44. Rabinowicz, E. (1965), Friction and Wear of Materials, John Wiley, New York.
45. Rawling, G. C., and L. B. Goodwin (2003), Cataclasis and particulate flow in faulted, pooly lithified sediments, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 317-331.
46. Robertson, E. G. (1983), Relationship of fault displacement to gouge and breccia thickness, Mineral. Eng., 35, 1426-1432.
47. Rutter, E. H., R. H. Maddock, S. H. Hall, and S. H. White (1986), Comparative microstructures of natural and experimentally produced clay-bearing fault gouges, Pure Appl. Geophys., 124, 3-30.
48. Saffer, D. M., and C. Marone (2003), Comparison of smectite- and illite-rich gouge frictional properties: Application to the updip limit of the seismogenic zone along subduction megathrusts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 215, 219-235.
49. Saffer, D. M., K. M. Frye, C. Marone, and K. Mair (2001), Laboratory results indicating complex and potentially unstable frictional behavior of smectite clay, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2297-2300.
50. Sammis, C. G., and R. H. Osborne (1982), Textural and petrographic modal analysis of gouge from a depth of 165 m in the San Andreas fault zone, Eos Trans. AGU, 68, 1109.
51. Sammis, C. G., R. H. Osborne, J. L. Anderson, M. Banerdt, and P. White (1986), Self-similar cataclasis in the formation of fault gouge, Pure Appl. Geophys., 124, 53-78.
52. Sammis, C. G., G. King, and R. Biegel (1987), The kinematics of gouge deformation, Pure Appl. Geophys., 125, 777-812.
53. Scholz, C. H. (1987), Wear and gouge formation in brittle faulting, Geology, 15, 493-495.
54. Scholz, C. H. (1990), The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
55. Scholz, C. H., P. Molnar, and T. Johnson (1972), Detailed studies of frictional sliding of granite and implications for the earthquake mechanism, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6392-6406.
56. Storti, F., A. Billi, and F. Salvini (2003), Particle size distributions in natural carbonate fault rocks; insights for non-self-similar cataclasis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 206, 173-186.
57. Tullis, T. E., M. L. Blanpied, and J. D. Weeks (1989), The velocity dependence of granite friction with and without simulated gouge, Eos Trans. AGU, 70, 1302.
58. Turcotte, D. L. (1986), Fractals and fragmentation, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1921-1926.
59. Wibberley, C. A. J., J. P. Petit, and T. Rives (2000), Micromechanics of shear rupture and the control of normal stress, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 411-427.
60. Wilson, B., T. Dewers, Z. Reches, and J. N. Brune (2005), Particle size and energetics of gouge from earthquake rupture zones, Nature, 434, 749-752.
61. Yoshioka, N. (1986), Fracture energy and the variation of gouge and surface roughness during frictional sliding of rock, J. Phys. Earth, 34, 335-355.