The adult human pubic symphysis: A systematic review

Journal of Anatomy

Volumn 217, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 475-487

  Becker, Ines ^a   Woodley, Stephanie J ^a   Stringer, Mark D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Interpubic disc; Pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain; Pubic ligaments; Pubic symphysis

Indexed keywords

RELAXIN;

ANATOMY; ANTERIOR PUBIC LIGAMENT; BIOMECHANICS; BLOOD VESSEL INNERVATION; BONE STRUCTURE; ETHNICITY; HUMAN; INFERIOR EPIGASTRIC ARTERY; INFERIOR PUBIC LIGAMENT; INTERPUBIC CLEFT; INTERPUBIC DISC; LIGAMENT; MORPHOMETRICS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; POSTERIOR PUBIC LIGAMENT; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBIS SYMPHYSIS; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUPERIOR PUBIC LIGAMENT; VASCULARIZATION;

ADULT; BIOMECHANICS; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIGAMENTS; PREGNANCY; PUBIC SYMPHYSIS;

EID: 78649414915     PISSN: 00218782     EISSN: 14697580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01300.x     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Abramson D, Roberts SM, Wilson PD (1934) Relaxation of the pelvic joints in pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 58, 595-613.
2. Aeby C (1858) Über die Symphysis Ossium Pubis des Menschen nebst Beiträgen zur Lehre vom hyalinen Knorpel und seiner Verknöcherung. Z Ration Med 4, 1-25.
3. Albert H, Godskesen M, Westergaard JG, et al. (1997) Circulating levels of relaxin are normal in pregnant women with pelvic pain. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 74, 19-22.
4. Alicioglu B, Kartal O, Gurbuz H, et al. (2008) Symphysis pubis distance in adults: a retrospective computed tomography study. Surg Radiol Anat 30, 153-157.
5. Bahlmann F, Merz E, Macchiella D, et al. (1993) Sonographische Darstellung des Symphysenspaltes zur Beurteilung eines Symphysenschadens in der Schwangerschaft und Post Partum. Z Geburtsh u Perinat 197, 27-30.
6. Barnes J (1934) The symphysis pubis in the female. Am J Roentgenol 32, 333-352.
7. Benjamin M, Evans EJ (1990) Fibrocartilage. J Anat 171, 1-15.
8. Björklund K, Bergström S, Lindgren PG, et al. (1996) Ultrasonographic measurement of the symphysis pubis: a potential method of studying symphyseolysis in pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 42, 151-153.
9. Björklund K, Nordström M-L, Bergström S (1999) Sonographic assessment of symphyseal joint distention during pregnancy and post partum with special reference to pelvic pain. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78, 125-130.
10. Björklund K, Bergström S, Nordström M-L, et al. (2000) Symphyseal distension in relation to serum relaxin levels and pelvic pain in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79, 269-275.
11. Boland BF (1933) Rupture of the symphysis pubis articulation during delivery. Surg Gynecol Obstet 57, 517-522.
12. Brooks S, Suchey JM (1990) Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsadi-Nemeskeri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Hum Evol 5, 227-238.
13. Buckley C, Byrne J, Caherty T, et al. (2010) Childbirth operation inquiry. Irish Times Tuesday, February 23, 2010. (accessed on 24 February 2010).
14. Camiel MR, Aaron JB (1956) The gas or vacuum phenomenon in the pubic symphysis during pregnancy. Radiology 66, 548-551.
15. Cheer K, Pearce S (2010) Osteoarticular infection of the symphysis pubis and sacroiliac joints in active young sportsmen. BMJ 339, 362-364.
16. Eastman NJ (1948) Pelvic mensuration: a study in the perpetuation of error. Obstet Gynecol Surv 3, 301-329.
17. Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (1998) Terminologia Anatomica. p. 30. Stuttgart: Thieme.
18. Fick R (1904) Handbuch der Anatomie und Mechanik der Gelenke unter Berücksichtigung der bewegenden Muskeln. Erster Teil: Anatomie der Gelenke, pp. 303-311. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.
19. Frazer J (1920) The Human Anatomy of the Skeleton, 2nd edn, pp. 134-135. London: J & A Churchill.
20. Frick R (1901) Bemerkungen über die Höhlenbildung am Schamfugenknorpel. Anat Anz 19, 307-312.
21. Frick H, Leonhardt H, Starck H (1991) Human Anatomy 1, 3rd edn, pp. 309-310. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
22. Gamble JG, Simmons SC, Freedman M (1986) The symphysis pubis, anatomic and pathologic considerations. Clin Orthop Relat Res 203, 261-272.
23. Garagiola DM, Tarver RD, Gibson L, et al. (1989) Anatomic changes in the pelvis after uncomplicated vaginal delivery: a CT study on 14 women AJR Am J Roentgenol 153, 1239-1241.
24. Garras DN, Carothers JT, Olson SA (2008) Single-leg-stance (Flamingo) radiographs to assess pelvic instability: how much motion is normal? J Bone Joint Surg Am 90, 2114-2118.
25. Gibbon WW, Hession PR (1997) Diseases of the pubis and pubic symphysis. Am J Roentgenol 169, 849-853.
26. Gilbert BM, McKern TW (1973) A method for aging the female os pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 38, 31-38.
27. Gray H (1858) Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical, p. 155-156. London: John W Parker.
28. Hagen R (1974) Pelvic girdle relaxation from an orthopaedic point of view. Acta Orthop Scand 45, 550-563.
29. Hunter W (1762) Remarks on the symphysis ossis pubis. Med Observ Inquiries 2, 333-339.
30. Ibrahim A, El-Sherbini A (1961) The different ligaments of the symphysis pubis in the pregnant and the non-pregnant state. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 68, 592-596.
31. Jain S, Eedarapalli P, Jamjute P, et al. (2006) Symphysis pubis dysfunction: a practical approach to management. Obstet Gynaecol (Lond) 8, 153-158.
32. Knox R (1831) A System of Human Anatomy: On the Basis of the "Traite d'anatomie descriptive" of M.H. Cloquet, 2nd edn. pp. 196-198. Edinburgh: MacLachlan and Stewart.
33. Kristiansson P, Svärdsudd K, Von Schoultz B (1996) Serum relaxin, symphyseal pain, and back pain during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175, 1342-1347.
34. Last RJ (1954) Anatomy. Regional and Applied, 1st edn, p. 394. London: J & A Churchill.
35. Li Z, Kim JE, Davidson JS, et al. (2007) Biomechanical response of the pubic symphysis in lateral pelvic impacts: a finite element study. J Biomech 40, 2758-2766.
36. Loeschcke H (1912) Untersuchungen über die Entstehung und Bedeutung der Spaltbildungen in der Symphyse, sowie über physiologische Erweiterungsvorgaenge am Becken Schwangerer und Gebärender. Archiv Gynaek 96, 525-560.
37. Luschka H (1864) Die Anatomie des Menschen in der Rücksicht auf die Bedürfnisse der praktischen Heilkunde, pp. 94-103. Tuebingen: Verlag der H. Laupp'schen Buchhandlung Laupp & Siebeck.
38. MacLennan AH, Nicolson R, Green RC, et al. (1986) Serum relaxin and pelvic pain of pregnancy. Lancet 2, 243-245.
39. McMinn RMH (1994) Last's Anatomy. Regional and Applied, 9th edn, p. 414. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
40. Meissner A, Fell M, Wilk R, et al. (1996) Biomechanics of the pubic symphysis. Which forces lead to mobility of the symphysis in physiological conditions? Unfallchirurg 99, 415-421.
41. Owens K, Pearson A, Mason G (2002) Symphysis pubis dysfunction - a cause of significant obstetric morbidity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 105, 143-146.
42. Pinheiro MC, Moraes SG, Battlehner CN, et al. (2004) Histochemical and ultrastructural study of collagen fibers in mouse pubic symphysis during late pregnancy. Micron 35, 685-693.
43. Putschar WGJ (1976) The structure of the human symphysis pubis with special consideration of parturition and its sequelae. Am J Phys Anthropol 45, 589-594.
44. Putz R, Mueller-Gerbl M (1992) Anatomische Besonderheiten des Beckenrings. Unfallchirurg 95, 164-167.
45. Roberts RE (1934) Discussion on the physiology and pathology of the pelvic joints in relation to child-bearing. A radiological investigation. Proc R Soc Med 27, 1217-1225.
46. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, et al. (2007) Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. Am J Roentgenol 188, W440-W445.
47. Da Rocha RC, Chopard RP (2004) Nutrition pathways to the symphysis pubis. J Anat 204, 209-215.
48. Ronchetti I, Vleeming A, Van Wingerden JP (2008) Physical characteristics of women with severe pelvic girdle pain after pregnancy. Spine 33, E145-E151.
49. Rosse C, Gaddum-Rosse P (1997) Hollinshead's Textbook of Anatomy, 5th edn, p. 313. New York: Lippincott-Raven.
50. Ruth EB (1937) Metamorphosis of the pubic symphysis. III Histological changes in the symphysis of the pregnant guinea pig. Anat Rec 67, 409-421.
51. Samuel CS, Butkus A, Coghlan JP, et al. (1996) The effect of relaxin on collagen metabolism in the nonpregnant rat pubic symphysis: the influence of estrogen and progesterone in regulating relaxin activity. Endocrinology 137, 3884-3890.
52. Schmidt H (1956) Die funktionelle Struktur der Symphyse im Erwachsenenalter. Anat Anz 103, 135-152.
53. Schwartz Z, Katz Z, Lancet M (1985) Management of puerperal separation of the symphysis pubis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 23, 125-128.
54. Sgambati E, Stecco A, Capaccioli L, et al. (1996) Morphometric evaluation of the symphysis pubis. Ital J Anat Embryol 101, 195-201.
55. Standring S (2008) Gray's Anatomy: the Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th edn, p. 1365. New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
56. Sutro CJ (1936) The pubic bones and their symphysis. Arch Surg 32, 823-841.
57. Tague RG (1993) Pubic symphyseal synostosis and sexual dimorphism of the pelvis in Presbytis cristata and Presbytis rubicunda. Int J Primatol 14, 637-654.
58. Testut J, Latarjet A (1928) Traite d'Anatomie Humaine, 8th edn, pp. 663-669. Paris: Gaston Doin & C.
59. Todd TW (1920) Age changes in the pubic bone: I. The white male pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 3, 467-470.
60. Todd TW (1923) The pubic symphysis of the guinea-pig in relation to pregnancy and parturition. Am J Anat 31, 345-357.
61. Todd TW (1930) Age changes in the pubic bone. VIII: Roent-genographic differentiation. Am J Phys Anthropol 14, 255-271.
62. Vesalius A (1543) On the Fabric of the Human Body. Book 1: The Bones and Cartilages. A translation of De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem by Richardson WF, Carman JB (1998), pp. 309-311. San Francisco: Norman Publishing.
63. Vix VA, Ryu CY (1971) The adult symphysis pubis: normal and abnormal. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 112, 517-525.
64. Vleeming A, Albert HB, Ostgaard HC, et al. (2008) European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain. Eur Spine J 17, 794-819.
65. Walheim G, Selvik G (1984) Mobility of the pubic symphysis. In vivo measurements with an electromechanic method and a Roentgen stereophotogrammetric method. Clin Orthop Relat Res 191, 129-135.
66. Walheim G, Olerud S, Ribbe T (1984) Mobility of the pubic symphysis. Acta Orthop Scand 55, 203-208.
67. Wang W, Hayami T, Kapila S (2007) Estrogen/relaxin induce while progesterone represses MMP expression in TMJ fibrochondrocytes. J Dent Res 86, 1279 (Abstract).
68. Wang W, Hayami T, Kapila S (2009) Female hormone receptors are differentially expressed in mouse fibrocartilages. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17, 646-654.
69. Weber EH (1830) Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen - Beschreibung des Knochensystems, des Muskelsystems under der Haut, 4th edn, pp. 187-188. Braunschweig: Verlag der Schulbuchhandlung.
70. Weber K, Vock B, Müller W, et al. (1999) Rupture of the pubic symphysis: diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcome. Ann Saudi Med 19, 544-546.
71. White TD, Folkens PA (2005) The Human Bone Manual, pp. 374-379. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.
72. Williams JL (1955) Gas in symphysis pubis during and following pregnancy. Am J Roentgenol 73, 403-409.
73. Wurdinger S, Humbsch K, Reichenbach JR, et al. (2002) MRI of the pelvic ring joints postpartum: normal and pathological findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 15, 324-329.
74. Zhao L, Samuel CS, Tregear GW, et al. (2000) Collagen studies in late pregnant relaxin null mice. Biol Reprod 63, 697-703.
75. Zulauf C (1901) Die Höhlenbildung im Symphysenknorpel. Archiv Anat Physiol 1, 95-116.