Comparison of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs and Oxy-PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter at roadside and urban background sites in downtown Tokyo, Japan

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 321-333

  Kojima, Yuki ^a   Inazu, Koji ^b   Hisamatsu, Yoshiharu ^a   Okochi, Hiroshi ^a   Baba, Toshihide ^b   Nagoya, Toshio ^a  

^a WASEDA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b NUMAZU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Airborne particulate matter; Nitro PAHs; Oxy PAHs; PAH; Roadside

Indexed keywords

ROADSIDES; URBAN GROWTH;

2-NITROFLUORANTHENE; ACENAPHTHENEQUINONE; AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTERS; ATMOSPHERIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; MEAN RATIO; NITROPOLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; OXY-POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; PRIMARY SOURCES; URBAN BACKGROUND;

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

EID: 78649347724     PISSN: 10406638     EISSN: 15635333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2010.525164     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Yang, H.H., C.H. Tsai, M.R. Chao, Y.L. Su, and S.M. Chien, 2006, Source identification and size distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during rice straw burning period. Atmos Environ 40:1266-1274.
2. Kamens, R.M., H. Karam, J. Guo, J.M. Perry, and L. Stockburger. 1989. The behavior of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on atmospheric soot particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23:801-806.
3. Schuetzle, D. 1983. Sampling of Vehicle emissions for chemical analysis and biological testing. Environ. Health Persp. 47:65-80.
4. Pedersen, D.U., J.L. Durant, K. Taghizadeh, H.F. Hemond, A.L. Lafleur, and G.R. Cass. 2005. Human cellmutagens in respirable airborne particles from the cortheastern United States. 2. Quantification of mutagens and other organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:9547-9560.
5. Hannigan, M.P., G.R. Cass, B.W. Penman, C.L. Crespi, A.L. Lafleur, W.F. Busby Jr., W.G. Thilly, and B.R.T. Simoneit. 1998. Bioassay-directed chemical analysis of Los Angeles airborne articulate matter using a human cell mutagenicity assay. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:3502-3514.
6. Durant, J.L., A.L. Lafleur, E.F. Plummer, K. Taghizadeh, W.F. Busby, and W.G. Thilly. 1998. Human lymphoblast mutagens in urban airborne particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:1894-1906.
7. Cho, A.K., C. Sioutasa, A.H. Miguel, Y. Kumagai, D.A. Schmitz, M. Singh, A. Eiguren-Fernandez, and J. R. Froines. 2005. Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles basin. Environ. Res. 99:40-47.
8. Mastral, A.M. and M.S. Callen. 2000. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from energy generation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34:3051-3057.
9. Jensen, T.E. and R.A. Hites. 1983. Aromatic diesel emissions as a function of engine conditions. Anal. Chem. 55:594-599.
10. Tang, N., T. Hattori, R. Taga, K. Igarashi, X. Yang, K. Tamura, H. Kakimoto, V.F. Mishukov, A. Toriba, R. Kizu, and K. Hayakawa. 2005. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in the Pan-Japan Sea countries. Atmos. Environ. 39:5817-5826.
11. Hayakawa, K., N. Tang, K. Akutsu, T. Murahashi, H. Kakimoto, R. Kizu, and A. Toriba. 2002. Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected in downtown and suburban Kanazawa, Japan. Atmos. Environ. 36:5535-5541.
12. Kakimoto, H., Y. Matsumoto, S. Sakai, F. Kanoh, K. Arashidani, N. Tang, K. Akutsu, A. Nakajima, Y. Awata, A. Toriba, R. Kizu, and K. Hayakawa. 2002. Comparison of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrialized city (Kitakyushu) and two commercial cities (Sapporo and Tokyo). J. Health Sci. 48:370-375.
13. Pitts Jr., J.N., K.A.V. Cauwenberghe, J.P. Schmid, W.L. Belser, G.P. Knudson, and P.M. Hynds. 1978. Atmospheric reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Facile formation of mutagenic nitro derivatives. Science 202:515-519.
14. Arey, J., B. Zielinska, R. Atkinson, A.M. Winer T. Ramdahl, and J.N. Pitts Jr. 1986. The formation of nitro-PAH from the gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of nox. Atmos. Environ. 20:2339-2345.
15. Ishi S., Y. Hisamatsu, K. Inazu, and K. Aika. 2001. Environmental occurrence of nitrotriphenylene observed in airborne particulate matter. Chemosphere 44:681-690.
16. Fioressi S. and R. Arce. 2005. Photochemical transformations of benzo[e]pyrene in solution and adsorbed on silica gel and alumina surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:3646-3655.
17. Barbas, J.T., M.E. Sigman, and R. Dabestani. 1996. Photochemical oxidation of phenanthrene sorbed on silica gel. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:1776-1780.
18. Wang, L., R. Atkinson, and J. Arey. 2007. Formation of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone by atmospheric gas-phase reactions of phenanthrene. Atmos. Environ. 41:2025-2035.
19. Umbuzeiro, G.A., A. Franco, M.H. Martins, F. Kummrow, L. Carvalho, H. H. Schmeiser, J. Leykauf, M. Stiborova, and L.D. Claxton. 2008. Mutagenicity and DNA adduct formation of PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH fractions of atmospheric particulate matter from São Paulo, Brazil. Mutat. Res. 652:72-80.
20. Chung, S.W., H.Y. Chung, A. Toriba, T. Kameda, N. Tang, R. Kizu, and K. Hayakawa. 2007. An environmental quinoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, acenaphthenequinone, modulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression through reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor kappa B activation in A549 cells. Toxicol. Sci. 95:348-355.
21. Chung, M.Y., R.A. Lazaro, D. Lim, J. Jackson, J. Lyon, D. Rendulic, and A. S. Hasson. 2006. Aerosol-borne quinones and reactive oxygen species generation by particulate matter extracts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:4880-4886.
22. Sklorz, M., J.J. Bried, J. Schnelle-Kreis, Y. Liu, J. Cyrys, T.M. de Kok, and R. Zimmermann. 2007. Concentration of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen free radical formation from urban particulate matter. J. Toxicol. Env. Health 70:1866-1869.
23. Helmig, D., J. Arey, W.P. Harger, R. Atkinson, and J. Lopez-Cancio. 1992. Formation of mutagenic nitrodibenzopyranones and their occurrence in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:622-624.
24. Helmig, D., J. Lopez-Cancio, J. Arey, W.P. Harger, and R. Atkinson. 1992. Quantification of ambient nitrodibenzopyranones: Further evidence for atmospheric mutagen formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:2207-2213.
25. Enya, T., H. Suzuki, T Watanabe, T. Hirayama, and Y. Hisamatsu. 1997. 3- nitrobenzanthrone, a powerful bacterial mutagen and suspected human carcinogen found in diesel exhaust and airborne particulates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:2772-2776.
26. Phousongphouang, P.T., and J. Arey. 2003. Soures of the atmospheric contaminants, 2-nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Atmos. Environ. 37:3189-3199.
27. Tsapakis, M., and E.G. Stephanou. 2007. Diurnal cycle of PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and oxy-PAHs in a high oxidation capacity marine background atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:8011-8017.
28. Allen, J.O., N. M. Dookeran, K.A. Smith, A.F. Sarofim, K. Taghizadeh, and A.L. Lafleur. 1997. Measurement of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with a size-segregated urban aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:2064-2070.
29. Tsapakis, M., E. Lagoudaki, E.G. Stephanou, I.G. Kavouras, P. Koutrakis, P. Oyola, and D. Von Baer.2002. The composition and sources of PM2.5 organic aerosol in two urban areas of Chile. Atmos. Environ. 36:3851-3863.
30. Eiguren-Fernandez, A.,A.H. Miguel, R. Lu, K. Purvis, B. Grant, P. Mayo, E.D. Stefano, A.K. Cho, and J. Froines. 2008. Atmospheric formation of 9,10-phenanthraquinone in the Los Angeles air basin. Atmos. Environ. 42:2312-2319.
31. Cho, A.K., E. Stefano, Y. You, C.E. Rodriguez, D.A. Schmitz, Y. Kumagai, A.H. Miguel, A. Eiguren-Fernandez, T. Kobayashi, E. Avol, and J.R. Froines. 2004. Determination of four quinones in diesel exhaust particles, SRM 1649a, and atmospheric PM2.5. Aerosol. Sci. Tech. 38:68-81.
32. Choudhury, D.R. 1982. Characterization of polycyclic ketones and quinones in diesel emission particulates by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16:102-106.
33. Kameda, T., N. Takenaka, H. Bandow, K. Inazu, and Y. Hisamatsu. 2004. Determination of atmospheric nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their precursors at a heavy traffic roadside and at a residential area in Osaka, Japan. Polycycl. Aromat. Comp. 24:657-666.
34. Bamford, H.A., and J.E. Baker. 2003. Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and sources in urban and suburban atmospheres of the Mid-Atlantic region. Atmos. Environ. 37:2077-2091.
35. Feilberg, A., M.W.B. Poulsen, T. Nielsen, and H. Skov. 2001. Occurrence and sources of particulate nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in Denmark. Atmos. Environ. 35:353-366.
36. Tsapakis M., and E.G. Stephanou. 2003. Collection of gas and particle semivolatile organic compounds: Use of an oxidant denuder to minimize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation during high-volume air sampling. Atmos. Environ. 37:4935-4944.
37. Albinet, A., E. Leoz-Garziandia, H. Budzinski, E. Villenave, and J. L. Jaffrezo. 2008. Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French Alpine valleys: Part 1: Concentrations, sources and gas/particle partitioning. Atmos. Environ. 42:43-54.
38. Murahashi, T., and K. Hayakawa. 1997. A sensitive method for the determination of 6-nitrochrysene, 2-nitrofuoranthene and 1-, 2- and 4-nitropyrenes in airborne particulates using high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta 343:251-257.
39. Arey, J. 1998. Atmospheric reactions of PAHs including formation of nitroarenes. The handbook of environmental chemistry, PAHs and related compounds 3, part 1:347-385.
40. Reisen, F. and J. Arey. 2002. Reactions of hydroxyl radicals and ozone with acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:4302-4311.
41. Rivas, F.J., F.J. Beltrán and B. Acedo. 2000. Chemical and photochemical degradation of acenaphthylene. Intermediate identification. J. Hazard Mater. 75:89-98.
42. Lee, B.D., I. Mamoru, and M. Hosomi. 2001. Prediction of fenton oxidation position in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by frontier electron density. Chemosphere 42:431-435.
43. Kojima, Y., K. Inazu, Y. Hisamatsu, H. Okochi, T. Baba, T. Toshio. 2010. Changes in concentration levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds associated with airborne particulate matter in downtown Tokyo after Introducing government diesel vehicle controls. Asian J. Atmos. Environ. 4:1-8.