How large are the nonspecific effects of acupuncture? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BMC Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Linde, Klaus ^a   Niemann, Karin ^a   Schneider, Antonius ^a   Meissner, Karin ^a,b  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUPUNCTURE; ARTICLE; DATA EXTRACTION; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; META ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; METHODOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 78549268187     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-75     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Jena S, Witt CM, Brinkhaus B, Wegscheider K, Willich SN. Acupuncture in patients with headache. Cephalalgia 2008, 28:969-979. 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01640.x, 18624803.
2. Witt CM, Jena S, Selim D, Brinkhaus B, Reinhold T, Wruck K, Liecker B, Linde K, Wegscheider K, Willich SN. Pragmatic randomized trial evaluating the clinical and economic effectiveness of acupuncture for chronic low back pain. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 164:487-496. 10.1093/aje/kwj224, 16798792.
3. Haake M, Muller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, Basler HD, Schafer H, Maier C, Endres HG, Trampisch HJ, Molsberger A. German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:1892-1898. 10.1001/archinte.167.17.1892, 17893311.
4. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickers A, White AR. Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, (1):CD001218.
5. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickers A, White AR. Acupuncture for tension-type headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, (1):CD007587.
6. Manheimer E, Linde K, Lao L, Bouter LM, Berman BM. Meta-analysis: acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146:868-877.
7. Yuan J, Purepong N, Kerr DP, Park J, Bradbury I, McDonough S. Effectiveness of acupuncture for low back pain: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008, 33:E887-E900.
8. Bausell RB. Snake oil science: The truth about complementary and alternative medicine. 2007, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
9. Birch S. A review and analysis of placebo treatments, placebo effects, and placebo controls in trials of medical procedures when sham is not inert. J Alternat Complement Med 2006, 12:303-310.
10. Lund I, Lundeberg T. Are minimal, superficial or sham acupuncture procedures acceptable as inert placebo controls?. Acupunct Med 2006, 24:13-15. 10.1136/aim.24.1.13, 16618044.
11. Kaptchuk TJ. The placebo effect in alternative medicine: can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance?. Ann Intern Med 2002, 136:817-825.
12. Liu T, Yu CP. Placebo analgesia, acupuncture and sham surgery. eCAM 2010,
13. Shapiro AK, Morris LA. The placebo effect in medical and psychological therapies. Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change 1978, 369-410. New York: Wiley, Garfield SL, Bergin AE, 2.
14. Grünbaum A. The placebo concept in medicine and psychiatry. Psycholog Med 1986, 16:19-38.
15. Finniss DG, Kaptchuk TJ, Miller F, Benedetti F. Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. Lancet 2010, 375:686-695. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61706-2, 20171404.
16. Ernst E, Resch KL. Concept of true and perceived placebo effects. BMJ 1995, 311:551-553. 2550609, 7663213.
17. Kienle GS, Kiene H. The powerful placebo effect: fact or fiction?. J Clin Epidemiol 1997, 50:1311-1318. 10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00203-5, 9449934.
18. Vickers AJ, de Craen AJM. Why use placebos in clinical trials? A narrative review of the methological literature. J Clin Epidemiol 2000, 53:157-161. 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00139-0, 10729687.
19. Wampold BE, Minami T, Tierney SC, Baskin TW, Bhati KS. The placebo is powerful: estimating placebo effects in medicine and psychotherapy from randomized clinical trials. J Clin Psychol 2005, 61:835-854. 10.1002/jclp.20129, 15827993.
20. Napadow V, Ahn A, Longhurst J, Lao L, Stener-Victorin E, Harris R, Langevin HM. The status and future of acupuncture mechanism research. J Altern Complement Med 2008, 14:861-869. 10.1089/acm.2008.SAR-3, 18803495.
21. Dincer F, Linde K. Sham interventions in randomized clinical trials of acupuncture: a review. Complement Ther Med 2003, 11:235-242. 10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00124-9, 15022656.
22. Kaptchuk TJ, Kelley JM, Conboy LA, Davis RB, Kerr CE, Jacobson EE, Kirsch I, Schyner RN, Nam BH, Nguyen LT, Park M, Rivers AL, McManus C, Kokkotou E, Drossman DA, Goldman P, Lembo AJ. Components of placebo effect: randomised controlled trial in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. BMJ 2008, 336:999-1003. 10.1136/bmj.39524.439618.25, 2364862, 18390493.
23. Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Davis RB, Legedza ATR, Schnyer RN, Kerr CE, Stone DA, Huyn Nam B, Kirsch I, Goldman RH. Sham device vs. inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments. BMJ 2006, 332:391-397. 10.1136/bmj.38726.603310.55, 1370970, 16452103.
24. Hrobjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC. Is the placebo powerless? an analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1594-1602. 10.1056/NEJM200105243442106, 11372012.
25. Hrobjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC. Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, (3):CD003974.
26. Hrobjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC. Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, (1):CD003974.
27. Linde K, Niemann K, Meissner K. Are sham acupuncture interventions more effective than (other) placebos? A re-analysis of data from the Cochrane review on placebo effects. Forsch Komplementrmed 2010, 17:259-264.
28. Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hrobjartsson A. Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups. BMJ 2009, 338:a3115. 10.1136/bmj.a3115, 2769056, 19174438.
29. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2008, The Cochrane Collaboration, Higgins JPT, Green S., http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/
30. Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ. Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. Sytematic reviews in health care: Meta-analysis in context 2001, 285-312. London: BMJ Books, Egger M, Smith GD, Altman DG.
31. Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997, 315:629-634. 2127453, 9310563.
32. Wilson DB. SPSS, Stata, and SAS macros for performing meta-analytic analyses 2010, http://mason.gmu.edu/~dwilsonb/ma.html
33. Allen JJB, Schnyer R, Hitt SK. The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of major depression in women. Psychol Sci 1998, 9:397-401.
34. Allen JJB, Schnyer RN, Chambers AS, Hitt SK, Moreno FA, Manber R. Acupuncture for depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67:1665-1673. 10.4088/JCP.v67n1101, 17196044.
35. Asher GN, Coeytaux RR, Chen W, Reilly AC, Loh YL, Harper TC. Acupuncture to initiate labor (Acumoms 2): a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009, 22:843-848. 10.1080/14767050902906386, 2919333, 19526433.
36. Aune A, Alraek T, LiHua H, Baerheim A. Acupuncture in the prophylaxis of recurrent lower urinary tract infection in adult women. Scand J Prim Health Care 1998, 16:37-39. 10.1080/028134398750003386, 9612877.
37. Avis NE, Legault C, Coeytaux RR, Pian-Smith M, Shifren JL, Chen W, Valaskatgis P. A randomized, controlled pilot study of acupuncture treatment for menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 2008, 15:1070-1078. 10.1097/gme.0b013e31816d5b03, 18528313.
38. Birch S, Jamison RN. Controlled trial of Japanese acupuncture for chronic myofascial neck pain: assessment of specific and nonspecific effects of treatment. Clin J Pain 1998, 14:248-255. 10.1097/00002508-199809000-00012, 9758075.
39. Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, Linde K, Streng A, Wagenpfeil S, Irnich D, Walther HU, Melchart D, Willich SN. Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:450-457. 10.1001/.450, 16505266.
40. Bullock ML, Kiresuk TJ, Pheley AM, Culliton PD, Lenz SK. Auricular acupuncture in the treatment of cocaine abuse: a study of efficacy and dosing. J Subst Abuse Treat 1999, 16:31-38. 10.1016/S0740-5472(98)00002-6, 9888119.
41. Cabrini L, Gioia L, Gemma M, Melloni G, Carretta A, Ciriaco P, Puglisi A. Acupuncture for diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Chin Med 2006, 34:409-415. 10.1142/S0192415X06003941, 16710890.
42. Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Avins AL, Erro JH, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Delaney K, Hawkes R, Hamilton L, Pressman A, Khalsa PS, Deyo RA. A randomized trial comparing acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, and usual care for chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:858-866. 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.65, 2832641, 19433697.
43. Dundee JW, Chestnutt WN, Ghaly RG, Lynas AG. Traditional Chinese acupuncture: a potentially useful antiemetic?. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986, 293:583-584. 10.1136/bmj.293.6547.583, 1341376, 3092933.
44. Facco E, Liguori A, Petti F, Zanette G, Coluzzi F, De Nardin M, Mattia C. Traditional acupuncture in migraine: a controlled, randomized study. Headache 2008, 48:398-407. 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00916.x, 17868354.
45. Fanti L, Gemma M, Passaretti S, Guslandi M, Testoni PA, Casati A, Torri G. Electroacupuncture analgesia for colonoscopy. a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98:312-316.
46. Foster NE, Thomas E, Barlas P, Hill JC, Young J, Mason E, Hay EM. Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007, 335:436. 10.1136/bmj.39280.509803.BE, 1962890, 17699546.
47. Freire AO, Sugai GCM, Chrispin FS, Togeiro SM, Yamamura Y, Mello LE, Tufik S. Treatment of moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with acupuncture: a randomised, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Sleep Med 2007, 8:43-50. 10.1016/j.sleep.2006.04.009, 17023212.
48. Gioia L, Cabrini L, Gemma M, Fiori R, Fasce F, Bolognesi G, Spinelli A, Beretta L. Sedative effect of acupuncture during cataract surgery: prospective randomized double-blind study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006, 32:1951-1954. 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.06.027, 17081902.
49. Helms JM. Acupuncture for the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol 1987, 69:51-56.
50. Karst M, Winterhalter M, Munte S, Francki B, Hondronikos A, Eckardt A, Hoy L, Buhck H, Bernateck M, Fink M. Auricular acupuncture for dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2007, 104:295-300. 10.1213/01.ane.0000242531.12722.fd, 17242083.
51. Kotani N, Kushikata T, Suzuki A, Hashimoto H, Muraoka M, Matsuki A. Insertion of intradermal needles into painful points provides analgesia for intractable abdominal scar pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001, 26:532-538.
52. Lee SH, Lee BC. Electroacupuncture relieves pain in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: three-arm randomized trial. Urology 2009, 73:1036-1041. 10.1016/j.urology.2008.10.047, 19394499.
53. Leibing E, Leonhardt U, Koster G, Goerlitz A, Rosenfeldt JA, Hilgers R, Ramadori G. Acupuncture treatment of chronic low-back pain: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial with 9-month follow-up. Pain 2002, 96:189-196. 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00444-4, 11932074.
54. Lembo AJ, Conboy L, Kelley JM, Schnyer RS, McManus CA, Quilty MT, Kerr CE, Drossman D, Jacobson EE, Davis RB. A treatment trial of acupuncture in IBS patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2009, 104:1489-1497. 10.1038/ajg.2009.156, 2694961, 19455132.
55. Li CK, Nauck M, Loser C, Folsch UR, Creutzfeldt W. [Acupuncture to alleviate pain during colonoscopy]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1991, 116:367-370. 10.1055/s-2008-1063621, 2001639.
56. Linde K, Streng A, Jurgens S, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Witt C, Wagenpfeil S, Pfaffenrath V, Hammes MG, Weidenhammer W, Willich SN, Melchart D. Acupuncture for patients with migraine: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005, 293:2118-2125. 10.1001/jama.293.17.2118, 15870415.
57. Medici TC, Grebski E, Wu J, Hinz G, Wuthrich B. Acupuncture and bronchial asthma: a long-term randomized study of the effects of real versus sham acupuncture compared to controls in patients with bronchial asthma. J Altern Complement Med 2002, 8:737-750. 10.1089/10755530260511748, 12614526.
58. Melchart D, Streng A, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Witt C, Wagenpfeil S, Pfaffenrath V, Hammes M, Hummelsberger J, Irnich D, Weidenhammer W, Willich SN, Linde K. Acupuncture in patients with tension-type headache: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2005, 331:376-382. 10.1136/bmj.38512.405440.8F, 1184247, 16055451.
59. Molsberger AF, Mau J, Pawelec DB, Winkler J. Does acupuncture improve the orthopedic management of chronic low back pain: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial with 3 months follow up. Pain 2002, 99:579-587. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00269-5, 12406534.
60. Rampes H, Pereira S, Mortimer A, Manoharan S, Knowles M. Does electroacupuncture reduce craving for alcohol? a randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Med 1997, 5:19-26.
61. Röschke J, Wolf C, Muller MJ, Wagner P, Mann K, Grozinger M, Bech S. The benefit from whole body acupuncture in major depression. J Affect Disord 2000, 57:73-81. 10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00061-0, 10708818.
62. Rusy LM, Hoffman GM, Weisman SJ. Electroacupuncture prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting following pediatric tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Anesthesiology 2002, 96:300-305. 10.1097/00000542-200202000-00013, 11818760.
63. Smith C, Crowther C, Beilby J. Acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 2002, 29:1-9. 10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00149.x, 11843784.
64. Suarez-Almazor ME, Looney C, Liu Y, Cox V, Pietz K, Donald M, Street R. A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: effects of patient-provider communication. Arthritis Care Res 2010, 62:1229-1236.
65. Tremeau ML, Fontanie-Ravier P, Teurnier F, Demouzon J. [Protocol of cervical maturation by acupuncture]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1992, 21:375-380.
66. Wang SM, Dezinno P, Lin EC, Lin H, Yue JJ, Berman MR, Braveman F, Kain ZN. Auricular acupuncture as a treatment for pregnant women who have low back and posterior pelvic pain: a pilot study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009, 201:271. e271-279, 2768290, 19560110.
67. Witt C, Brinkhaus B, Jena S, Linde K, Streng A, Wagenpfeil S, Hummelsberger J, Walther HU, Melchart D, Willich SN. Acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005, 366:136-143. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66871-7, 16005336.
68. Worner TM, Zeller B, Schwarz H, Zwas F, Lyon D. Acupuncture fails to improve treatment outcome in alcoholics. Drug Alcohol Depend 1992, 30:169-173. 10.1016/0376-8716(92)90022-5, 1633756.
69. Ziaei S, Hayipour L. Effect of acupuncture on labor. Intern J Gynecol Obstet 2006, 92:71-72.
70. Benson MR, Elkind-Hirsch KE, Theall A, Fong K, Hogan RB, Scott RT. Impact of acupuncture before and after embryo transfer on the outcome of in vitro fertilization cycles: a prospective single-blind randomized study. Fertil Steril 2006, 86(Suppl 1):S135.
71. Fratterelli JL, Leondires MR, Fong K, Theall A, Locatelli S, Scott RT. Laser acupuncture before and after embryo transfer imporves ART delivery rates: results of a prospective randomized double-blinded placebo controlled five-armed trial involving 1000 patients. Fertil Steril 2008, 90(Suppl 1):S105.
72. Avants SK, Margolin A, Holford TR, Kosten TR. A randomized controlled trial of auricular acupuncture for cocaine dependence. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:2305-2312. 10.1001/archinte.160.15.2305, 10927727.
73. Berman BM, Lao L, Langenberg P, Lee WL, Gilpin AMK, Hochberg MC. Effectiveness of acupuncture as adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141:901-910.
74. Margolin A, Kleber HD, Avants SK, Konefal J, Gawin F, Stark E, Sorensen J, Midkiff E, Wells E, Jackson TR, Bullock M, Culliton PD, Boles S, Vaughan R. Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine addiction: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 287:55-63. 10.1001/jama.287.1.55, 11754709.
75. Scharf HP, Mansmann U, Streitberger K, Witte S, Kramer J, Maier C, Trampisch HJ, Victor N. Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis: a three-armed randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006, 145:12-20.
76. Shen J, Wenger N, Glaspy J, Hays RD, Albert PS, Choi C, Shekelle PG. Electroacupuncture for control of myeloablative chemotherapy-induced emesis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000, 284:2755-2761. 10.1001/jama.284.21.2755, 11105182.
77. Bjordal JM, Ljunggren AE, Klovning A, Slordal L. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, in osteoarthritic knee pain: meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ 2004, 329:1317. 10.1136/bmj.38273.626655.63, 534841, 15561731.
78. Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R. Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:252-260. 10.1056/NEJMsa065779, 18199864.
79. Walach H. The efficacy paradox in randomized controlled trials of CAM and elsewhere: beware of the placebo trap. J Altern Complement Med 2001, 7:213-218. 10.1089/107555301300328070, 11439833.
80. Aune A, Alraek T, Huo L, Baerheim A. [Can acupuncture prevent cystitis in women?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1998, 118(9):1370-1372.
81. Brinkhaus B, Becker-Witt C, Jena S, Linde K, Streng A, Wagenpfeil S, Irnich D, Hummelsberger J, Melchart D, Willich SN. Acupuncture Randomized Trials (ART) in patients with chronic low back pain and osteoarthritis of the knee: design and protocols. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2003, 10:185-191. 10.1159/000073474, 12972723.
82. Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, Linde K, Streng A, Irnich D, Hummelsberger J, Hammes M, Pach D, Melchart D, Willich SN. Interventions and physician characteristics in a randomized multicenter trial of acupuncture in patients with low-back pain. J Altern Complement Med 2006, 12:649-657. 10.1089/acm.2006.12.649, 16970535.
83. Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, Linde K, Streng A, Hummelsberger J, Irnich D, Hammes M, Pach D, Melchart D, Willich SN. Physician and treatment characteristics in a randomised multicentre trial of acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Complement Ther Med 2007, 15:180-189. 10.1016/j.ctim.2006.04.003, 17709063.
84. Hay E, Barlas P, Foster N, Hill J, Thomas E, Young J. Is acupuncture a useful adjunct to physiotherapy for older adults with knee pain?: the "acupuncture, physiotherapy and exercise" (APEX) study [ISRCTN88597683]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004, 5:31. 10.1186/1471-2474-5-31, 520743, 15345098.
85. Linde K, Streng A, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Hammes M, Irnich D, Hummelsberger J, Willich SN, Melchart D. Treatment in a randomized multicenter trial of acupuncture for migraine (ART migraine). Forsch Komplementarmed 2006, 13:101-108.
86. Melchart D, Linde K, Streng A, Reitmayr S, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Becker-Witt C, Wagenpfeil S, Pfaffenrath V, Hammes M, Willich SN, Weidenhammer W. Acupuncture randomized trials (ART) in patients with migraine or tension-type headache: design and protocols. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2003, 10:179-184. 10.1159/000073473, 12972722.
87. Melchart D, Streng A, Hoppe A, Linde K, Brinkhaus B, Becker-Witt C, Willich SN, Hammes M, Irnich D, Hummelsberger J. The acupuncture randomised trial (ART) for tension-type headache: details of the treatment. Acupunct Med 2005, 23:157-165. 10.1136/aim.23.4.157, 16430123.
88. Roschke J, Wolf C, Kogel P, Wagner P, Bech S. [Adjuvant whole body acupuncture in depression: a placebo-controlled study with standardized mianserin therapy]. Nervenarzt 1998, 69:961-967. 10.1007/s001150050370, 9859117.
89. Smith C, Crowther C. The placebo response and effect of time in a trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med 2002, 10:210-216. 10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00072-9, 12594971.
90. Smith C, Crowther C, Beilby J. Pregnancy outcome following women's participation in a randomised controlled trial of acupuncture to treat nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Complement Ther Med 2002, 10:78-83. 10.1054/ctim.2002.0523, 12481955.
91. Bier ID, Wilson J, Studt P, Shakleton M. Auricular acupuncture, education, and smoking cessation: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Am J Public Health 2002, 92:1642-1647. 10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1642, 1447300, 12356614.
92. Bullock ML, Kiresuk TJ, Sherman RE, Lenz SK, Culliton PD, Boucher TA, Nolan CJ. A large randomized placebo controlled study of auricular acupuncture for alcohol dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat 2002, 22:71-77. 10.1016/S0740-5472(01)00217-3, 11932132.
93. Chow OKW, So SY, Lam WK. Effect of acupuncture on exercise-induced asthma. Lung 1983, 161:321-326. 10.1007/BF02713881, 6645620.
94. Cottraux J, Schbath J, Messy P, Mollard E, Juenet C, Collet L. Predictive value of MMPI scales on smoking cessation programs outcomes. Acta Psychiatr Belg 1986, 86:463-469.
95. Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture: a controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983, 21:417-424. 10.1016/0005-7967(83)90011-6, 6626112.
96. Dundee JW, Ghaly RG, Bill KM, Chestnutt WN, Fitzpatrick KT, Lynas AG. Effect of stimulation of the P6 antiemetic point on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth 1989, 63:612-618. 10.1093/bja/63.5.612, 2605083.
97. Fung KP, Chow OK, So SY. Attenuation of exercise-induced asthma by acupuncture. Lancet 1986, 2:1419-1422.
98. Gerardi AU, Dominici S, Sapia F. Reflexotherapy in respiratory allergies [in Italian]. Minerva Med 1983, 74:2521-2531.
99. Gosman-Hedstrom G, Claesson L, Klingenstierna U, Carlsson J, Olausson B, Frizell M, Fagerberg B, Blomstrand C. Effects of acupuncture treatment on daily life activities and quality of life: a controlled, prospective, and randomized study of acute stroke patients. Stroke 1998, 29:2100-2108.
100. Lin JG, Lo MW, Wen YR, Hsieh CL, Tsai SK, Sun WZ. The effect of high and low frequency electroacupuncture in pain after lower abdominal surgery. Pain 2002, 99:509-514. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00261-0, 12406527.
101. Lin ZP, Lan LW, He TY, Lin SP, Lin JG, Jang TR, Ho TJ. Effects of acupuncture stimulation on recovery ability of male elite basketball athletes. Am J Chin Med 2009, 37:471-481. 10.1142/S0192415X09006989, 19606508.
102. Ludwig M. Acupuncture in rehabilitative strength training: Spontaneous improvement of strength and EMG values of the quadricep muscles after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction [in German]. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupunktur 1999, 42:144-148.
103. Rosler A, Otto B, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Steinmetz H, Kessler KR. Single-needle acupuncture alleviates gag reflex during transesophageal echocardiography: a blinded, randomized, controlled pilot trial. J Altern Complement Med 2003, 9:847-849. 10.1089/107555303771952190, 14736356.
104. Sertel S, Herrmann S, Greten HJ, Haxsen V, El-Bitar S, Simon CH, Baumann I, Plinkert PK. Additional use of acupuncture to NSAID effectively reduces post-tonsillectomy pain. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009, 266:919-925. 10.1007/s00405-008-0851-1, 18982338.
105. Sprott HM, Mennet P, Stratz T, Müller P. Wirksamkeit der Akupunktur bei Patienten mit generalisierter Tendomyopathie (Fibromyalgie). Akt Rheumatol 1993, 18:132-135.
106. Sprott H. Efficiency of acupuncture in patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Bull Myofascial Ther 1998, 3:37-43.
107. Tashkin DP, Bresler DE, Kroening RJ, Kerschner H, Katz RL, Coulson A. Comparison of real and simulated acupuncture and isoproterenol in methacholine-induced asthma. Ann Allergy 1977, 39:379-387.
108. Kim JI, Lee MS, Jung SY, Choi JY, Lee S, Ko JM, Zhao H, Zhao J, Kim AR, Shin MS, Kang KW, Jung HJ, Kim TH, Liu B, Choi SM. Acupuncture for persistent allergic rhinitis: a multi-centre, randomised, controlled trial protocol. Trials 2009, 10:54. 10.1186/1745-6215-10-54, 2715403, 19602250.
109. Vas J, Rebollo A, Perea-Milla E, Méndez C, Font CR, Gómez-Río M, Martín-Avila M, Carbrera-Iboleón J, Caballero MD, Olmos MA, Aguilar I, Faus V, Martos F. Study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial in general practice investigating the effectiveness of acupuncture against migraine. BMC Complement Altern Med 2008, 8:12. 10.1186/1472-6882-8-12, 2377233, 18410686.