The Minimal Cue Hypothesis: How Black Candidates Cue Race to Increase White Voting Participation

Political Psychology

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 915-950

  Petrow, Gregory A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT OMAHA   (United States)

Author keywords

Affect; Black candidates; Identity; Race; Racial resentment; Turnout

Indexed keywords

EID: 78449248233     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00784.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Aldrich, J., & Nelson, F. (1984). Linear probability, logit and probit models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Arriola, K., Jacob, R., & Cole, E. R. (2001). Framing the affirmative-action debate: Attitudes toward the outgroup members and white identity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(12), 2462-2483.
3. Barone, M., & Ujifusa, G. (1989). The almanac of American politics.Washington, DC: National Journal.
4. Barone, M., & Ujifusa, G. (1993). The almanac of American politics. Washington, DC: National Journal.
5. Barone, M., & Ujifusa, G. (1997). The almanac of American politics. Washington, DC: National Journal.
6. Barone, M., & Ujifusa, G. (2001). The almanac of American politics. Washington, DC: National Journal.
7. Berry, W. D., Esarey, J., & Rubin, J. H. (2007). Testing for interaction in binary logit and probit models: Is a product term essential? Unpublished manuscript. Florida State University.
8. Berry, W., Berkman, M., & Schneiderman, S. (2000). Legislative professionalism and incumbent reelection: The development of institutional boundaries. American Political Science Review, 94(December), 859-874.
9. Bobo, L. D., & Gilliam Jr., F. D. (1990). Race, sociopolitical participation, and black empowerment. American Political Science Review, 84(June), 377-393.
10. Bositis, D. A. (2000). Black elected officials. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economc Studies.
11. Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1991). The positive social and self concept consequences of sport team identification. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15, 115-127.
12. Branton, R. P., & Jones, B. S. (2005). Reexamining racial attitudes: The conditional relationship between diversity and socioeconomic environment. American Journal of Political Science, 49(April), 359-372.
13. Brasher, H., Lowery, D., & Gray, V. (1999). The validity of state lobby registration data: The anomalous case of Florida (and Minnesota too!). Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24(2), 303-314.
14. Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429-444.
15. Browning, R. P., Marshall, D. R., & Tabb, D. H. (1986). Protest is not enough: A theory of incorporation. PS, 3(Summer), 576-581.
16. Bullock, C. S., III. (2000). Partisan changes in the Southern Congressional Delegation and their consquences. In D. W. Brady, J. F. Cogan, & M. Fiorina (Eds.), Continuity and change in House elections (pp. 39-64). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17. Bullock, C. S., III, & Dunn, R. E. (1999). The demise of racial redistricting and the future of black representation. Emory Law Journal, 48, 1209-1253.
18. Caldeira, G. A., Patterson, S. C., & Markko, G. A. (1985). The mobilization of voters in congressional elections. Journal of Politics, 47(2), 490-509.
19. Campbell, A. (1960). Surge and decline: A study of electoral change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24(3), 397-418.
20. Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1981). Issue evolution, population replacement, and normal partisan change. American Political Science Review, 71(1), 107-118.
21. Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1982). Racial issues and the structure of mass belief systems. Journal of Politics, 44(1), 2-20.
22. Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1986). On the structure and sequence of issue evolution. American Political Science Review, 80(3), 901-920.
23. Citrin, J., Green, D. P., & Sears, D. O. (1990). White reactions to black candidates: When does race matter? The Public Opinion Quarterly, 1(Spring), 74-96.
24. Clore, G. R., & Tamir, M. (2002). Affect as embodied information. Psychological Inquiry, 13(1), 37-45.
25. Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (1981). The origins and meaning of liberal/conservative self-identifications. American Journal of Political Science, 25(November), 617-645.
26. Cuddy, A. C. J., Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631-648.
27. Doojse, B., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998). Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 872-886.
28. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). Aversive racism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 4-56.
29. Fiske, S. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. II, pp. 357-411). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
30. Fiske, S., & Pavelchak, M. A. (1985). Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: Developments in schema-triggered affect. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 167-203). New York: Guilford.
31. Gay, C. (2001). The effect of black congressional representation on political participation. American Political Science Review, 95(3), 589-602.
32. Gay, C. (1997). Taking charge: Black electoral success and the redefinition of American politics. Ph.D. diss. Harvard University.
33. Glaser, J., & Salovey, P. (1998). Affect in electoral politics. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(3), 156-172.
34. Glaser, J. M. (1994). Back to the black belt: Racial environment and white racial attitudes in the south. Journal of Politics, 56(February), 21-41.
35. Green, D., Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2002). Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
36. Hajnal, Z. L. (2001). White residents, black incumbents, and a declining racial divide. American Political Science Review, 95(3), 603-618.
37. Hajnal, Z. L. (2007). Changing white attitudes toward black political leadership. New York: Cambridge University Press.
38. Helms, J. E. (1990). Black and white racial identity attitudes: Theory, research and practice. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
39. Highton, B. (2004). White voters and African American candidates for congress. Political Behavior 26(March), 1-25.
40. Jackman, M. R., & Crane, M. (1986). "Some of my best friends are black...": Interracial friendship and whites' racial attitudes. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 50(Winter), 459-486.
41. Jackman, S. (2008). Obama-Clinton and racial resentment. May 25. (December 8, 2008).
42. Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. (1996). Divided by color. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. nd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
44. Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2000). Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning. In A. Lupia, M. W. McCubbins, & S. L. Popkin (Eds.), Elements of reason: Understanding and expanding the limits of political rationality (pp. 183-213). London: Cambridge University Press.
45. Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2005). Regression models for categorical outcomes using Stata. 2nd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
46. Lowery, B. S., Unzueta, M. M., Knowles, E. D., & Goff, P. A. (2006). Concern for the ingroup and opposition to affirmative action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(6), 961-974.
47. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602-616.
48. Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
49. McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1005-1017.
50. McDermott, M. L. (1998). Race and gender cues in low-information elections. Political Research Quarterly, 51(4), 895-918.
51. Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
52. Milbrath, L. W., & Goel, M. L. (1977). Political participation. Chicago: Rand McNally.
53. Nie, N., Junn, J., & Stehlik-Barry, K. (1996). Education and democratic citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
54. Pope-Davis, D. B., & Ottavi, T. M. (1994). The relationship between racism and racial identity among white Americans: A replication and extension. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 293-297.
55. Reeves, K. (1997). Voting hopes or voting fears? White voters, black candidates, and racial politics in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56. Rosenstone, S. J., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, participation and democracy in America. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
57. Rowe, W., Bennett, S. K., & Atkinson, D. R. (1994). White racial identity models: A critique and alternative proposal. Counseling Psychology, 22, 129-146.
58. Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53-84). New York: Plenum Press.
59. Sears, D. O., & Savalei, V. (2006). The political color line in America: Many "peoples of color" or black exceptionalism? Political Psychology, 27(December), 895-924.
60. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-30.
61. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of inter-group conflict. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 94-109). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
62. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of ingroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson Hall.
63. Terkildsen, N. (1993). When white voters evaluate black candidates: The processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self monitoring. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1032-1053.
64. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1990). Census 1990 summary file 3 (SF 3). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce.
65. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2000). Census 2000 summary file 3 (SF 3). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce.
66. Valentino, N. A., & Sears, D. O. (2005). Old times there are not forgotten: Race and partisan realignment in the contemporary south. American Journal of Political Science, 49(July), 672-688.
67. Virtanen, S. V., & Huddy, L. (1998). Old-fashioned racism and new forms of racial prejudice. The Journal of Politics, 60(2), 311-332.
68. Voss, D. S., & Lublin, D. (2001). Black incumbents, white districts: An appraisal of the 1996 congressional elections. American Politics Research, 29, 141-182.
69. Washington, E. (2006). How black candidates affect voter turnout. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(August), 973-998.
70. Wolfinger, R. E., & Rosenstone, S. (1980). Who votes? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
71. Wong, C., & Cho, G. E. (2005). Two-headed coins or Kandinskys: White racial identification. Political Psychology, 26(October): 699-720.