Psychological resilience predicts depressive symptoms among spouses of persons with Alzheimer disease over time

Aging and Mental Health

Volumn 14, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 984-993

  O'Rourke, Norm ^a   Kupferschmidt, Anthony L ^a   Claxton, Amy ^b   Smith, Julianna Z ^b   Chappell, Neena ^c   Beattie, B Lynn ^d  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; depressive symptoms; informal care; psychological resilience

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CAREGIVER; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; NURSING; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPOUSE; TIME;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CAREGIVERS; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SPOUSES; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 78349268642     PISSN: 13607863     EISSN: 13646915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2010.501063     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Abel, E.K. (1989). The ambiguities of social support: Adult daughters caring for frail elderly parents. Journal ofAging Studies, 3, 211-230.
2. Alzheimer's Association (2009). 2009 Alzheimer's disease facts andfigures. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.alz.org/national/ documents/report-alzfacts figures2009.pdf
3. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revised). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. American Psychological Association (2002). The road to resilience from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx
5. American Psychological Association (2004). Fostering resilience in response to terrorism: For psychologists working with older adults. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/older-adults.pdf
6. Barona, A., Reynolds, C.R., & Chastain, R. (1984). A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 885-887.
7. Bartone, P.T., Ursano, R.J., Wright, K.M., & Ingraham, L.H. (1989). The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers. Journal of Nervous and MentalDisease, 177, 317-328.
8. Baumgarten, M. (1989). The health of persons giving care to the demented elderly: A critical review of the literature. JournalofClinicalEpidemiology, 42, 1137-1148.
9. Bonanno, G.A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: How we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events. American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
10. British Columbia Medical Association (2004). Building bridges: A call for a coordinated dementia strategy. Vancouver: British Columbia Medical Association.
11. Canadian Study of Health and Aging Working Group (1994). Patterns of caring for people with dementia in Canada: The Canadian study of health and aging. Canadian Journal on Aging, 13, 470-487.
12. Canadian Study ofHealth and Aging Working Group (1995). Canadian study of health and aging: Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology, 44, 2073-2080.
13. Caspar, S., & O'Rourke, N. (2009). The composition and structure of depressive symptomatology among young and older caregivers of persons with dementia. Ageing International, 34, 33-41.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). CDC seeks to protect health offamily caregivers. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://chronicdisease.org/files/public/CIBHealthofFamilyCaregivers.pdf
15. Clark, P.C. (2002). Effects ofindividual and family hardiness on caregiver depression and fatigue. Research in Nursing andHealth, 25, 37-48.
16. Clark, L.M., & Hartman, M. (1996). Effects ofhardiness and appraisal on the psychological distress and physical health of caregivers to elderly relatives. Research on Aging, 18, 379-401.
17. Claxton, A., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (2008). No fun anymore: Leisure and marital quality across the transition to parenthood. Journal ofMarriage andFamily, 70, 28-43.
18. Cronbach, L., & Furby, L. (1970). How we should measure 'change'-Or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74, 68-80.
19. Duncan, T.E., Duncan, S.C., & Strycker, L.A. (2006). An introduction to latent growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Forbes, A.B., & Carlin, J.B. (2005). "Residual change" analysis is not equivalent to analysis of covariance [Letter to the editor]. JournalofClinicalEpidemiology, 58, 540-541.
21. Gallagher, D., Rose, J., Rivera, P., Lovett, S., & Thompson, L.W. (1989). Prevalence of depression in family caregivers. Gerontologist, 29, 449-456.
22. Gallo, J.J., & Lebowitz, B.D. (1999). The epidemiology of common late-life mental disorders in the community: Themes for the new century. Psychiatric Services, 50, 1158-1166.
23. Gaugler, J.E., Kane, R.L., & Newcomer, R. (2007). Resilience and transitions from dementia caregiving. Journals of Gerontology, 62, P38-P44.
24. Gaugler, J.E., Yu, F., Krichbaum, K., & Wyman, J.F. (2009). Predictors of nursing home admission for persons with dementia. Medical Care, 47, 191-198.
25. Goldberg, A.E., & Sayer, A. (2006). Lesbian couples' relationship quality across the transition to parenthood. Journal ofMarriage and Family, 68, 87-100.
26. Griffin, D., Murray, S., & Gonzalez, R. (1999). Difference score correlations in relationship research: A conceptual primer. PersonalRelationships, 6, 505-518.
27. Himmelfarb, S., & Murrell, S.A. (1983). Reliability and validity of five mental health scales in older persons. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 333-339.
28. Jeans, E.R., Helmes, E., Merskey, H., Robertson, J.M., & Rand, K.A. (1987). Some calculations on the prevalence of dementia in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 81-85.
29. Judkins, S., & Rind, R. (2005). Hardiness, job satisfaction, and stress among home health nurses. Home Health Care ManagementandPractice, 17, 113-118.
30. Kersting, K. (2003). Teaching children about resilience. Monitor on Psychology, 34, 44.
31. Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal ofPersonality and SocialPsychology, 42, 168-177.
32. Lewinsohn, P.M., Seeley, J.R., Roberts, R.E., & Allen, N.B. (1997). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 277-287.
33. McKhann, G., Drackman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E.M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services task force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944.
34. Milne, C., Sacco, C., Cetinski, G., Browne, G., & Roberts, J. (1994). Correlates of well-being among caregivers of cognitively impaired relatives. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 26, 27-39.
35. O'Rourke, N. (2004a). Psychological resilience and the well-being of widowed women. Ageing International, 29, 267-280.
36. O'Rourke, N. (2004b). Reliability generalization ofresponses by care providers to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 973-990.
37. O'Rourke, N. (2005). Factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale among older men and women who provide care to persons with dementia. International Journal of Testing, 5, 265-277.
38. O'Rourke, N., Haverkamp, B.E., Tuokko, H., Hayden, S., & Beattie, B.L. (1996). The relative contribution ofsubjective factors to expressed burden among spousal caregivers of suspected dementia patients. Canadian Journal on Aging, 15, 583-597.
39. O'Rourke, N., Haverkamp, B.E., Tuokko, H., Hayden, S., & Beattie, B.L. (1997). Hopelessness depression among spousal caregivers of suspected dementia patients. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 3, 173-182.
40. Pearlin, L.I., Mullan, J.T., Semple, S.J., & Skaff, M.M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30, 583-594.
41. Pearlin, L.I., & Skaff, M.M. (1995). Stress and adaptation in late life. In M. Gatz (Ed.), Emerging issues in mentalhealth and aging (pp. 97-123). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
42. Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2006). Gender differences in caregiver stressors, social resources, and health: An updated meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology, 61, P33-P45
43. Public Health Agency of Canada (2008). Canadian best practices portal for health promotion and chronic disease prevention (Catalogue No. HP35-10/2008). Ottawa, ON Government of Canada Publications.
44. Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. AppliedPsychologicalMeasurement, 1, 385-401.
45. Radloff, L.S., & Teri, L. (1986). Use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale with older adults. ClinicalGerontologist, 5, 119-136.
46. Raudenbush, S.W. (2008). Many small groups. In J. de Leeuw & E. Meijer (Eds.), Handbook of multilevel analysis (pp. 207-236). New York: Springer.
47. Raudenbush, S.W., Brennan, R.T., & Barnett, R.C. (1995). A multivariate hierarchical model for studying psychological change within married couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 9, 167-174.
48. Raudenbush, S.W., Bryk, A.S., Cheong, Y., & Congdon, R.T. (2000). HLM6.04: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
49. Rogosa, D. (1988). Myths about longitudinal research. In K.W. Schaie, R.T. Campbell, W.M. Meredith, & S.C. Rawlings (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research (pp. 171-209). New York: Springer.
50. Rogosa, D.R., & Willett, J.B. (1983). Demonstrating the reliability of the difference scores in the measurement of change. Journal of Educational Measurement, 20, 335-343.
51. Ross, L., Holliman, D., & Dixon, D.R. (2003). Resilience in family caregivers: Implications for social work practice. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 40, 81-96.
52. Rossi, N., Rossi, N.E., Bisconti, T.L., & Bergeman, C.S. (2007). The role of dispositional resilience in regaining life satisfaction after the loss of a spouse. Death Studies, 31, 863-883.
53. Sayer, A.G., & Klute, M.M. (2005). Multilevel models for dyads. In V.L. Bengtson, A.C. Acock, K.R. Allen, P. Dilworth-Anderson, & D.M. Klein (Eds.), Sourcebook on family theory and research (pp. 289-313). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
54. Schulz, R., & Sherwood, P.R. (2008). Physical and mental health effects of family caregiving. American Journal of Nursing, 108, 23-27.
55. Sharpley, C.F., & Yardley, P. (1999). The relationship between cognitive hardiness, explanatory style, and depression-happiness in post-retirement men and women. Australian Psychologist, 34, 198-203.
56. Terracciano, A., Costa, P.T.J., & McCrae, R.R. (2006). Personality plasticity after age 30. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 999-1009.
57. Tuokko, H., Crockett, D., Beattie, B.L., Horton, A., & Wong, M. (1986, February). The use of rating scales to assesspsycho-socialfunctioning in dementedpatients. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Denver, CO.
58. US Census Bureau (2004). US interim projections by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Retrieved from http://www. census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/
59. Vadasy, P.F., Sanders, E.A., & Peyton, J.A. (2006). Codeoriented instruction for kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties: A randomized field trial with paraeducator implementers. JournalofEducationalPsychology, 98, 508-528.
60. Wallace, K.A. (2003). An examination of hardiness in male older adults living in a rural setting. In S.P. Shovov (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (Vol. 23, pp. 78-94). Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers.
61. Wallace, K.A., Bisconti, T.L., & Bergeman, C.S. (2001). The mediational effect of hardiness on social support and optimal outcomes in later life. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 267-279.
62. Zarit, S.H., Pearlin, L.I., & Schaie, K.W. (1993). Caregiving systems: Informal and formal helpers. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.