Environmental changes impact in malaria transmition and prospects for the disease control in brazilian amazon rural settlements;Impacto de alterações ambientais na transmissão da malária e perspectivas para o controle da doença em áreas de assentamento rural da amazônia brasileira

Oecologia Australis

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 603-622

  da Silva Nunes, Mônica ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ACRE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Amazon; Deforestation; Malaria; Rural settlements

Indexed keywords

EID: 78249280744     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21776199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4257/oeco.2010.1403.02     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. ABEKU, t.A.; VAN OORTMARSSEN, G.J.; BORSBOOM, G.; DE VLAS, S.J. & HABBEMA, J.D. 2003. Spatial and temporal variations of malária epidemic risk in Ethiopia: factors involved and implications. Acta tropica, 87: 331-340.
2. ACRE (EStADO). 2000. zoneamento ecológico-econômico do Acre, 1a fase. 2000. Aspectos sócio-econômicos e ocupação territorial, volume 2. Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais (SEMA), Rio Branco, AC. http://www. ac.gov.br/meio_ambiente/Vol-I/05_ZEE_V_I_Caracteristics. pdf. (Acesso em 26/08/2008).
3. AFRANE, Y.A.; ZHOU, G.; LAWSON, B.W.; GITHEKO, A. K. & YAN, G. 2007. Life-table analysis of Anopheles arabiensis in Western Kenya highlands: effects of land covers on larval and adult survivorship. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 77: 660-666.
4. ALENCAR, A.; NEPSTAD, N.; MCGRATH, D.; MOUTINHO, P.; PACHECO, P.; DIAZ, M.D.C.V. & FILHO, B.S. 2004. desmatamento na Amazônia: indo além da emergência crônica. Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Manaus, AM. 89p.
5. ARAUJO, H.J.B. 1998. Índices técnicos da exploração e transformação madeireira em pequenas áreas sob manejo forestal no PC Pedro Peixoto. relatório técnico. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa-CPAF/AC), Rio Branco. 30p.
6. ARAUJO, H.J.B. 2006. Inventário forestal a 100% em pequenas áreas sob manejo forestal madeireiro. Acta Amazonica, 36: 447-464.
7. BARBIERI, A.F. & SAWYER, D.O. 2007. Heterogeneity of malária prevalence in alluvial gold mining areas in northern Mato Grosso state, Brazil. cadernos de Saúde Pública, 23: 2878-2886.
8. BARRETO, P.; SOUZA, JR. C.; NOGUERÓN, R.; ANDERSON, A., SALOMAO, R. 2005. Pressão humana na floresta Amazônica Brasileira. World Resources Institute, Belém, PA. 84p.
9. BASTOS, M.S.; DA SILVA-NUNES,M.; MALAFRONTE, R.S.; HOFFMAN, E.H.; WUNDERLICH, G.; MORAES, S.L.; FERREIRA, M.U. 2007. Antigenic Polymorphism and Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in Rural Amazonians. clin Vaccine immunol., 14: 1249-1259.
10. BAUTISTA, C.t.; CHAN, A.S.t.; RYAN, JR.; CALAMPA, R.C.; ROPER, M.H.; HIGHTOWER, A.W. & MAGILL, A.J. 2006. Epidemiology and spatial analysis of malária in the northern Peruvian Amazon. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 75: 1216-1222.
11. BECKER, B. 2005. Geopolítica da Amazônia. Dossiê Amazônia brasileira I. estudos Avançados, 19: 71-86.
12. BRANCH, O.L.; CASAPIA, W.M.; GAMBOA, D.V.; HERNANDEZ, J.N.; ALAVA, F.F.; RONCAL, N.; ALVAREZ, E.; PEREZ, E.J. & GOTUZZO, E. 2005. Clustered local transmission and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malária infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic Peruvian Amazonian community. Malaria Journal, 4: 27.
13. BRASIL (GOVERNO FEDERAL). 2003. Plano Amazônia Sustentável, Anexo ao volume 1 - Caderno de Mapas. relatório técnico. Ministério da Integração Nacional. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília. http://www.planalto.gov.br/casacivil/arquivospdf/pas.pdf. (Acesso em 23/07/2008).
14. BREMAN, J.G.; ALILIO, M.S. & MILLS, A. 2004. Conquering the intolerable burden of malária: what's new, what's needed: a summary. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 71(Suppl 2): 1-15.
15. BROOKER, S.; CLARKE, S.; NJAGI, J.K.; POLACK, S.; MUGO, B.; ESTAMBALE, B.; MUCHIRI, E.; MAGNUSSEN, P. & COX, J. 2004. Spatial clustering of malária and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenyan. tropical medicine & international health, 9: 757-766.
16. BROWN, I.F.; SCHROEDER, W.; SETZER, A.; RIO, M.J. DE L.; PANTOJA, N.V.; FONSECA, A.A.D. & MARENGO, J. 2006. EOS transactions. American goephysical union, 87: 253-264.
17. CAMARGO, L.M.A.; FERREIRA, M.U.; KRIEGER, H.; DE CAMARGO, E.P. & DA SILVA, L.P. 1994. Unstable hypoendemic malária in Rondonia (western Amazon region, Brazil): epidemic outbreaks and work-associated incidence in an agro-industrial rural settlement. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 51: 16-26.
18. CAMARGO, L.M.; DAL COLLETTOO, G.M.; FERREIRA, M.U.; GURGEL, SDE. M.; ESCOBAR, A.L.; MARQUES, A.; KRIEGER, H.; CAMARGO, E.P. & DA SILVA, L.H. 1996. Hypoendemic malária in Rondonia (Brazil, Western Amazon region): seasonal variation and risk groups in an urban locality. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 55: 32-38.
19. CLARK, t.D.; GREENHOUSE, B.; NJAMAMEYA, D.; NZARUBARA, B.; MAITEKISEBUGUZI, C.; STAEDKE, S.G.; SETO, E.; KAMYA, M.R.; ROSENTHAL, P.J. & DORSEY, G. 2008. Factors determining the heterogeneity of malária incidence in children in Kampala, Uganda. Journal of infectious diseases, 198: 393-400.
20. CONFALONIERI, U.E.C. 2005. Saúde na Amazônia: um modelo conceitual para a análise de paisagens e doenças. Dossiê Amazônia brasileira I. estudos Avançados, 19: 221-236.
21. COSTA, F.A. 2005. Questão agrária e macropolíticas na Amazônia. Dossiê Amazônia brasileira I. estudos Avançados, 19: 131-156.
22. CRAIG, M.H.; SHARP, B.L.; MABASO, M.L.H. & KLEINSCHMIDt, I. 2007. Developing a spatial-statistical model and map of historical malária prevalence in Botswana using a staged variable selection procedure. international Journal of health geographics, 6: 44.
23. DÒLIVEIRA, H.S.; CAVALCANTE, C.R.S.; MAGALHÃES, A.A. & ROCHA, K.S. 2005. Utilizando Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) e métodos participativos para mapeamento de uso e cobertura do solo em um projeto de assentamento rural no Leste do Estado do Acre. Pp. 3559-3361. in: xII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. Goiânia, GO, Brasil. http://marte.dpi.inpe.br/col/ltid.inpe.br/sbsr/2004/11.23/3559.pdf. (Acesso em 28/07/2008).
24. DÒLIVEIRA, M.V.N. & BRAZ, E.M. 2006. Estudo da dinâmica da foresta manejada no projeto de manejo forestal comunitário do PC Pedro Peixoto na Amazônia Ocidental. Acta Amazonica, 36: 177-182.
25. DA SILVA NUNES, M. 2008a. Fatores de risco, distribuição espacial e perspectivas de controle da malária: estudo longitudinal em uma comunidade rural da Amazônia (Granada, Acre). tese de doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 243p.
26. SILVANUNES, M.; CODECO, C.t.; MALAFRONTE, R.S.; DA SILVA, N.S.; JUNCANSEN, C.; MUNIZ, P.t. & FERREIRA, M.U. 2008b. Malária on the Amazonian frontier: transmission dynamics, risk factors, spatial distribution, and prospects for control. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 79: 624-635.
27. DE CASTRO, M.C.; MONTEMÓR, R.L.; SAWYER, D.O. & SINGER, B.H. 2006. Malária risk on the Amazon frontier. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science uSA, 14: 2452-2457.
28. DE CASTRO, M. C.; SAWYER, D.O. & SINGER, B.H. 2007. Spatial patterns of malária in the Amazon: implications for surveillance and targeted interventions. health Place, 13: 368-380.
29. DEV, V.; PHOOKAN, S.; SHARMA, V.P. & ANAND, S.P. 2004. Physiographic and entomologic risk factors of malária in Assam, India. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 71: 451-456.
30. DIAN, Z. & CHANGxING, S. 2001. Sedimentary causes and management of two principal environmental problems in the lower Yellow River. environmental Management, 28: 749-760.
31. DUARTE, E.C.; GYORKOS, t.W.; PANG, L. & ABRAHAMOWICZ, M. 2004. Epidemiology of malária in a hypoendemic brazilian Amazon migrant population: a cohort study. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 70: 229-237.
32. ERHART, A.; THANG, N.D.; HUNG, N.Q.; TOI LE, V.; HUNG LE, X.; TUY, t.Q.; CONG LE, D.; SPEYBROECK, N.; COOSEMANS, M. & DÀLESSANDRO, U. 2004. Forest malária in Vietnam: a challenge for control. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 70: 110-118.
33. ERHART, A.; NGO, D.T.; PHAN, V.K.; TA, t.t.; VAN OVERMEIR, C.; SPEYBROECK, N.; OBSOMER, V.; LE, x.H.; LE, K.t.; COOSEMANS, M. & DÀLESSANDRO, U. 2005. Epidemiology of forest malária in central Vietnam: a large scale cross-sectional survey. Malaria Journal, 4: 58.
34. FERREIRA, A.M.M. & SALATI, E. 2005. Forças de transformação do ecossistema amazônico. Dossiê Amazônia brasileira II. estudos Avançados, 19: 25-44.
35. FERREIRA, L.V.; VENTICINQUE, E. & ALMEIDA, A. 2005. O desmatamento na Amazônia e a importância das áreas protegidas. Dossiê Amazônia brasileira I. estudos Avançados, 19: 157-166.
36. FERREIRAGONÇALVES, M.J. & ALECRIM, W.D. 2004. Non-planed urbanization as a contributing factor for malária incidence in Manaus-Amazonas, Brazil. revista de Salud Publica, 6: 156-166.
37. FUJISAKA, S.; BELL, W.; THOMAS, N.; HURTADO, L. & CRAWFORD, E. 1996. Slash-and-burn agriculture, conversion to pasture, and deforestation in two Brazilian colonies. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 59: 115-130.
38. FUJISAKA, S. & WHITE, D. 1998. Pasture or permanent crops after slash-and-burn cultivation? Land-use choice in three Amazon colonies. Agroforestry Systems, 42: 45-59.
39. GAMAGEMENDIS, A.C.; CARTER, R.; MENDIS, C.; DE ZOYSA, A.P.; HERATCH, P.R. & MENDIS, K.N. 1991. Clustering of malária infections within an endemic population: risk of malária associated with the type of housing construction. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 45: 77-85.
40. GIL, L.H.S.; TADA, M.S.; KATSURAGAWA, T.H.; RIBOLLA, P.E. & DA SILVA, L.H. 2007. Urban and suburban malária in Rondônia (Brazilian Western Amazon) II. Perennial transmissions with high anopheline densities are associated with human environmental changes. Memórias do instituto Oswaldo cruz, 102: 271-276.
41. GIMNIG, J.E.; OMBOK, M.; OTIENO, S.; KAUFMAN, M.G.; VULULE, J.M. & WALKER, E.D. 2002. Density-dependent development of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in artifcial habitats. Journal of Medical entomology, 39: 162-172.
42. GOMEZELIPE, A.; OTERO, A.; VAN HERP, M. & AGUIRREJAIME, A. 2007. Forecasting malária incidence based on monthly case reports and environmental factors in Karuzi, Burundi, 1997-2003. Malaria Journal. 6: 129.
43. GU, W.; UTZINGER, J. & NOVAK, R.J. 2008. Habitat-based larval interventions: a new perspective for malária control. 2008. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 78: 2-6.
44. HARWOOD, R.R. 1996. Development pathways towards sustainable systems following slash-and-burn. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 58: 75-86.
45. HAY, S.; WERE, E.; RENSHAW, M.; NOOR, A.M.; OCHOLA, S. & OLUSANMI, I. 2003. Forecasting, warning, and detection of malária epidemics: a case study. lancet, 361: 1705-1706.
46. HOSHEN, M.B. & MORSE, A.P. 2004. A weather-driven model of malária transmission. Malaria Journal, 3: 32.
47. IBGE (INStItUtO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E EStAtÍStICA). 2002. Censo Demográfco. relatório técnico. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. http://www.ibge.gov.br. (Acesso em 10/05/2005).
48. IBGE (INStItUtO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E EStAtÍStICA). 2003. Produção Agrícola Municipal (PAM). IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/acervo/ acervo2.asp?e=v&p=PA&z=t&o=11. (Acesso 10/05/2005).
49. ICRAF and ASB (INtERNAtIONAL CENtRE FOR RESEARCH ON AGROFOREStRY AND tHE PROJECt ALtERNAtIVES tO SLASH-AND-BURN). 1994. report of research site selection in Acre and rondonia states of the Amazon region, Brazil. ICRAF and ASB, Nairobi, Kenya. 45p.
50. IFPRI (INtERNAtIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INStItUtE). 2002. report 130: Agricultural intensifcation by smallholders in the Western Brazilian Amazon: from deforestation to sustainable land use. IFPRI, Washington, DC, EUA. 147p.
51. INPE (INStItUtO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS). 2004. Monitoramento da Floresta Amazônica Brasileira por Satélite: Projeto PRODES. INPE, São José dos Campos. http:// www.obt.inpe.br/prodes. (Acesso 15/10/2004).
52. KEATING, J.; MBOGO, C.M.; MWANGANGI, J.; NZOVU, J.G.; GU, V.; REGENS, J.L.; YAN, G.; GItHURE, J.I. & BEIER, J.C. 2005. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the Kenyan coast. Journal of Medical entomology, 42: 241-246.
53. KISZEWSKI, A.; MELLINGER, A.; SPIELMAN, A.; MALANEY, P.; SACHS, S.E. & SACHS, J. 2004. A global index representing the stability of malária transmission. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 70: 486-498.
54. KONDRASHIN, A.V. 1992. Malária in the WHO Southeast Asia region. indian Journal of Malariology, 29: 129-160.
55. KORENKOMP, E.L. 2005. For the roll back malária monitoring and evaluation reference group task force on malária morbidity. Malária incidence estimates at country level for the year 2004 - Proposed estimates and draft report. relatório técnico. World Health Organization, Roll Back Malária, Geneva. http:// mosquito.who.int/docs/incidence_estimations2.pdf. (Acesso em 26/06/2008).
56. LASERSON, K.F.; WYPIJ, D.; PETRALANDA, I.; SPIELMAN, A. & MAGUIRE, J.H. 1999. Differential perpetuation of malária species among Amazonian Yanomami Amerindians. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 60: 767-773.
57. LINDBLADE, K.A.; WALKER, E.D.; ONAPA, A.W.; KATUNGU, J. & WILSON, M.L. 2000. Land use change alters malária transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. tropical Medicine & international health, 5: 263-274.
58. LINDSAY, S.W. & BIRLEY, M.H. 1996. Climate change and malária transmission. Annals of tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 90: 573-588.
59. LOEVINSOHN, M.E. 1994. Climatic warming and increased malária incidence in Rwanda. lancet, 343: 714-718.
60. LORENA, R.B. 2003. evolução do uso da terra em porção da Amazônia Ocidental (Acre), com uso de técnicas de detecção de mudanças. dissertação de Mestrado. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil. 116p.
61. LORENA, R.B. & LAMBIN, E.F. 2007. Linking spatial patterns of deforestation to land use using satellite and feld data. Pp. 6807-6814. in: xIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. Florianópolis, SC. http://marte.dpi.inpe.br/col/dpi. inpe.br/sbsr@80/2006/11.15/6807-6814.pdf. (Acesso em 28/07/2008)
62. MABASO, M.L.H.; CRAIG, M.; ROSS, A. & SMITH, T. 2007. Environmental predictors of the seasonality of malária transmission in Africa: the challenge. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 76: 33-38.
63. MARQUES, A.C. 1987. Human migration and the spread of malária in Brazil. Parasitology today, 3: 166-170.
64. MARTIN, P.H. & LEFEBVRE, M.G. 1995. Malária and climate: sensitivity of malária potential transmission to climate. royal Swedish Academy of Science, 24: 200-207.
65. MATTHYS, B.; VOUNATSOU, P.; RASO, G.; TSCHANNEN, A.B.; BECKET, E.G.; GOSONIU, L.; CISSé, G.; TANNER, M.; NGORAN, E.K. & UTZINGER, J. 2006. Urban farming and malária risk factors in a medium-sized town in Côte D'Ivoire. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 75: 1223-1231.
66. MBOGO, C.N.; SNOW, R.W.; KHAMALA, C.P.; KABIRU, E.W.; OUMA, J.H.; GITHURE, J.I.; MARSH, K. & BEIER, J.C. 1995. Relationships between Plasmodium falciparum transmission by vector populations and the incidence of severe disease at nine sites on the Kenyan coast. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 52: 201-206.
67. MBOGO, C.M.; MWANGANGE, J.M.; NZOVU, J.; GU, W.; YAN, G.; GUNTER, J.t.; SWALM, C.; KEATING, J.; REGENS, J.L.; SHILILU, J.I.; GITHURE, J.I. & BEIER, J.C. 2003. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium falciparum transmission along the Kenyan coast. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 68: 734-742.
68. MINAKAWA, N.; SONYE, G.; MOGI, M. & YAN, G. 2004. Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan higland. Medical Veterinary entomology. 18: 301-305.
69. MINAKAWA, N.; MUNGA, S.; ATIELI, F.; MUSHINZIMANA, E.; ZHOU, G.; GITHEKO, A.K. & YAN, G. 2005. Spatial distribution of anopheline larval habitats in western Kenyan higlands: effects of land cover types and topography. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 73: 157-165.
70. MOLINEAUx, L. 1988. the epidemiology of human malária as an explanation of its distribution, including some implications for its control. Pp. 913-918. in: W.H. Wernsdorfer, I.A. McGregor (eds.). Malária: Principles and Practice of Malariology. Churchill Livingstone, London, GL. 2092p.
71. MUNGA, S.; MINAKAWA, N.; ZHOU, G.; MUSHINZIMANA, E.; BARRACK, O.J.; GITHEKO, A.K. & YAN, G. 2006. Association between land cover and habitat productivity of malária vectors in western Kenyan highlands. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 74: 69-75.
72. MUSHINZIMANA, E.; MUNGA, S.; MINAKAWA, N.; LI, L.; FENG, C.; BIAN, L.; KITRON, U.; SCHIMDT, C.; BECK, L.; ZHOU, G.; GHITEKO, A.K. & YANG, G. 2006. Comparison of three remote sensors for identifcation of anopheline mosquito larval habitats in western Kenya highlands. Malaria Journal, 5: 13.
73. NAGAO, Y.; THAVARA, U.; CHITNUMSUP, P.; TAWATSIN, A.; CHANSANG, C. & CAMPBELLLENDRUM, D. 2003. Climatic and social risk factors for Aedes infestation in rural thailand. tropical Medicine & international health, 8: 650-659.
74. NORRIS, D.E. 2004. Mosquito-borne diseases as a consequence of land use change. ecohealth, 1: 19-24.
75. OEStERHOLt, M.J.A.M.; BOUSEMA, J.t.; MWERINDE, O.K.; HARRIS, C.; LUSHINO, P.; MASOKOTO, A.; MWERINDE, H.; MOSHA, F.W. & DRAKELEY, C.J. 2006. Spatial and temporal variation in malária transmission in a low endemicity area in northern tanzania. Malaria Journal, 5: 98.
76. RIBEIRO, J.M.; SEULU, F.; ABOSE, T.; KIDANE, G. & TEKLEHAIMANOT, A. 1996. temporal and spatial distribution of anopheline mosquitos in an Ethiopian village: implications for malária control strategies. Bulletin of the World health Organization, 74: 299-305.
77. RIESCO, A.; MEINI, M.; DE LA tORRE, M.; HUAMAN, H.; REYES, C. & GARCIA, M. 1982. Analisis exploratorio de los sistemas de fundo de pequenos productores en la Amazonia, region de Pucallpa. Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones tropicales y de Altura (IVItA)-Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CIID), Lima, LM. 47p.
78. SANCHEZ, P.A. 1995. Science in agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems, 30: 5-55.
79. SANTÀNNA, H.M.; SANTÀNNA, R. & SASSAGAWA, H.S.Y. 2001. Alerta sobre o avanço do antropismo na Amazônia: Projeto de Colonização (PC) - Peixoto. Pp. 655-658. in: Anais do x Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. Foz do Iguaçu, PR. http://marte.dpi.inpe.br/col/dpi.inpe.br/ lise/2001/0655.658.151.pdf. (Acesso em 28/07/2008).
80. SAWYER, D.R. 1992. Malaria and the environment. relatório técnico. Instituto SPN, Brasília. 37p.
81. SAWYER, D.R. & SAWYER, D.O. 1992. the malária transition and the role of social science research. Pp. 105-122. in: L.C. Chen (ed.). Advancing the health in developing countries: the role of social research. Auburn House, Westport. 230p.
82. SINGER, B.H. & DE CASTRO, M.C. 2001. Agricultural colonization and malária on the Amazon frontier. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 954: 184-222.
83. SINTASATH, D.M.; GHEBREMESKEL, T.; LYNCH, M.; KLEINAU, E.; BRETAS, G.; SHILILU, J.; BRANTLY, E.; GRAVES, P.M. & BEIER, J.C. 2005. Malária prevalence and associated risk factors in Eritrea. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 72: 682-687.
84. SUNAHARA, t.; ISHIZAKA, K. & MOGI, M. 2002. Habitat size: a factor determining the opportunity for encounters between mosquito larvae and aquatic predators. Journal of Vector ecology, 27: 8-20.
85. SVS/MS (SECREtARIA DE VIGILâNCIA EM SAúDE, MINIStéRIO DA SAúDE). 2008. SIVEP-Malária, Resumo Epidemiológico por local de notifcação-Nacional [banco de dados eletrônico]. SVS/MS, Brasília. http://dw.saude.gov.br/portal/page/portal/sivep-malaria. (Acesso em 25/08/2008).
86. TADA, M.S.; MARQUES, R.P.; MESQUITA, E.; DALLA MARTHA, R.C.; RODRIGUES, J.A.; COSTA, J.D.N.; PEPELASCOV, R.R.; KATSURAGAWA, T.H. & PEREIRADASILVA, L.H. 2007. Urban malária in the Brazilian Western Amazon region. I. High prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in an urban riverside district is associated with a high level of clinical malária. Memórias do instituto Oswaldo cruz, 102: 263-269.
87. TADEI, W.P.; THATCHER, B.D.; SANTOS, J.M.H.; SCARPASSA, V.M.; RODRIGUES, I.B. & RAFAEL, M.S. 1998. Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malária in the Brazilian Amazon. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 59: 325-335.
88. VASCONCELOS, C.H.; NOVO, E.M.L.M. & DONALISIO, MR. 2006. Uso do sensoriamento remoto para estudar a infuência de alterações ambientais na distribuição da malária na Amazônia brasileira. cadernos de Saúde Pública, 22: 517-526.
89. VITTOR, A.Y.; GILMAN, R.H.; TIELSCH, J.; GLASS, G.; SHIELDS, T.; LOZANO, W.S.; PINEDOCANCINO, V. & PATZ, J.A. 2006. the effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malária in the Peruvian Amazon. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 74: 3-11.
90. WASHBURN, J.O 1995. Regulatory factors affecting larval mosquito populations in container and pool habitats: implications for biological control. Journal of the American Mosquito control Association, 11: 279-283.
91. ZHOU, G.; MUNGA, S.; MINAKAWA, N; GHITEKO, A. & YAN, G. 2007. Spatial relationship between adult malária vector abundance and environmental factors in western Kenya highlands. American Journal of tropical Medicine and hygiene, 77: 29-35.