메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 45, 2010, Pages 14993-14997

Erasing fear memories with extinction training

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOSERINE; DIZOCILPINE;

EID: 78149481093     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: 15292401     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4268-10.2010     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (191)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 77950187815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synaptic correlates of fear extinction in the amygdala
    • Amano T, Unal CT, Paré D (2010) Synaptic correlates of fear extinction in the amygdala. Nat Neurosci 13:489-494.
    • (2010) Nat Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 489-494
    • Amano, T.1    Unal, C.T.2    Paré, D.3
  • 2
    • 70350437330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of perineuronal nets and parvalbumin with developmental song learning 1
    • Balmer TS, Carels VM, Frisch JL, Nick TA (2009) Modulation of perineuronal nets and parvalbumin with developmental song learning 1. J Neurosci 29:12878-12885.
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 12878-12885
    • Balmer, T.S.1    Carels, V.M.2    Frisch, J.L.3    Nick, T.A.4
  • 5
    • 0037683733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine gates LTP induction in lateral amygdala by suppressing feedforward inhibition 46
    • Bissière S, Humeau Y, Lüthi A (2003) Dopamine gates LTP induction in lateral amygdala by suppressing feedforward inhibition 46. Nat Neurosci 6:587-592.
    • (2003) Nat Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 587-592
    • Bissière, S.1    Humeau, Y.2    Lüthi, A.3
  • 6
    • 0018526860 scopus 로고
    • Role of conditioned contextual stimuli in reinstatement of extinguished fear
    • Bouton ME, Bolles RC (1979) Role of conditioned contextual stimuli in reinstatement of extinguished fear. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 5:368-378.
    • (1979) J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process , vol.5 , pp. 368-378
    • Bouton, M.E.1    Bolles, R.C.2
  • 7
    • 19644370282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study
    • Bruce SE, Yonkers KA, Otto MW, Eisen JL, Weisberg RB, Pagano M, Shea MT, Keller MB (2005) Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 162:1179-1187.
    • (2005) Am J Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 1179-1187
    • Bruce, S.E.1    Yonkers, K.A.2    Otto, M.W.3    Eisen, J.L.4    Weisberg, R.B.5    Pagano, M.6    Shea, M.T.7    Keller, M.B.8
  • 8
    • 39049108307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Brunet A, Orr SP, Tremblay J, Robertson K, Nader K, Pitman RK (2008) Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 42:503-506.
    • (2008) J Psychiatr Res , vol.42 , pp. 503-506
    • Brunet, A.1    Orr, S.P.2    Tremblay, J.3    Robertson, K.4    Nader, K.5    Pitman, R.K.6
  • 10
    • 0036152599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments
    • Conklin CA, Tiffany ST (2002) Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction 97:155-167.
    • (2002) Addiction , vol.97 , pp. 155-167
    • Conklin, C.A.1    Tiffany, S.T.2
  • 11
    • 33645758285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsolidation: The advantage of being refocused
    • Dudai Y (2006) Reconsolidation: the advantage of being refocused. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:174-178.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.16 , pp. 174-178
    • Dudai, Y.1
  • 13
    • 0026552579 scopus 로고
    • Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: Blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala
    • Falls WA, Miserendino MJ, Davis M (1992) Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala. J Neurosci 12:854-863.
    • (1992) J Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 854-863
    • Falls, W.A.1    Miserendino, M.J.2    Davis, M.3
  • 16
    • 77954268481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy
    • Ganasen KA, Ipser JC, Stein DJ (2010) Augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am 33:687-699.
    • (2010) Psychiatr Clin North Am , vol.33 , pp. 687-699
    • Ganasen, K.A.1    Ipser, J.C.2    Stein, D.J.3
  • 17
    • 69949184925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perineuronal nets protect fear memories from erasure
    • Gogolla N, Caroni P, Lüthi A, Herry C (2009) Perineuronal nets protect fear memories from erasure. Science 325:1258-1261.
    • (2009) Science , vol.325 , pp. 1258-1261
    • Gogolla, N.1    Caroni, P.2    Lüthi, A.3    Herry, C.4
  • 18
    • 4644359275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction memory improvement by the metabolic enhancer methylene blue
    • Gonzalez-Lima F, Bruchey AK (2004) Extinction memory improvement by the metabolic enhancer methylene blue. Learn Mem 11:633-640.
    • (2004) Learn Mem , vol.11 , pp. 633-640
    • Gonzalez-Lima, F.1    Bruchey, A.K.2
  • 19
    • 77951130997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibroblast growth factor-2 enhances extinction and reduces renewal of conditioned fear
    • Graham BM, Richardson R (2010) Fibroblast growth factor-2 enhances extinction and reduces renewal of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1348-1355.
    • (2010) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.35 , pp. 1348-1355
    • Graham, B.M.1    Richardson, R.2
  • 20
    • 44349113498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural substrates of increased memory sensitivity for negative stimuli in major depression
    • Hamilton JP, Gotlib IH (2008) Neural substrates of increased memory sensitivity for negative stimuli in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 63:1155-1162.
    • (2008) Biol Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 1155-1162
    • Hamilton, J.P.1    Gotlib, I.H.2
  • 21
    • 0038101669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing the efficacy of cue exposure treatment in preventing relapse of addictive behavior
    • Havermans RC, Jansen AT (2003) Increasing the efficacy of cue exposure treatment in preventing relapse of addictive behavior. Addict Behav 28:989-994.
    • (2003) Addict Behav , vol.28 , pp. 989-994
    • Havermans, R.C.1    Jansen, A.T.2
  • 22
    • 27644551416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits
    • Hensch TK (2005) Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:877-888.
    • (2005) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 877-888
    • Hensch, T.K.1
  • 23
    • 67649217835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Through the looking glass: Examining neuroanatomical evidence for cellular alterations in major depression
    • Hercher C, Turecki G, Mechawar N (2009) Through the looking glass: examining neuroanatomical evidence for cellular alterations in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 43:947-961.
    • (2009) J Psychiatr Res , vol.43 , pp. 947-961
    • Hercher, C.1    Turecki, G.2    Mechawar, N.3
  • 25
    • 65249172084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents
    • Holmes A, Wellman CL (2009) Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33:773-783.
    • (2009) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.33 , pp. 773-783
    • Holmes, A.1    Wellman, C.L.2
  • 27
    • 33846805457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information
    • Hupbach A, Gomez R, Hardt O, Nadel L (2007) Reconsolidation of episodic memories: a subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learn Mem 14:47-53.
    • (2007) Learn Mem , vol.14 , pp. 47-53
    • Hupbach, A.1    Gomez, R.2    Hardt, O.3    Nadel, L.4
  • 30
    • 77955566170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction in preweanling rats does not involve NMDA receptors
    • Kim JH, Richardson R (2010a) Extinction in preweanling rats does not involve NMDA receptors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 94:176-182.
    • (2010) Neurobiol Learn Mem , vol.94 , pp. 176-182
    • Kim, J.H.1    Richardson, R.2
  • 31
    • 74749097423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New findings on extinction of conditioned fear early in development: Theoretical and clinical implications
    • Kim JH, Richardson R (2010b) New findings on extinction of conditioned fear early in development: theoretical and clinical implications. Biol Psychiatry 67:297-303.
    • (2010) Biol Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 297-303
    • Kim, J.H.1    Richardson, R.2
  • 32
    • 69749101049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear extinction across development: The involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex as assessed by temporary inactivation and immunohistochemistry
    • Kim JH, Hamlin AS, Richardson R (2009) Fear extinction across development: the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex as assessed by temporary inactivation and immunohistochemistry. J Neurosci 29:10802-10808.
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 10802-10808
    • Kim, J.H.1    Hamlin, A.S.2    Richardson, R.3
  • 33
    • 60749084639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond extinction: Erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear
    • Kindt M, Soeter M, Vervliet B (2009) Beyond extinction: erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear. Nat Neurosci 12:256-258.
    • (2009) Nat Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 256-258
    • Kindt, M.1    Soeter, M.2    Vervliet, B.3
  • 34
    • 67349122031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functional neuroanatomy of depression: Distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
    • Koenigs M, Grafman J (2009) The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 201:239-243.
    • (2009) Behav Brain Res , vol.201 , pp. 239-243
    • Koenigs, M.1    Grafman, J.2
  • 35
    • 16844375149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-cycloserine facilitates extinction of learned fear: Effects on reacquisition and generalized extinction
    • DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.023
    • Ledgerwood L, Richardson R, Cranney J (2005) D-cycloserine facilitates extinction of learned fear: effects on reacquisition and generalized extinction. Biol Psychiatry 57:841-847. (Pubitemid 40488352)
    • (2005) Biological Psychiatry , vol.57 , Issue.8 , pp. 841-847
    • Ledgerwood, L.1    Richardson, R.2    Cranney, J.3
  • 36
    • 0037221017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of a calcineurin cascade in amygdala depotentiation and quenching of fear memory
    • Lin CH, Lee CC, Gean PW (2003a) Involvement of a calcineurin cascade in amygdala depotentiation and quenching of fear memory. Mol Pharmacol 63:44-52.
    • (2003) Mol Pharmacol , vol.63 , pp. 44-52
    • Lin, C.H.1    Lee, C.C.2    Gean, P.W.3
  • 37
    • 0141521752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The similarities and diversities of signal pathways leading to consolidation of conditioning and consolidation of extinction of fear memory
    • Lin CH, Yeh SH, Lu HY, Gean PW (2003b) The similarities and diversities of signal pathways leading to consolidation of conditioning and consolidation of extinction of fear memory. J Neurosci 23:8310-8317.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 8310-8317
    • Lin, C.H.1    Yeh, S.H.2    Lu, H.Y.3    Gean, P.W.4
  • 38
    • 33845213640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent fear is resistant to extinction
    • Maren S, Chang CH (2006) Recent fear is resistant to extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:18020-18025.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.103 , pp. 18020-18025
    • Maren, S.1    Chang, C.H.2
  • 39
    • 37549050843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in anxiety disorders
    • Milad MR, Rauch SL (2007) The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in anxiety disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1121:546-561.
    • (2007) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1121 , pp. 546-561
    • Milad, M.R.1    Rauch, S.L.2
  • 40
    • 0014401739 scopus 로고
    • Retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock after reactivation of a consolidated memory trace
    • Misanin JR, Miller RR, Lewis DJ (1968) Retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock after reactivation of a consolidated memory trace. Science 160:554-555.
    • (1968) Science , vol.160 , pp. 554-555
    • Misanin, J.R.1    Miller, R.R.2    Lewis, D.J.3
  • 41
    • 66149153122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: Key to persistent attenuation of fear memories
    • Monfils MH, Cowansage KK, Klann E, LeDoux JE (2009) Extinction- reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science 324:951-955.
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 951-955
    • Monfils, M.H.1    Cowansage, K.K.2    Klann, E.3    LeDoux, J.E.4
  • 42
    • 33745789060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual circuitry for odor-shock conditioning during infancy: Corticosterone switches between fear and attraction via amygdala
    • Moriceau S, Wilson DA, Levine S, Sullivan RM (2006) Dual circuitry for odor-shock conditioning during infancy: corticosterone switches between fear and attraction via amygdala. J Neurosci 26:6737-6748.
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 6737-6748
    • Moriceau, S.1    Wilson, D.A.2    Levine, S.3    Sullivan, R.M.4
  • 43
    • 34548841990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of yohimbine on the extinction of conditioned fear: A role for context
    • Morris RW, Bouton ME (2007) The effect of yohimbine on the extinction of conditioned fear: a role for context. Behav Neurosci 121:501-514.
    • (2007) Behav Neurosci , vol.121 , pp. 501-514
    • Morris, R.W.1    Bouton, M.E.2
  • 44
    • 78149474290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction of drug-and withdrawal-paired cues in animal models: Relevance to the treatment of addiction
    • Advance online publication. Retrieved July 14, 2010. doi:10.1016/j. neubiorev.2010.01.011
    • Myers KM, Carlezon WA Jr (2010) Extinction of drug-and withdrawal-paired cues in animal models: Relevance to the treatment of addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Advance online publication. Retrieved July 14, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.011.
    • (2010) Neurosci Biobehav Rev
    • Myers, K.M.1    Carlezon Jr., W.A.2
  • 45
    • 33846478897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of fear extinction
    • Myers KM, Davis M (2007) Mechanisms of fear extinction. Mol Psychiatry 12:120-150.
    • (2007) Mol Psychiatry , vol.12 , pp. 120-150
    • Myers, K.M.1    Davis, M.2
  • 46
    • 33645506893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition
    • Myers KM, Ressler KJ, Davis M (2006) Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition. Learn Mem 13:216-223.
    • (2006) Learn Mem , vol.13 , pp. 216-223
    • Myers, K.M.1    Ressler, K.J.2    Davis, M.3
  • 47
    • 77950246539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory reconsolidation: An update
    • Nader K, Einarsson EO (2010) Memory reconsolidation: an update. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1191:27-41.
    • (2010) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1191 , pp. 27-41
    • Nader, K.1    Einarsson, E.O.2
  • 48
    • 0034680134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
    • Nader K, Schafe GE, Le Doux JE (2000) Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature 406:722-726.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 722-726
    • Nader, K.1    Schafe, G.E.2    Le Doux, J.E.3
  • 50
    • 71249093958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parvalbumin-containing neurons, perineuronal nets and experience-dependent plasticity in murine barrel cortex 1
    • Nowicka D, Soulsby S, Skangiel-Kramska J, Glazewski S (2009) Parvalbumin-containing neurons, perineuronal nets and experience-dependent plasticity in murine barrel cortex 1. Eur J Neurosci 30: 2053-2063.
    • (2009) Eur J Neurosci , vol.30 , pp. 2053-2063
    • Nowicka, D.1    Soulsby, S.2    Skangiel-Kramska, J.3    Glazewski, S.4
  • 52
    • 77951041564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plastic synaptic networks of the amygdala for the acquisition, expression, and extinction of conditioned fear
    • Pape HC, Paré D (2010) Plastic synaptic networks of the amygdala for the acquisition, expression, and extinction of conditioned fear. Physiol Rev 90:419-463.
    • (2010) Physiol Rev , vol.90 , pp. 419-463
    • Pape, H.C.1    Paré, D.2
  • 54
    • 66149122651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex
    • Peters J, Kalivas PW, Quirk GJ (2009) Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex. Learn Mem 16:279-288.
    • (2009) Learn Mem , vol.16 , pp. 279-288
    • Peters, J.1    Kalivas, P.W.2    Quirk, G.J.3
  • 55
    • 77953282058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of fear extinction with hippocampal-infralimbic BDNF
    • Peters J, Dieppa-Perea LM, Melendez LM, Quirk GJ (2010) Induction of fear extinction with hippocampal-infralimbic BDNF. Science 328:1288-1290.
    • (2010) Science , vol.328 , pp. 1288-1290
    • Peters, J.1    Dieppa-Perea, L.M.2    Melendez, L.M.3    Quirk, G.J.4
  • 56
    • 36549089500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval
    • Quirk GJ, Mueller D (2008) Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:56-72.
    • (2008) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.33 , pp. 56-72
    • Quirk, G.J.1    Mueller, D.2
  • 57
    • 77953167035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular specificity of multiple hippocampal processes governing fear extinction
    • Radulovic J, Tronson NC (2010) Molecular specificity of multiple hippocampal processes governing fear extinction. Rev Neurosci 21:1-17.
    • (2010) Rev Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 1-17
    • Radulovic, J.1    Tronson, N.C.2
  • 58
    • 0016417721 scopus 로고
    • Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus
    • Rescorla RA, Heth CD (1975) Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 1:88-96.
    • (1975) J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process , vol.1 , pp. 88-96
    • Rescorla, R.A.1    Heth, C.D.2
  • 59
    • 4644266537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitation of fear extinction by D-cycloserine: Theoretical and clinical implications
    • Richardson R, Ledgerwood L, Cranney J (2004) Facilitation of fear extinction by D-cycloserine: theoretical and clinical implications. Learn Mem 11:510-516.
    • (2004) Learn Mem , vol.11 , pp. 510-516
    • Richardson, R.1    Ledgerwood, L.2    Cranney, J.3
  • 64
    • 77953541504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociating response systems: Erasing fear from memory
    • Soeter M, Kindt M (2010) Dissociating response systems: erasing fear from memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 94:30-41.
    • (2010) Neurobiol Learn Mem , vol.94 , pp. 30-41
    • Soeter, M.1    Kindt, M.2
  • 65
    • 0037088911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats
    • Walker DL, Ressler KJ, Lu KT, Davis M (2002) Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J Neurosci 22:2343-2351.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 2343-2351
    • Walker, D.L.1    Ressler, K.J.2    Lu, K.T.3    Davis, M.4
  • 66
    • 0142136741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation
    • Walker MP, Brakefield T, Hobson JA, Stickgold R (2003) Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature 425:616-620.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.425 , pp. 616-620
    • Walker, M.P.1    Brakefield, T.2    Hobson, J.A.3    Stickgold, R.4
  • 67
    • 33750049662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-cycloserine facilitates extinction but does not eliminate renewal of the conditioned emotional response
    • Woods AM, Bouton ME (2006) D-cycloserine facilitates extinction but does not eliminate renewal of the conditioned emotional response. Behav Neurosci 120:1159-1162.
    • (2006) Behav Neurosci , vol.120 , pp. 1159-1162
    • Woods, A.M.1    Bouton, M.E.2
  • 68
    • 57349086251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate extinction causes a less durable loss of performance than delayed extinction following either fear or appetitive conditioning
    • Woods AM, Bouton ME (2008) Immediate extinction causes a less durable loss of performance than delayed extinction following either fear or appetitive conditioning. Learn Mem 15:909-920.
    • (2008) Learn Mem , vol.15 , pp. 909-920
    • Woods, A.M.1    Bouton, M.E.2
  • 69
    • 34548283077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction in the developing rat: An examination of renewal effects
    • Yap CS, Richardson R (2007) Extinction in the developing rat: an examination of renewal effects. Dev Psychobiol 49:565-575.
    • (2007) Dev Psychobiol , vol.49 , pp. 565-575
    • Yap, C.S.1    Richardson, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.