Probabilistic considerations on the effect of specimen size on the critical chloride content in reinforced concrete

Corrosion Science

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 177-187

  Angst, Ueli ^a   Rønnquist, Anders ^a   Elsener, Bernhard ^b,c   Larsen, Claus K ^a,d   Vennesland, Øystein ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

^d NORWEGIAN PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRATION   (Norway)

Author keywords

A. Steel reinforced concrete; C. Pitting corrosion

Indexed keywords

C. PITTING CORROSION; CHLORIDE CONTENTS; EXPERIMENTAL DATA; GEOMETRICAL DIMENSIONS; LABORATORY SET-UP; PARALLEL SAMPLES; PROBABILISTIC MODELS; REINFORCEMENT CORROSION; REPRODUCIBILITIES; SMALL SPECIMEN; STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE; TEST METHOD; THRESHOLD LEVELS;

CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; CONCRETE BUILDINGS; REINFORCED CONCRETE;

PITTING;

EID: 78149465404     PISSN: 0010938X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.09.017     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Shibata T., Takeyama T. Pitting corrosion as a stochastic process. Nature 1976, 260:315-316.
2. Bertolini L., Elsener B., Pedeferri P., Polder R. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete 2004, Wiley VCH, Weinheim.
3. Evans U.R. The Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals: Scientific Principles and Practical Applications 1960, Edward Arnold Ltd., London.
4. Burstein G.T., Ilevbare G.O. The effect of specimen size on the measured pitting potential of stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 1996, 38:2257-2265.
5. Li L., Sagüés A.A. Chloride corrosion threshold of reinforcing steel in alkaline solutions - effect of specimen size. Corrosion 2004, 60:195-202.
6. Bettendorf M. Korrosionsangriffe am Armierungsstahl 1997, Diplomarbeit, ETH Zürich, (in German).
7. Mangat P.S., Gurusamy K. Corrosion resistance of steel fibres in concrete under marine exposure. Cem. Concr. Res. 1988, 18:44-54.
8. Janotka I., Krajcí L., Komlos K., Frtalová D. Chloride corrosion of steel fibre reinforcement in cement mortar. Int. J. Cem. Compos. Lightweight Concr. 1989, 11:221-228.
9. Angst U., Elsener B., Larsen C.K., Vennesland Ø. Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete - a review. Cem. Concr. Res. 2009, 39:1122-1138.
10. RILEM TC CTC " Corrosion initiating chloride threshold concentrations in concrete" Available from: http://www.rilem.net.
11. Szklarska-Smialowska Z. Mechanism of pit nucleation by electrical breakdown of the passive film. Corros. Sci. 2002, 44:1143-1149.
12. Strehblow H.-H. Mechanisms of pitting corrosion. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice 2002, 243-285. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. second ed. P. Marcus (Ed.).
13. Wranglen G. Pitting and sulphide inclusions in steel. Corros. Sci. 1974, 14:331-349.
14. Pistorius P.C., Burstein G.T. Metastable pitting corrosion of stainless steel and the transition to stability. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1992, 341:531-559.
15. Page C.L. Initiation of chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete: role of the interfacial zone. Mater. Corros. 2009, 60:586-592.
16. Page C.L. Mechanism of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete marine structures. Nature 1975, 258:514-515.
17. Yonezawa T., Ashworth V., Procter R.P.M. Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete. Corrosion 1988, 44:489-499.
18. Glass G.K., Reddy B., Clark L.A. Making reinforcement concrete immune from chloride corrosion. Proc. Instn. Civ. Eng. Constr. Mater. 2007, 160:155-164.
19. Castel A., Vidal T., François R., Arliguie G. Influence of steel-concrete interface quality on reinforcement corrosion induced by chlorides. Mag. Concr. Res. 2003, 55:151-159.
20. U. Angst, B. Elsener, C.K. Larsen, O. Vennesland, Considerations on the effect of sample size for the critical chloride content in concrete, accepted for presentation at the 2nd Int. Symp. on Service Life Design for Infrastructure, Delft, The Netherlands, 4-6 October, 2010.
21. Lambert P., Page C.L., Vassie P.R.W. Investigations of reinforcement corrosion. 2. Electrochemical monitoring of steel in chloride-contaminated concrete. Mater. Struct. 1991, 24:351-358.
22. Nygaard P.V., Geiker M.R. A method for measuring the chloride threshold level required to initiate reinforcement corrosion in concrete. Mater. Struct. 2005, 38:489-494.
23. Melchers R.E. Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction 1999, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. second ed.
24. Walpole R.E., Myers R.H., Myers S.L., Ye K. Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists 2007, Pearson Education Ltd., London. eighth ed.
25. W. Breit, Critical Corrosion Inducing Chloride Content - State of the Art and New Investigation Results, Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V., Verlag Bau+Technik, Düsseldorf, 2001, pp. 145-167.
26. Polder R. Critical chloride content for reinforced concrete and its relationship to concrete resistivity. Mater. Corros. 2009, 60:623-630.
27. L. Zimmermann, Korrosionsinitiierender Chloridgehalt von Stahl in Beton, Dissertation, ETH Nr. 13870, ETH Zürich, 2000, (in German).
28. L. Zimmermann, B. Elsener, H. Böhni, Critical factors for the initiation of rebar corrosion, in: Proc. EUROCORR'99, Aachen, Germany, European Federation of Corrosion, 1999.
29. Elsener B., Zimmermann L., Böhni H. Non destructive determination of the free chloride content in cement based materials. Mater. Corros. 2003, 54:440-446.
30. Model code for service life design, fib Bulletin No. 34, Lausanne, 2006.
31. Izquierdo D., Alonso C., Andrade C., Castellote M. Potentiostatic determination of chloride threshold values for rebar depassivation: experimental and statistical study. Electrochim. Acta 2004, 49:2731-2739.
32. Trejo D., Pillai R.G. Accelerated chloride threshold testing: part I - ASTM A 615 and A 706 reinforcement. ACI Mater. J. 2003, 100:519-527.
33. Schneider J. Introduction to Safety and Reliability of Structures 1997, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), Zürich.
34. Vassie P. Reinforcement corrosion and the durability of concrete bridges. Proc. Instn. Civ. Eng. Part 1 1984, 76:713-723.
35. Alonso M.C., Sanchez M. Analysis of the variability of chloride threshold values in the literature. Mater. Corros. 2009, 60:631-637.
36. de Viedma P.G., Castellote M., Andrade C. Comparison between several methods for determining the depassivation threshold value for corrosion onset. J. Phys. IV 2006, 136:79-88.
37. Alonso C., Andrade C., Castellote M., Castro P. Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar. Cem. Concr. Res. 2000, 30:1047-1055.
38. Horne A.T., Richardson I.G., Brydson R.M.D. Quantitative analysis of the microstructure of interfaces in steel reinforced concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2007, 37:1613-1623.
39. U. Angst, C.K. Larsen, O. Vennesland, B. Elsener, Influence of casting direction on chloride-induced rebar corrosion, in: P. Castro-Borges, E.I. Moreno, K. Sakai, O. Gjørv, N. Banthia (Eds.), CONSEC'10 6th Int. Conf. on Concrete under Severe Conditions, Environment and Loading, vol. 1, CRC Press, 2010, pp. 359-366.
40. Frederiksen J.M. On the need for more precise threshold values for chloride initiated corrosion. Mater. Corros. 2009, 60:597-601.
41. Castellote M., Andrade C. Round-Robin test on chloride analysis in concrete - part I: analysis of total chloride content. Mater. Struct. 2001, 34:532-556.
42. Gulikers J. Considerations on the reliability of service life predictions using a probabilistic approach. J. Phys. IV 2006, 136:233-241.
43. Govindarajulu Z. Sequential Statistics 2004, World Scientific Publishing, London.
44. Gulikers J.J.W. A simplified and practical approach regarding design for durability of reinforced concrete structures based on probabilistic modeling of chloride ingress. Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting 2008, 325-329. CRC Press, Balkema, The Netherlands. M.G. Alexander, H.-D. Beushausen, F. Dehn, P. Moyo (Eds.).
45. F. Fluge, Marine chlorides - a probabilistic approach to derive provisions for EN 206-1, in: Third Workshop on " Service Life Design of Concrete Structures - from Theory to Standardisation" , Tromsø, DuraNet, 2001, pp. 63-83.
46. Pettersson K. Corrosion Threshold Value and Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete 1992, Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm.
47. P. Schiessl, M. Raupach, Influence of concrete composition and microclimate on the critical chloride content in concrete, in: Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. " Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete" , Elsevier Applied Science, Wishaw, UK, 1990, pp. 49-58.
48. Raupach M., Schiessl P. Monitoring system for the penetration of chlorides, carbonation and the corrosion risk for the reinforcement. Constr. Build. Mater. 1997, 11:207-214.
49. M. Raupach, Corrosion monitoring using a new sensor system for installation into existing structures, in: Durability of Building Materials and Components 8: Service Life and Asset Management, Service Life and Durability of Materials and Components, vol. 1, Vancouver, Canada, NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada, 1999, pp. 365-375.
50. Gjørv O.E., Vennesland Ø. A new probe for monitoring steel corrosion in offshore concrete platforms. Mater. Perform. 1982, 21:33-35.