The right to the entrepreneurial city in reform-era China

China Review

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 129-156

  Zhang, Li ^a  

^a FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 78149303228     PISSN: 16802012     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Dorothy J. Solinger, Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999);
2. Bingxing Tian, Zhongguo diyi zhengjian (China's no. document) (Huizhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe, 2005);
3. Fei-Ling Wang, Organizing through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005).
4. Xiaogang Wu and Donald J. Treiman, "The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955-1996," Demography, Vol. 41, No. 2 (2004): 363-384;
5. Peter Alexander and Anita Chan, "Does China have an apartheid pass system?" Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4, (2004): 609-629.
6. Per Ronnås, "Economic diversification and growth in rural China: The anatomy of a 'socialist' success story," Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1993): 216-244.
7. Li Zhang, "Conceptualizing China's urbanization under reforms," Habitat International, Vol. 32, No. 4 (2008): 452-470.
8. Since the mid-1980s, nationwide the central government has instituted gradual reforms to its urban (hukou) registration policy, granting rural migrants more opportunities to move to cities. By closer investigation of scattered cases concerning the local articulation of urban hukou reform, Davis and Ramia point out that, though some changes have been made, there is no significant progress in granting urban rights to rural migrants at the implementation level. See Gloria Davies and Gaby Ramia, "Governance reform towards 'serving migrant workers': The local implementation of central regulations," China Quarterly, No. 193 (2008): 140-149;
9. Kam Wing Chan and Will Buckingham, "Is China abolishing the hukou system?" China Quarterly, No. 195 (2008): 582-606.
10. For example, see Dorothy Solinger (Note 1); Fei-Ling Wang (Note 1); Li Yi, Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005);
11. Heather Xiaoquan Zhang, Bin Wu and Richard Sanders, (eds.), Marginalisation in China: Perspectives on Transition and Globalisation (Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2007).
12. By the end of 2007, Shanghai had 6.60 million registered migrants, making up about 28% of the city's total population. See Shanghai Municipal Statistical Bureau, Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2008 (www.stats-sh.gov.cn/2003shtj/tjnj/ nj08.htm?d1=2008tjnj/c0303.htm, accessed 11 September 2008).
13. Thomas Humphrey Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class, and Other Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950);
14. Thomas Janoski, Citizenship and Civil Society: A Framework of Rights and Obligations in Liberal, Traditional, and Social Democratic Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
15. James Holston and Arjun Appadurai, "Introduction: Cities and citizenship," in Cities and Citizenship, ed. by James Holston (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 1-18.
16. James F. Hollifield, Immigrants, Markets, and States: The Political Economy of Postwar Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992);
17. David Jacobson, Rights across Borders: Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
18. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992);
19. Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
20. Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life (London: Verso, 1991);
21. Henri Lefebvre, Writings on Cities (Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 1996);
22. James Holston, ed., Cities and Citizenship (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1999);
23. David Harvey, Spaces of Hope (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).
24. Leonie Sandercock, Cosmopolis II: Mongrel Cities of the 21st Century (London and New York: Continuum, 2003);
25. Engin F. Isin, ed., Democracy, Citizenship, and the Global City (London and New York: Routledge, 2000); James Holston (Note 12).
26. Mark Purcell, "Citizenship and the right to the global city: Reimagining the capitalist world order," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2003): 564-590.
27. Henri Lefebvre (Note 12).
28. Sallie A. Marston and Katharyne Mitchell, "Citizens and the state: Citizenship formations in space and time," in Spaces of Democracy: Geographical Perspectives on Citizenship, Participation and Representation, ed. by Clive Barnett and Murray Low (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004).
29. Paul Hirst and Jonathan Zeitlin, "Flexible specialization versus postFordism: Theory, evidence and policy implications," in Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development, ed. by Michael Storper and Allen J. Scott (London: Routledge, 1992).
30. Sallie A. Marston and Katharyne Mitchell, "Citizens and the state: citizenship formation in space and time," in Spaces of Democracy: Geographical Perspectives on Citizenship, Participation and Representation, eds. by Clive Barnett and Murray Low (London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2004), 93-112.
31. Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996);
32. David Harvey (Note 12); Don Mitchell, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space (New York: Guilford Press, 2003).
33. Dorothy Solinger (Note 1); Bingxing Tian (Note 1); Fei-Ling Wang (Note 1).
34. Kam Wing Chan and Li Zhang, "The hukou system and rural-urban migration in China: Processes and changes," The China Quarterly, No. 160 (1999): 644-668.
35. Lynn T. White, "Deviance, modernization, rations, and household register in urban China," in Deviance and Social Control in Chinese Society, ed. by Amy Auerbacher Wilson, Sidney Leonard Greenblatt and Richard Whittingham Wilson (New York: Praeger, 1977), 151-172;
36. Cheng Tiejun and Mark Seiden, "The origins and social consequences of China's hukou system," The China Quarterly, No. 139 (1994): 644-668;
37. Kam Wing Chan, Cities with Invisible Walls: Reinterpreting Urbanization in Post-1949 China (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994).
38. For detailed discussion on how economic reforms produce an uprooted rural population, see Zhang (Note 4).
39. The State Council's decisions on relaxing some of the urban hukou restrictions for the purpose of family reunion include (1) a person aged less than 18 is permitted to choose to follow the hukou status of his/her mother or father; (2) the hukou transfer of spouses who have not been living in the same city for many years because of past hukou restrictions may be subject to less control; (3) an aged or retired person who needs to be looked after by his/her child is allowed to transfer his/her hukou to the place of his/her child's residence. See State Council, Guowuyuan pizhuan gonganbu guanyu dangqian huji guanli gongzuozhong jige tuchu wenti de yijian (Circular for Approving and Circulating the Proposal of Ministry of Public Security for Handling Several Key Issues of Hukou Administration), issued on July 22, 1998.
40. The annual qualification mark will be decided by the Office of Shanghai Joint Conference for Employment of College Graduates in accordance with the city government's plan for regulating the increase of the Shanghai population.
41. The policy of a temporary residence certificate (TRC) was promulgated nationwide in 1985. It specified that people of age 16 and over who intended to stay in urban areas other than their place of hukou registration for more than three months were required to apply for a TRC. The TRC is valid for a specified period and is renewable. This policy was regarded by Chan and Zhang as giving tacit permission for migrants to live outside the place of their hukou registration. See Kam Wing Chan and Li Zhang (Note 21).
42. Li Zhang, China's Limited Urbanization: Under Socialism and Beyond (New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2004).
43. Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, translated from the 2nd German edition by N. I. Stone (Chicago, IL: Charles H. Kerr, 1904)
44. János Kornai, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
45. Under the centralized fiscal system, almost all revenues generated in the economy were collected by local governments and then remitted to the central coffer while financial expenditures at the local level were covered by the central budgetary plan. The centralized fiscal system, based on the public ownership of the means of production and characterized by the central state's monopoly over the revenue and expenditure of almost all economic and societal units, allowed the state to minimize the resources devoted to the sectors it least prioritized and divert resources to the sectors it prioritized most.
46. According an estimate from the Department of Policy and Law, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, state procurement prices for agricultural products were below the market values by 39% in 1957, 46% in 1965, 41% in 1971 and 36% in 1978, while in those years industrial products were priced at 54%, 44%, 37% and 20%, respectively, above their market values. See Shutian Guo, Yaoliang Min, and Qingsong Dong (eds.), Biangezhong de nongcun yu nongye: Zhongguo nongcun jingji gaige shizheng yanjiu (The Rural and Agricultural Sectors in Transition: Empirical Studies on Chinese Reforms of Rural Economy) (Beijing: China Financial Economy Publishing House, 1993).
47. Fulong Wu and Laurence J. C. Ma, "The Chinese city in transition: Towards theorizing China's urban restructuring," in Restructuring the Chinese City: Changing Society, Economy and Space, ed. by Laurence J. C. Ma and Fulong Wu (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), 260-279.
48. Barry Naughton, Growing out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978-1993 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
49. Simon Zhao and Li Zhang, "Decentralization reforms and regional dilemmas in China: A review," International Regional Science Review, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1999): 251-281.
50. Fulong Wu, "The (post-) socialist entrepreneurial city as a state project: Shanghai's reglobalization in question," Urban Studies, Vol. 40, No. 9 (2003): 1673-1698.
51. Kam Wing Chan, Fundamentals of China's Urbanization and Policy (Seattle: University of Washington, mimeo, 2007).