Posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic stress: From bench to bedside, from war to disaster

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1208, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 72-81

  Ursano, Robert J ^a   Goldenberg, Matthew ^a   Zhang, Lei ^a   Carlton, Janis ^a   Fullerton, Carol S ^a   Li, He ^a   Johnson, Luke ^a   Benedek, David ^a  

^a UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Disaster; Neurobiology; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CANNABINOID; GABAPENTIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PROPRANOLOL; PROTEIN P11; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; LIPOCORTIN 2; PROTEIN S 100; S100 CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN A10;

AGGRESSION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; DISASTER; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG TARGETING; FEAR; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MEMORY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SOLDIER; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SUICIDE; VIOLENCE; WAR; ADDICTION; ANIMAL; DRUG ANTAGONISM; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; MENTAL STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POSTHUMOUS CARE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; AGGRESSION; AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; ANNEXIN A2; DISASTERS; FEAR; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003 -; MILITARY PERSONNEL; MORTUARY PRACTICE; RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2A; S100 PROTEINS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SUICIDE; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE; WAR;

EID: 78149265617     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05721.x     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Milliken, C.S., J.L. Auchterlonie & C.W. Hoge 2007. Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq War. JAMA 298: 2141-2190.
2. Williams, S.L., D.R. Williams, D.J. Stein, et al 2007. Multiple traumatic events and psychological distress: the South Africa stress and health study. J. Trauma. Stress 20: 845-855.
3. Shephard, B. 2001. A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA
4. Hoge, C.W., C.A. Castro, S.C. Messer, et al 2004. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N. Engl. J. Med. 351: 13-22.
5. Mental Health Advisory Team VI. 2009. Mental health advisory team report (MHAT) VI, Operation Iraqi Freedom 07-09, Report. Army Medicine Reports (accessed August 20, 2010).
6. Carden, M. J. 2009. Army Continues Focus on Suicide Prevention. American Forces Press Service. Washington
7. Kuehn, B.M. 2009. Soldier suicide rates continue to rise. JAMA 301: 1111-1113.
8. Jakupcak, M., J. Cook, Z. Imel, et al 2009. Posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. J. Trauma. Stress 22: 303-306.
9. Ledgerwood, D.M. 1999. Suicide and attachment: fear of abandonment and isolation from a developmental perspective. J. Contemp. Psychother. 29: 65-73.
10. Jelinek, P. 2009. Military Divorce Rate Edges Higher. Associated Press. Washington
11. Sher, L. 2009. Suicide in war veterans: the role of comorbidity of PTSD and depression. Expert Rev. Neurother. 9: 921-923.
12. Tanielian, T., L.H. Jaycox, T.L. Schell, et al 2008. Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. RAND. Santa Monica
13. Grossman, D. 1995. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Back Bay Books. New York
14. Jakupcak, M., D. Conybeare, L. Phelps, et al 2007. Anger, hostility, and aggression among Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans reporting PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. J. Trauma. Stress 20: 945-954.
15. Gradus, J.L., P. Qin, A.K. Lincoln, et al 2010. Posttraumatic stress disorder and completed suicide. Am. J. Epidemiol. 171: 721-727.
16. Nock, M.K., K. Hwang, N.A. Sampson, et al 2009. Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicideal behavior: findings from the WHO world mental health surveys. PLoS Med. 6: 1-17.
17. Nock, M.K., K. Hwang, N.A. Sampson & R.C. Kessler 2010. Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Mol. Psychiatry. 15: 868-876.
18. Wilcox, H.C., C.L. Storr & N. Breslau 2009. Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attempts in a community sample of urban young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66: 305-311.
19. Marshall, A.D., J. Panuzio & C.T. Taft 2005. Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 25: 862-876.
20. Jordan, B.K., C.R. Marmar, J.A. Fairbank, et al 1992. Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 60: 916-926.
21. Killgore, W.D., D.I. Cotting, J.L. Thomas, et al 2008. Post-combat invincibility: violent combat experiences are associated with increased risk-taking propensity following deployment. J. Psychiatr. Res. 42: 1112-1121.
22. Boscarino, J.A. 2006. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. Army veterans 30 years after military service. Ann. Epidemiol. 16: 248-256.
23. Iversen, L. 2003. Cannabis and the brain. Brain 126: 1252-1270.
24. Phillips, R.G. & J.E. LeDoux 1992. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav. Neurosci. 106: 274-285.
25. Davis, M., D.L. Walker & K.M. Myers 2003. Role of the amygdala in fear extinction measured with potentiated startle. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 985: 218-232.
26. Chhatwal, J.P., M. Davis, K.A. Maguschak & K.J. Ressler 2005. Enhancing the cannabinoid neurotransmission augments the extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 30: 516-524.
27. Mikics, E., T. Dombi, B. Barsvari, et al 2006. The effects of cannabinoids on contextual conditioned fear in CB1 knockout and CD1 mice. Behav. Pharmacol. 17: 223-230.
28. Fride, E., R. Suris, J. Weidenfeld & R. Mechoulam 2005. Differential response to acute and repeated stress in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout newborn and adult mice. Behav. Pharmacol. 16: 431-440.
29. Marsciano, G., C.T. Wotjak, S.C. Azad, et al 2002. The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories. Nature 418: 530-534.
30. Zhang, L., H. Li, D. Benedek, et al 2009. A strategy for the development of biomarker tests for PTSD. Med. Hypotheses 73: 404-409.
31. Svenningsson, P., K. Chergui, I. Rachleff, et al 2006. Alterations in 5-HT1B receptor function by p11 in depression-like states. Science 311: 77-80.
32. Yao, X.L., M.J. Cowan, M.T. Gladwin, et al 1999. Dexamethasone alters arachidonate release from human epithelial cells by induction of p11 protein synthesis and inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 17202-17208.
33. Zhang, L., H. Li, T.P. Su, et al 2008. p11 is up-regulated in the forebrain of stressed rats by glucocorticoid acting via two specific glucocorticoid response elements in the p11 promoter. Neuroscience 153: 1126-1134.
34. Su, T.P., L. Zhang, M.Y. Chung, et al 2009. Levels of the potential biomarker p11 in peripheral blood cells distinguish patients with PTSD from those with other major psychiatric disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res. 43: 1078-1085.
35. Southwick, S.M., S. Paige, C.A. Morgan III, et al. 1999. Neurotransmitter alterations in PTSD: catecholamines and serotonin. Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 4: 242-248.
36. Malone, K.M., S.P. Ellis, D. Currier & J.J. Mann 2006. Platelet 5-HT2A receptor subresponsivity and lethality of attempted suicide in depressed in-patients. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 10: 335-343.
37. Messa, C., C. Colombo, R.M. Moresco, et al 2003. 5-HT(2A) receptor binding is reduced in drug-naive and unchanged in SSRI-responder depressed patients compared to healthy controls: a PET study. Psychopharmacology 167: 72-78.
38. Dwivedi, Y., A.C. Mondal, G.V. Payappagoudar & H.S. Rizavi 2005. Differential regulation of serotonin (5HT)2A receptor mRNA and protein levels after single and repeated stress in rat brain: role in learned helplessness behavior. Neuropharmacology 48: 204-214.
39. Jiang, X., Z.J. Zhang, S. Zhang, et al 2009. 5-HT2A receptor antagonism by MDL 11, 939 during inescapable stress prevents subsequent exaggeration of acoustic startle response and reduced body weight in rats. J. Psychopharmacol. 0: 1-9 [E-pub ahead of print].
40. Fanselow, M.S. & J.E. LeDoux 1999. Why we think plasticity underlying Pavlovian fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala. Neuron 23: 229-232.
41. LeDoux, J. 2007. The amygdala. Curr. Biol. 17: R868-R874.
42. Johnson, L.R. 2009. The micro anatomy of fear: circuits underlying fear acquisition and extinction. Cell Sci. Rev. 5: 1742-1748.
43. Repa, J.C., J. Muller, J. Apergis, et al 2001. Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and storage of memory. Nat. Neurosci. 4: 724-731.
44. Johnson, L.R. & J.E. LeDoux 2004. Fear and Anxiety: The Benefits of Translational Research. J.M., Gorman, et al ., Eds.: 227-250. APA Press. Washington
45. Johnson, L.R., J.E. Ledoux & V. Doyere 2009. Hebbian reverberations in emotional memory micro circuits. Front. Neurosci. 3: 198-205.
46. Prager, E.M. & L.R. Johnson 2009. Stress at the synapse: signal transduction mechanisms of adrenal steroids at neuronal membranes. Sci. Signal. 2: re5.
47. American Psychiatric Association. 2002. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association. Washington
48. Benedek, D.M., M.J. Friedman, D. Zatzick & R.J. Ursano 2009. Guideline watch: practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. FOCUS 7: 1-9.
49. Pitman, R.K., K.M. Sanders, R.M. Zusman, et al 2002. Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranol. Biol. Psychiatry 51: 189-192.
50. Stein, M.B., C. Kerridge, J.E. Dimsdale & D.B. Hoyt 2007. Pharmacotherapy to prevent PTSD: results from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial in physically injured patients. J. Trauma. Stress 20: 923-932.
51. Hobfoll, S.E., P. Watson, C.C. Bell, et al 2007. Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry 70: 283-315.
52. Benedek, D.M. & C.S. Fullerton 2007. Translating five essential elements into programs and practice: commentary on "Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence" by Hobfoll et al. Psychiatry 70: 345-349.
53. Bryant, R.A., J. Mastrodomenico, K.L. Felmingham, et al 2008. Treatment of acute stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65: 659-667.
54. Institute of Medicine. 2007. Treatment of PTSD: An Assessment of the Evidence. National Academies Press. Washington
55. Martenyi, F. & V. Soldatenkova 2006. Fluoxetine in the acute treatment and relapse prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: analysis of the veteran group of a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 16: 340-349.
56. Davidson, J., D. Baldwin, D.J. Stein, et al 2006. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63: 1158-1165.
57. Pavcovich, L.A. & R.J. Valentino 1997. Regulation of a putative neurotransmitter effect of corticotropin-releasing factor: effects of adrenalectomy. J. Neurosci. 17: 401-408.
58. Raskind, M.A., E.R. Peskind, E.D. Kanter, et al 2003. Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: a placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Psychiatry 160: 371-373.
59. Raskind, M.A., E.R. Peskind, D.J. Hoff, et al 2007. A parallel group placebo controlled study of prazosin for trauma nightmares and sleep disturbance in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 61: 928-934.
60. Taylor, F.B., P. Martin, C. Thompson, et al 2008. Prazosin effects on objective sleep measures and clinical symptoms in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder: a placebo-controlled study. Biol. Psychiatry 63: 629-632.
61. Rothbaum, B.O., M.C. Astin & F. Marsteller 2005. Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. J. Trauma. Stress 18: 607-616.
62. Bryant, R.A. & A.G. Harvey 1996. Posttraumatic stress reactions in volunteer firefighters. J. Trauma. Stress 9: 51-62.
63. Fullerton, C.S., J.E. McCarroll, R.J. Ursano & K.M. Wright 1992. Psychological responses of rescue workers: fire fighters and trauma. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 62: 371-378.
64. Marmar, C.R., D.S. Weiss, T.J. Metzler, et al 1996. Stress responses of emergency service personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake Interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents. J. Trauma. Stress 9: 63-85.
65. McCarroll, J.E., R.J. Ursano & C.S. Fullerton 1995. Symptoms of PTSD following recovery of war dead: 13-15 month follow-up. Am. J. Psychiatry 152: 939-941.
66. Ursano, R.J., J.E. McCarroll & C.S. Fullerton 2007. Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry. R.J. Ursano, et al ., Eds.: 227-246. Cambridge University Press. New York
67. McCarroll, J.E., R.J. Ursano, C.S. Fullerton, et al 2001. Effects of exposure to death in a war mortuary on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of intrusion and avoidance. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 189: 44-48.
68. McCarroll, J.E., R.J. Ursano, C.S. Fullerton, et al 2002. Somatic symptoms in Gulf War mortuary workers. Psychosom. Med. 64: 29-33.
69. Adler, N., T. Boyce, M.A. Chesney, et al 1994. Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am. Psychol. 49: 15-24.