Late Triassic Texas uplift preceding Jurassic opening of the Gulf of Mexico: Evidence from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons

Geosphere

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 641-662

  Dickinson, William R ^a   Gehrels, George E ^a   Stern, Robert J ^b  

^a University of Arizona   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASEMENT ROCK; PALEOZOIC; PROTEROZOIC; PROVENANCE; SANDSTONE; SEDIMENT TRAP; TRIASSIC; UPLIFT; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; ZIRCON;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; COLORADO PLATEAU; GREAT PLAINS; GULF OF MEXICO; UNITED STATES;

EID: 78049505490     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00532.1     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Andersen, T., 2005, Detrital zircons as tracers of sedimentary provenance: Limiting conditions from statistics and numerical simulation: Chemical Geology, v. 216, p. 249-270, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.11.013.
2. Arvizu, H.E., Iriondo, A., Izaguirre, A., Chávez-Cabello, G., Kamenov, G.D., Solís-Pichardo, G., Foster, G.A., and Lozano-Santa Cruz, R., 2009, Rocas graníticas pérmicas en la Sierra Pinta, NW de Sonora, México: Magmatismo de subducción asociado al inicio margen continental active del SW de Norteamérica: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 26, p. 709-728.
3. Barboza-Gudiño, J.R., 2009, El Alamar Formation: The only Triassic succession of the Huizachal Group in northeastern Mexico: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 2, p. 29.
4. Barboza-Gudiño, J.R., Tristán-González, M., and Torres-Hernández, J.R., 1998, The Late Triassic-Early Jurassic active continental margin of western North America in northeastern Mexico: Geofísica Internacional, v. 37, p. 283-292.
5. Barboza-Gudiño, J.R., Tristán-González, M., and Torres-Hernández, J.R., 1999, Tectonic setting of pre-Oxfordian units from central and northwestern Mexico: A review, in Bartolini, C., et al., eds., Mesozoic sedimentary and tectonic history of north-central Mexico: Geological Society of America Special Paper 340, p. 197-210.
6. Barboza-Gudiño, J.R., Orozco-Esquivel, M.T., Gómez-Anguiano, M., and Zavala-Montiváis, A., 2008, The early Mesozoic volcanic arc of western North America in northeastern Mexico: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 49-63, doi: 10.1016/ j.jsames.2007.08.003.
7. Barboza-Gudiño, J.R., Valencia, V., and López-Doncel, R.A., 2009, Detrital zircon geochronology in northeastern Mexico: Tectonic implications: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 2, p. 35.
8. Barboza-Gudiño, J.R., Zavala-Monsiváis, A., Venegas-Rodríguez, G., and Barajas-Nigoche, L.D., 2010, Late Triassic stratigraphy and facies from northeastern Mexico: Tectonic setting and provenance: Geosphere, v. 6, doi: 10.1130/GES00545.1.
9. Barth, A.P., and Wooden, J.L., 2006, Timing of magmatism following initial convergence at a passive margin, southwestern U.S. Cordillera, and ages of lower crustal magma sources: Journal of Geology, v. 114, p. 231- 245, doi: 10.1086/499573.
10. Bartolini, C., Lang, H., Cantú-Chapa, A., and Barbosa-Gudiño, R., 2001, The Triassic Zacatecas Formation in central Mexico: Paleotectonic, paleogeographic, and paleobiogeographic implications, in Bartolini, C., et al., eds., The western Gulf of Mexico basin: Tectonics, sedimentary basins, and petroleum systems: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 75, p. 295-315.
11. Bird, D.E., Burke, K., Hall, S.A., and Casey, J.F., 2005, Gulf of Mexico tectonic history: Hotspot tracks, crustal boundaries, and early salt distribution: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 89, p. 311- 328, doi: 10.1306/10280404026.
12. Burke, D.B., and Silberling, N.W., 1973, The Auld Lang Syne Group of Late Triassic and Jurassic(?) age, northcentral Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1294-E, p. E1-E14.
13. Byerly, G.R., 1991, Igneous activity, in Salvador, A., ed., The Gulf of Mexico basin: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. J, p. 191-108.
14. Centeno-García, E., 2005, Review of upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic stratigraphy and depositional environments of central and west Mexico: Constraints on terrane analysis and paleogeography, in Anderson, T.H., et al., eds., The Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis: Development, assessment, and alternatives: Geological Society of America Special Paper 393, p. 233-258, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2393-0.233.
15. Centeno-García, E., and Silva-Romo, G., 1997, Petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of central Mexico during Triassic-Jurassic time: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 14, p. 244-260.
16. Centeno-García, E., Guerrero-Suastegui, M., and Talavera-Mendoza, O., 2008, The Guerrero composite terrane of western Mexico: Collision and subsequent rifting in a supra-subduction zone, in Draut, A.E., et al., eds., 2008, Formation and applications of the sedimentary record in arc collision zones: Geological Society of America Special Paper 436, p. 279-308, doi: 10.1130/2008.2436(13).
17. Cojan, I., and Potter, P.E., 1991, Depositional environment, petrology, and provenance of the Santa Clara Formation, Upper Triassic Barranca Group, eastern Sonora, Mexico, in Pérez-Segura, E., and Jacques-Ayala, C., eds., Studies of Sonoran geology: Geological Society of America Special Paper 254, p. 37-50.
18. Dickinson, W.R., 2006, Geotectonic evolution of the Great Basin: Geosphere, v. 2, p. 353-368, doi: 10.1130/GES00054.1.
19. Dickinson, W.R., 2008, Impact of differential zircon fertility of granitoid basement rocks in North America on age populations of detrital zircons and implications for granite petrogenesis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 275, p. 80-92, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.003.
20. Dickinson, W.R., and Gehrels, G.E., 2000, Sandstone petrofacies of detrital zircon samples from Paleozoic and Triassic strata in suspect terranes of northern Nevada and California, in Soreghan, M.J., and Gehrels, G.E., eds., Paleozoic and Triassic paleogeography and tectonics of western Nevada and northern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 347, p. 151-171, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2347-7.151.
21. Dickinson, W.R., and Gehrels, G.E., 2008, U-Pb ages of detrital zircons in relation to paleogeography: Triassic paleodrainage networks and sediment dispersal across southwest Laurentia: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, p. 745-764, doi: 10.2110/jsr.2008.088.
22. Dickinson, W.R., and Gehrels, G.E., 2009a, U-Pb ages of detrital zircons in Jurassic eolian and associated sandstones of the Colorado Plateau: Evidence for transcontinental dispersal and intraregional recycling of sediment: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, p. 408-433, doi: 10.1130/B26406.1.
23. Dickinson, W.R., and Gehrels, G.E., 2009b, Use of U-Pb ages of detrital zircons to infer maximum depositional ages of strata: A test against a Colorado Plateau Mesozoic database: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 288, p. 115-125, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.013.
24. Dickinson, W.R., and Gehrels, G.E., 2010, Insights into North American paleogeography and paleotectonics from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons in Mesozoic strata of the Colorado Plateau, USA: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 99, p. 1247-1265, doi: 10.1007/ s00531-009-0462-0.
25. Dickinson, W.R., and Lawton, T.F., 2001a, Carboniferous to Cretaceous assembly and fragmentation of Mexico: Downloaded from geosphere.gsapubs.org on November 2, 2010 Detrital zircons from Triassic Texas uplift Geosphere, October 2010 661 Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 1142- 1160, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1142:CTCA AF>2.0.CO;2.
26. Dickinson, W.R., and Lawton, T.F., 2001b, Tectonic setting and sandstone petrofacies of the Bisbee basin (USA-Mexico): Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 475-504, doi: 10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00046-3.
27. Dickinson, W.R., and Lawton, T.F., 2003, Sequential intercontinental suturing as the ultimate control for Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rocky Mountains deformation: Geology, v. 31, p. 609-612, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0609:SIS ATU>2.0.CO;2.
28. Dickinson, W.R., Gehrels, G.E., and Stern, R.J., 2009a, Evidence from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons for derivation of sand in the Chinle-Dockum fluvial system and the marine Auld Lang Syne Group from the incipient Gulf of Mexico rift system: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 2, p. 35.
29. Dickinson, W.R., Lawton, T.F., and Gehrels, G.E., 2009b, Recycling detrital zircons: A case study from the Cretaceous Bisbee Group of southern Arizona: Geology, v. 37, p. 503-506, doi: 10.1130/G25646A.1.
30. Dubiel, R.F., 1992, Sedimentology and depositional history of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the Uinta, Piceance, and Eagle basins, northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1787-W, p. W1-W25.
31. Frenzel, H.N., Bloomer, R.R., Cline, R.B., Cys, J.M., Galley, J.E., Gibson, W.R., Hills, J.M., King, W.E., Seager, W.R., Kottlowski, F.E., Thompson, S., III, Luff, G.C., Pearson, B.T., and Van Siclen, D.C., 1988, The Permian basin region, in Sloss, L.L., ed., Sedimentary cover-North American craton: U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. D-2, p. 261-306.
32. Gehrels, G.E., and Dickinson, W.R., 1995, Detrital zircon provenance of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata in Nevada: American Journal of Science, v. 295, p. 18-48.
33. Gehrels, G.E., and Stewart, J.H., 1998, Detrital zircon geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 2471-2487, doi: 10.1029/97JB03251.
34. Gehrels, G.E., Valencia, V.A., and Ruiz, J., 2008, Enhanced precision, accuracy, efficiency, and spatial resolution of U-Pb ages by laser ablation-multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 9, Q03017, 13 p., doi: 1029/2007GC001805.
35. Gilbert, C.M., 2009, Problems to be solved related to the southern Oklahoma aulacogen: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 2, p. 14.
36. Gleason, J.D., Gehrels, G.E., Dickinson, W.R., Patchett, P.J., and Kring, D.A., 2007, Laurentian sources for detrital zircon grains in turbidite and deltaic sandstones of the Pennsylvanian Haymond Formation, Marathon assemblage, west Texas, U.S.A: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 77, p. 888-900, doi: 10.2110/jsr.2007.084.
37. González-León, C.M., Stanley, G.D., Jr., Gehrels, G.E., and Centeno-García, E., 2005, New data on the lithostratigraphy, detrital zircon, and Nd isotope provenance, and paleogeographic setting of the El Antimonio Group, Sonora, Mexico, in Anderson, T.H., et al., eds., The Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis: Development, assessment, and alternatives: Geological Society of America Special Paper 393, p. 259-282, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2393-0.259.
38. González-León, C.M., Valencia, V.A., Lawton, T.F., Amato, J.M., Gehrels, G.E., Leggett, W.J., Montijo-Contreras, O., and Fernández, M.A., 2009, The lower Mesozoic record of detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Sonora, Mexico, and its paleogeographic implications: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicos, v. 26, p. 301-314.
39. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and Smith, A.G., eds., 2004, A geologic time scale 2004: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 589 p.
40. Gross, E.L., Stewart, J.H., and Gehrels, G.E., 2000, Detrital zircon geochronology of Neoproterozoic to Middle Cambrian miogeoclinal and platformal strata: Northwest Sonora, Mexico: Geofísica Internacional, v. 39, p. 295-308.
41. Hanson, R.E., McCleery, D.A., Crowley, J.L., Bowring, S.A., Burkholder, B.K., Finegan, S.A., Philips, C.M., and Pollard, J.B., 2009, Large-scale Cambrian rhyolitic volcanism in southern Oklahoma related to opening of Iapetus: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 2, p. 14.
42. Heatherington, A.L., and Mueller, P.A., 1997, Geochemistry and origin of Florida crustal basement terranes, in Randazzo, A.F., and Jones, D.S., eds., The geology of Florida: Gainesville, University Press of Florida, p. 27-37.
43. Heck, F.R., and Speed, R.C., 1987, Triassic olistostrome and shelf-basin transition in the western Great Basin: Paleogeographic implications: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, p. 539-551, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<539:TOASTI>2.0.CO;2.
44. Hogan, J.P., and Gilbert, M.C., 1998, The southern Oklahoma aulacogen: A Cambrian analog for mid-Proterozoic AMCG (anorthosite-manergite-charnockite-granite) complexes?, in Hogan, J.P., and Gilbert, M.C., eds., Central North America and other regions: Basement Tectonics Volume 7: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic, p. 39-78.
45. Iriondo, A., and Arvizu, H.E., 2009, Permian (~275- 258 Ma) granitic magmatism in NW Sonora, Mexico: The missing link to a large continental arc event in SW North America: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 2, p. 35.
46. Johnson, K.S., 1989, Geologic evolution of the Anadarko basin, in Johnson, K.S., ed., Anadarko basin symposium: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 90, p. 3-12.
47. Johnson, K.S., Amsden, T.W., Denison, R.E., Dutton, S.P., Goldstein, A.G., Rasoe, B., Jr., Sutherland, P.K., and Thompson, D.M., 1988, Southern midcontinent region, in Sloss, L.L., ed., Sedimentary cover-North American craton: U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. D-2, p. 261-306.
48. Jones, N.W., McKee, J.W., Anderson, T.H., and Silver, L.T., 1995, Jurassic volcanic rocks in northeastern Mexico: A possible remnant of a Cordilleran magmatic arc, in Jacques-Ayala, C., et al., eds., Studies on the Mesozoic of Sonora and adjacent areas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 301, p. 179-190.
49. Kolodner, K., Avigad, D., Ireland, T.R., and Garfunkel, Z., 2009, Origin of Lower Cretaceous ('Nubian') sandstones of north-east Africa and Arabia from detrital zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating: Sedimentology, v. 56, p. 2010-2023, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01067.x.
50. Long, L.E., and Lehman, T.I., 2009, Ages and provenance of detrital minerals, Triassic Dockum Group, Texas panhandle: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 2, p. 35.
51. Lucas, S.G., 1995, Triassic stratigraphy and chronology in New Mexico: New Mexico Geology, v. 17, p. 8-13, 17.
52. Lucas, S.G., 2004, The Triassic and Jurassic systems in New Mexico, in Mack, G.H., and Giles, K.A., eds., The geology of New Mexico: A geologic history: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication 11, p. 137-152.
53. Lucas, S.G., and Marzolf, J.E., 1993, Stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphic interpretation of Upper Triassic strata in Nevada, in Dunne, G.C., and McDougall, K.A., eds., Mesozoic paleogeography of the western United States-II: Los Angeles, Pacific Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Book 71, p. 375-388.
54. Lucas, S.G., and Orchard, M.J., 2007, Triassic lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy north of Currie, Elko County, Nevada, in Lucas, S.G., and Spielmann, J.A., eds., Triassic of the American West: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 40, p. 119-126.
55. Lucas, S.G., Heckert, A.B., and Hunt, A.P., 2001, Triassic stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and correlation in east-central New Mexico, in Lucas, S.G., and Ulmer-Scholle, D.S., eds., Geology of the Llano Estacado: New Mexico Geological Society 52nd Annual Field Conference, p. 85-102.
56. Ludwig, K.R., 2003, Isoplot 3.00: Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication 4, 70 p.
57. Lupe, R., and Silberling, N.J., 1985, Genetic relationship between lower Mesozoic continental strata of the Colorado Plateau and marine strata of the western Great Basin: Significance for accretionary history of Cordilleran lithotectonic terranes, in Howell, D.G., ed., Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Circum-Pacific region: Houston, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, v.1, p. 263-271.
58. Manuszak, J.D., Satterfield, J.I., and Gehrels, G.E., 2000, Detrital zircon geochronology of Upper Triassic strata in western Nevada, in Soreghan, M.J., and Gehrels, G.E., eds., Paleozoic and Triassic paleogeography and tectonics of western Nevada and northern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 347, p. 109-118, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2347-7.109.
59. McCormick, C.D., and Picard, M.D., 1969, Petrology of Gartra Formation (Triassic), Uinta Mountain area, Utah and Colorado: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 39, p. 1484-1508.
60. Menard, H.W., 1964, Marine geology of the Pacific: New York, McGraw-Hill, 271 p.
61. Mickus, K., Stern, R.J., Keller, G.R., and Anthony, E.A., 2009, Potential field evidence for a volcanic rifted margin along the Texas Gulf Coast: Geology, v. 37, p. 387-390, doi: 10.1130/G25465A.1.
62. Moecher, D.P., and Samson, S.D., 2006, Differential zircon fertility of source terranes and natural bias in the detrital zircon record: Implications for sedimentary provenance analysis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 247, p. 252-266, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.035.
63. Murphy, J.B., Pisarevsky, S.A., Nance, R.D., and Keppie, J.D., 2004, Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic evolution of peri-Gondwanan terranes: Implications for Laurentia- Gondwana connections: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 93, p. 659-682, doi: 10.1007/s00531-004-0412-9.
64. Nesse, W.D., 2007, A new map of late Paleozoic uplifts in Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and adjacent areas: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, no. 5, p. 44.
65. Nichols, K.M., and Silberling, N.J., 1977, Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Star Peak Group (Triassic), northwestern Nevada: Geological Society of America Special Paper 178, 73 p.
66. Ogg, J.G., 2004, The Triassic Period, in Gradstein, F.M., et al., eds., A geologic time scale 2004: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 271-306.
67. Oldow, J.S., Bartel, R.L., and Gelber, A.W., 1990, Depositional setting and regional relationships of basinal assemblages: Pershing Ridge Group and Fencemaker Canyon sequence in northwestern Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p. 193-222, doi: 10.1130/0016 -7606(1990)102<0193:DSARRO>2.3.CO;2.
68. Oldow, J.S., Satterfield, J.I., and Silberling, N.J., 1993, Jurassic to Cretaceous transpressional deformation in the Mesozoic marine province of the northwestern Great Basin, in Lahren, M.M., et al., eds., Crustal evolution of the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada: Reno, Nevada, Department of Geosciences, Mackay School of Mines, p. 129-166.
69. Picard, M.D., 1993, The early Mesozoic history of Wyoming, in Snoke, A.W., et al., eds., Geology of Wyoming: Geological Survey of Wyoming Memoir 5, p. 211-248.
70. Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Tenkolsky, S.A., and Vetterling, W.T., 1986, Numerical recipes: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 818 p.
71. Riggs, N.R., Lehman, T.M., Gehrels, G.E., and Dickinson, W.R., 1996, Detrital zircon link between headwaters and terminus of the Upper Triassic Chinle-Dockum paleoriver system: Science, v. 273, p. 97-100, doi: 10.1126/science.273.5271.97.
72. Salvador, A., 1991, Triassic-Jurassic, in Salvador, A., ed., The Gulf of Mexico basin: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. J, p. 131-180.
73. Schweickert, R.A., and Lahren, M.M., 1993, Triassic-Jurassic magmatic arc in eastern California and western Nevada: Arc evolution, cryptic tectonic breaks, and significance of the Mojave-Snow Lake fault, in Dunne, G.C., and McDougall, K.A., eds., Mesozoic paleogeography of the western United States-II: Los Angeles, Pacific Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Book 71, p. 227-245.
74. Silva-Romo, G., Arellano-Gil, J., Mendoza-Rosales, C., and Nieto-Obregón, J., 2000, A submarine fan in the Meseta Central, Mexico: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 13, p. 429-442, doi: 10.1016/S0895 -9811(00)00034-1.
75. Speed, R.C., 1978, Basinal terrane of the early Mesozoic marine province of the western Great Basin, in Howell, D.G., and McDougall, K.A., eds., Mesozoic paleogeography of the western United States: Los Angeles, Pacific Section, SEPM (Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists) Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium 2, p. 237-252.
76. Stanley, G.D., Jr., and González-León, C.M., 1995, Paleogeographic and tectonic implications of Triassic fossils and strata from the Antimonio Formation, northwestern Sonora, in Jacques-Ayala, C., et al., eds., Studies on the Mesozoic of Sonora and adjacent areas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 301, p. 1-16, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2301-9.1.
77. Stern, R.J., Anthony, E.Y., Dickinson, W.R., Griffin, W.R., and Mickus, K., 2008, New insights about how Mesozoic rifting formed the Texas continent-ocean boundary: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 40, no. 6, p. 447.
78. Stewart, J.H., 1980, Geology of Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 4, 136 p.
79. Stewart, J.H., 1997, Triassic and Jurassic stratigraphy and paleogeography of west-central Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-495, 57 p.
80. Stewart, J.H., and Roldán-Quintana, J., 1991, Upper Triassic Barranca Group; nonmarine and shallow-marine rift-basin deposits of northwestern Mexico, in Pérez-Segura, E., and Jacques-Ayala, C., eds., Studies of Sonoran geology: Geological Society of America Special Paper 254, p. 19-36.
81. Stewart, J.H., Poole, F.G., and Wilson, R.F., 1972, Stratigraphy and origin of the Chinle Formation and related Upper Triassic strata in the Colorado Plateau region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 690, 336 p.
82. Stewart, J.H., Gehrels, G.E., Barth, A.P., Link, P.K., Christie-Blick, N., and Wrucke, C.T., 2001, Detrital zircon provenance of Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian arenites in the western United States and northwestern Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 1343-1356, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113 <1343:DZPOMT>2.0.CO;2.
83. Thomas, W.A., 1989, Tectonic map of the Ouachita orogen, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., et al., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States: Boulder, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. F-2, plate 9, scale 1:2,500,000.
84. Torres, R., Ruiz, J., Patchett, P.J., and Grajales, J.M., 1999, Permo-Triassic continental arc in eastern Mexico: Tectonic implications for reconstruction of southern North America, in Bartolini, C., et al., eds., Mesozoic sedimentary and tectonic history of north-central Mexico: Geological Society of America Special Paper 340, p. 191-196, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2340-X.191.
85. Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers, 2009a, 2009 geologic time scale: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, 1 p., doi: 10.1130/2009. CTS004R2C.
86. Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., 2009b, Commentary: 2009 GSA geologic time scale: GSA Today, v. 19, p. 60-61, doi: 10.1130/1052-5173-19.4-5.60.
87. Wyld, S.J., 2000, Triassic evolution of the arc and backarc of northwestern Nevada, and evidence for extensional tectonism, in Soreghan, M.J., and Gehrels, G.E., eds., Paleozoic and Triassic paleogeography and tectonics of western Nevada and northern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 347, p. 185-207, doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2347-7.185.
88. Wyld, S.J., 2002, Structural evolution of a Mesozoic backarc fold-and-thrust belt in the U.S. Cordillera: New evidence from northern Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 1452-1468, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1452:SEOAMB> 2.0.CO;2.
89. Zeigler, K.E., Kelley, S., and Geissman, J.W., 2008, Revisions to stratigraphic nomenclature of the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in New Mexico: New insights from geologic mapping, sedimentology, and magnetostratigraphic/ paleomagnetic data: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 43, p. 121-141, doi: 10.2113/gsrocky.43.2.121.