Hypertension in the elderly

Journal of Nephrology

Volumn 23, Issue SUPPL. 15, 2010, Pages

  Del Giudice, Antonio ^a   Pompa, Giovanni ^a   Aucella, Filippo ^a  

^a CASA SOLLIEVO DELLA SOFFERENZA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Elderly; Hypertension; Treatment of hypertension in elderly

Indexed keywords

ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; RAMIPRIL;

ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; AUGMENTATION INDEX; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMENTIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORTALITY; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PULSE PRESSURE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION; WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; ARTERIES; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; ELASTICITY; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MIDDLE AGED; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 78049440156     PISSN: 11218428     EISSN: 17246059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Webb RC, Inscho EW. Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system. In: Prisant LM, ed. Hypertension in the elderly. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005:11-21.
2. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413-2446.
3. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287:1003-1010. (Pubitemid 34252058)
4. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Kannel WB, Levy D. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in nonhypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358:1682-1686.
5. Dyer AR, Stamler J, Shekelle RB, Schoenberger JA, Farinaro E. Hypertension in the elderly. Med Clin North Am. 1977;61:513-529.
6. Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carrol M, Yoon S. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1056-1065.
7. Vokonas PS, Kannel WB, Cupples LA. Epidemiology and risk of hypertension in the elderly: the Framingham Study. J Hypertens Suppl. 1988;6:S3-S9.
8. Chaudhry SI, Krumholz HM, Foody JM. Systolic hypertension in older person. JAMA. 2004;292:1074-1080.
9. Izzo JL Jr, Levy D, Black HR. Clinical Advisory Statement: importance of systolic blood pressure in older Americans. Hypertension. 2000;35:1021-1024.
10. Franklin SS, Jacobs MJ, Wong ND, L'Italien GJ, Lapuerta P. Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle- aged and elderly US hypertensives: analysis based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension. 2001;37:869-874.
11. Alli C, Avanzini F, Bettelli G, Colombo F, Torri V, Tognoni G. The long-term prognostic significance of repeated blood pressure measurements in the elderly: SPPA (Studio sulla Pressione Arteriosa nell'Anziano) 10-years follow up. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1205-1212.
12. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-1913.
13. Andersen K. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the elderly: rationale use of aliskiren in managing hypertension. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:137-151.
14. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Larson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Levy D. Differential impact of systolic and diastolic blood pressure level on JNC-VI staging. Hypertension. 1999;34:381-385.
15. Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG, et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systemic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2000;355:865-872.
16. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572.
17. Franklin SS, Gustin W 4th, Wong ND, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997;96:308-315.
18. Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. JAMA. 1996;275;1571-1576.
19. Franklin SS, Larson MG, Khan SA, et al. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2001;103:1245-1249.
20. Chobanian AV. Clinical practice: isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:789-796.
21. Young JH, Klag MJ, Muntner P, White JL, Pahor M, Coresh J. Blood pressure and decline in kidney function: findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2776-2782.
22. Pastor-Barriuso R, Banegas JR, Damian J, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure: an evaluation of their joint effect on mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:731-739.
23. Protogerou AD, Safar ME, Iaria P, et al. Diastolic blood pressure and mortality in the elderly with cardiovascular disease. Hypertension. 2007;50:172-180.
24. Kaplan NM, Rose BD. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly, particularly isolated systolic hypertension. UpToDate online. 2009.17.2. Available at: http://www.UpToDate.com/. Accessed November 9, 2009.
25. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 1991;265:3255-3264.
26. Beckett NS, Peters R, Flechter AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887-1898.
27. Somes GW, Pahor M, Shorr RI, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. The role of diastolic blood pressure when treating isolated systolic hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2004-2009.
28. Vokò Z, Bots ML, Hofman A, Koudstal PJ, Witteman JC, Breteler MM. J-shaped relation between blood pressure and stroke in treated hypertensives. Hypertension. 1999;34:1181-1185. (Pubitemid 30002379)
29. Messerli FH, Mancia G, Conti CR, et al. Dogma disputed: can aggressively lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144:884-893.
30. Boutitie F, Gueyffier F, Pocock S, Fagard R, Boissel JP; INDANA Project Steering Committee. Individual Data Analysis of Antihypertensive Intervention. J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:438-448.
31. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305-313.
32. Townsed RR. Increased pulse pressure. UpToDate online.2009.17.2. Available at: http://www.UpToDate.com/. Accessed November 9, 2009.
33. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;100:354-360.
34. Mitchell GF, Moye LA, Braunwald E, et al. Sphygmomanometrically determined pulse pressure is a powerful independent predictor of recurrent events after myocardial infarction in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Circulation. 1997;96:4254-4260.
35. Blacher J, London GM, Safar ME, Mourad JJ. Influence of age and end-stage renal disease on the stiffness of carotid wall material in hypertension. J Hypertens. 1999;17:237-244.
36. Asmar R, Rudnichi A, Blacher J, London GM, Safar ME. Pulse pressure and aortic pulse wave are markers of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive populations. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:91-97.
37. Asmar R. Arterial pulse waves. In: Asmar R, ed. Arterial stiffness and pulse wave velocity: clinical applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1999:17-23.
38. Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G, O'Rourke MF, et al. Central blood pressure measurements and antihypertensive therapy: a consensus document. Hypertension. 2007;50:154-160.
39. Laurent S, Cockroft J, Van Bortel L, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2588-2605.
40. Izzo JL Jr. Aging, arterial stiffness, and systolic hypertension. In: Prisant LM, ed. Hypertension in the elderly. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005:23-34.
41. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1753-1760.
42. Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Lakatta EG. Arterial aging: is it an immutable cardiovascular risk factor? Hypertension. 2005;46:454-462.
43. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P. Structural and genetic bases of arterial stiffness. Hypertension. 2005;45:1050-1055.
44. Heerkens EH, Izzard AS, Heagerty AM. Integrins, vascular remodeling, and hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49:1-4.
45. Mahmud A, Feely J. Arterial stiffness is related to systemic inflammation in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;46:1118-1122.
46. Amar J, Ruidavets JB, Peyrieux JC, et al. C-reactive protein elevation predicts pulse pressure reduction in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension. 2005;46:151-155.
47. Newton-Cheh C, Jonson T, Gateva V, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure. Nat Genet. 2009;41:666-676.
48. Levy D, Ehret GB, Rice K, et al. Genome-wide association study of blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Genet. 2009;41:677-687.
49. Bielinski SJ, Lynch AI, Miller MB, et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis for loci affecting pulse pressure: the Family Blood Pressure Program. Hypertension. 2005;46:1286-1293.
50. Hsu FC, Zaccaro DJ, Lange LA, et al. The impact of pedigree structure on heritability estimates for pulse pressure in three studies. Hum Hered. 2005;60:63-72.
51. Vaccarino V, Berger AK, Abramson J, et al. Pulse pressure and risk of cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:980-986.
52. Staessen JA, Thijs L, O'Brien ET, et al. Ambulatory pulse pressure as predictor of outcome in older patients with systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:835-843.
53. Williams B, O'Rourke M. The Conduit Artery Functional Endpoint (CAFE) study in ASCOT. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15(Suppl 1):S69-S73
54. Fyhrquist F, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, et al. Pulse pressure and effects of losartan or atenolol in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2005;45:580-585.
55. London GM, Asmar RG, O'Rourke MF, Safar ME. Mechanism(s) of selective blood pressure reduction after a low-dose combination of perindopril/indapamide in hypertensive subjects: comparison with atenolol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:92-99.
56. Safar ME. Pulse pressure: a help in medical semiology for metabolic syndrome. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:204-205.
57. Knudsen ST, Andersen NH, Poulsen SH, et al. Pulse pressure lowering effect of dual blockade with candesartan and lisinopril vs. high-dose ACE inhibition in hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects: a CALM II study post-hoc analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21:172-176.
58. Briet M, Bozec E, Laurent S, et al. Arterial stiffness and enlargement in mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;96:350-357.
59. Peralta CA, Katz R, Madero M, et al. The differential association of kidney dysfunction with small and large arterial elasticity: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:740-748.
60. Madero M, Wassel CL, Peralta CA, et al. Cystatin C associates with arterial stiffness in older adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1086-1093.
61. Upadhyay A, Hwang S-J, Mitchell GF, et al. Arterial stiffness in mild-to-moderate CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:2044-2053.
62. Young JH, Klag MJ, Muntner P, White JL, Pahor M, Coresh J. Blood pressure and decline in kidney function: findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2776-2782.
63. Verhave JC, Fesler P, du Cailar G, Ribstein J, Safar ME, Mimran A. Elevated pulse pressure is associated with low renal function in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45:586-591.
64. van Bemmel T, Woittiez K, Blauw GJ, et al. Prospective study of the effect of blood pressure on renal function in old age: the Leiden 85-Plus Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2561-2566.
65. Schaeffner ES, Kurth T, Bowman TS, Gelber PP, Gaziano JM. Blood pressure measures and risk of chronic kidney disease in men. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:1246-1251. (Pubitemid 351767486)
66. Fang W, Yang X, Bargman JM, Oreopulos DG. Association between pulse pressure and mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2009;29:163-170.
67. Hanon O, Haulon S, Lenoir H, et al. Relationship between arterial stiffness and cognitive function in elderly subjects with complaints of memory loss. Stroke. 2005;36:2193-2197.
68. O'Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension. 2005;46:200-204.
69. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Recent advances in arterial stiffness and wave reflection in human hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49:1202-1206.
70. Qiu C, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:487-499.
71. Birns J, Morris R, Donaldson N, Kalra L. The effects of blood pressure reduction on cognitive function: a review of effects based on pooled data from clinical trials. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1907-1914.
72. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998;352:1347-1351.
73. Feigin V, Ratnasabapathy Y, Anderson C. Does blood pressure lowering treatment prevent dementia or cognitive decline in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease? J Neurol Sci. 2005;229-230:151-155.
74. McGuiness B, Passmore T, Bullock R. Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2:CD004034.
75. Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, et al. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:683-689.
76. Safar ME, London GM, Plante GE. Arterial stiffness and kidney function. Hypertension. 2004;43:163-168.
77. Mitchell GF. Effects of central arterial aging on the structure and function of the peripheral vasculature: implications for end-organ damage. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:1652-1660.
78. Jan Danser A, Batenburg W, van Esch J. Prorenin and the (pro)renin receptor: an update. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:1288-1292.
79. Kielstein JT, Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, et al. Marked increase of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with incipient primary chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:170-176.
80. Zoccali C, Bode-Böger SM, Mallamaci F, et al. Plasma concentration of asymmetrical dimethylarginine and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358:2113-2117.
81. Perticone F, Sciacqua A, Maio R, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, ADMA and insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Jan 23. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.131 [Epub ahead of print].
82. Sundlöf G, Wallin BG. Human muscle nerve sympathetic activity at rest: relationship to blood pressure and age. J Physiol. 1978;274:621-637. (Pubitemid 8284570)
83. Narkiewicz K, Phillips BG, Kato M, Hering D, Bieniaszewski L, Somers VK. Gender-selective interaction between aging, blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity. Hypertension. 2005;45:522-525.
84. Fu Q, Vongpatanasin W, Levine BD. Neural and nonneural mechanisms for sex differences in elderly hypertension: can exercise training help? Hypertension. 2008;52:787-794.
85. Hart EC, Joyner MJ, Wallin G, et al. Age-related differences in the sympathetic-hemodynamic balance in men. Hypertension. 2009;54:127-133.
86. McNulty M, Mahmud A, Feely J. Advanced glycation end-products and arterial stiffness in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:242-247.
87. Santilli F, Vazzana N, Bucciarelli LG, Davì G. Soluble forms of RAGE in human diseases: clinical and therapeutical implications. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16:940-952.
88. Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Fink JC, et al. Advanced glycation end-products and their circulating receptors and level of kidney function in older community-dwelling women. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:51-58.
89. Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Sun K, et al. Advanced glycation end-products and their circulating receptors predicts cardiovascular mortality in older community-dwelling women. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2009;21:182-190.
90. Sie MP, Isaacs A, de Maat MP, et al. Genetic variations in the fibrinogen-α and fibrinogen-γ genes in relation to arterial stiffness: the Rotterdam Study. J Hypertens. 2009;27:1392-1398.
91. Arias-Vera RJ, White W. Blood pressure measurement in older patients with hypertension. In: Prisant LM, ed. Hypertension in the elderly. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005:111-134.
92. Cavallini, MC, Roman MJ, Blank SG, Pini R, Pickering TG, Devereux RB. Association of the auscultatory gap with vascular disease in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:877-883.
93. Blank SG, West JE, Müller FB, Pecker MS, Laragh JH, Pickering TG. Characterization of ausculatory gaps with wideband external pulse recording. Hypertension. 1991;17:225-233.
94. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci. 1996;144:218-219.
95. Alli C, Avanzini F, Bettelli G, et al. Prevalence and variability of orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: results of the "Italian Study on Blood Pressure in the Elderly (SPPA)". The "Gruppo di Studio sulla Pressione Arteriosa nell'Anziano". Eur Heart J. 1992;13:178-182.
96. James MA, Potter JF. Orthostatic blood pressure changes and arterial baroreflex sensitivity in elderly subjects. Age Ageing. 1999;28:522-530.
97. Zweifle AJ, Shabab ST. Pseudohypertension: a new assessment. J Hypertens. 1993;11:1-6.
98. Belmin J, Visintin JM, Salvatore R, Sebban C, Moulias R. Osler's maneuvre: absence of usefulness for the detection of pseudohypertension in an elderly population. Am J Med. 1995;98:42-49.
99. Rasmussen SL, Torp-Pedersen C, Borch-Johnsen K, Ibsen H. Normal value for ambulatory blood pressure and differences between casual blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure: results from a Danish population survey. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1415-1424.
100. Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, White WB, Imai Y, O'Brien ET. Properly defining white coat hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:106-109.
101. Cuspidi C, Parati G. Masked hypertension: an independent predictor of organ damage. J Hypertens. 2007;25;275-279.
102. Pickering GT, Eguchi K, Kario K. Masked hypertension: a review. Hypertens Res. 2007;30:479-488.
103. Trudel X, Brisson C, Larocque B, Milot A. Masked hypertension: different blood pressure measurement methodology and risk factors in a working population. J Hypertens. 2009;27:1560-1567.
104. Wing LMH, Brown MA, Beilin LJ, Ryan P, Reid CM; ANBP2 Management Committee and Investigators. Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study: 'reverse white-coat hypertension' in older hypertensives. J Hypertens. 2002;20:639-644.
105. Pickering T. Recommendation for the use of home (self) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. American Society of Hypertension Ad Hoc Panel. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:1-11.
106. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens. 1998;16:971-975.
107. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105-1187. (Pubitemid 46924065)
108. Mancia G. Parati G, Bilo G, et al. Assessment of long-term antihypertensive treatment by clinic and ambulatory blood pressure: data from the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1087-1094.
109. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, et al. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1990;81:528-536.
110. Redon J, Baldo E, Lurbe E, et al. Microalbuminuria, left ventricular mass and ambulatory blood pressure in essential hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl. 1996;55:S81-S84.
111. Mancia G, Parati G, Hennig M, et al. Relation between blood pressure variability and carotid artery damage in hypertension: baseline data from European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA). J Hypertens. 2001;19:1981-1989.
112. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressure compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) Study. Circulation. 2005;111:1777-1783.
113. Kikuya M, Okhubo T, Asayama K, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure and 10-years risk of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. The Ohasama Study. Hypertension. 2005;45:240-245.
114. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Clement D, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure decreases on long-term placebo treatment in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Syst-Eur Investigators. J Hypertens. 1994;12:1035-1039.
115. Bertineri G, Grassi G, Rossi P, et al. 24-hour blood pressure profile in centenarians. J Hypertens. 2002; 20:1765-1769.
116. O'Sullivan C, Duggan J, Atkins N, O'Brien E. Twenty-four ambulatory blood pressure in community-dwelling elderly men and women. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1641-1647.
117. Kukla C, Sander D, Schwarze J, Wittich I, Klingelhofer J. Changes of circadian blood pressure patterns are associated with the occurrence of lacunar infarcts. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:683-688.
118. Sander D, Winbeck K, Klingelhöfer J, Conrad B. Extent of cerebral white matter lesions is related to changes of circadian blood pressure rhythmicity. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1302-1307.
119. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Imiya M, Mastuo M, Shimada K. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients: advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension. 1996;27:130-135.
120. Collins R, MacMahon S. Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull. 1994;50:272-298.
121. Staessen JA, Richart T, Verdecchia P. Reducing blood pressure in people of different ages. BMJ. 2008;336:1080-1081.
122. Duprez DA. Systolic hypertension in the elderly: addressing an unmet need. Am J Med. 2008;121:179-184.
123. Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2007;49:69-75.
124. Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, et al. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1997;278:212-216.
125. Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Easter L, Wilson AC, Folmar S, Lacy CR. Effects of reduced sodium intake on hypertension control in older individuals: results from the Trial of Nonpharmacological Interventions in the Elderly (TONE). Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:685-693.
126. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 1998;279:839-846.
127. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger people: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2008;336:1121-1123.
128. Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, et al. Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure research and the Council on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2007;115:2761-2788.
129. Mancia G, Grassi G. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure control in antihypertensive drug trials. J Hypertens. 2002;20:1461-1464. (Pubitemid 34921162)
130. Fagard RH, van Den Enden M, Leeman M, Warling X. Survey on treatment of hypertension and implementation of WHOISH risk stratification in primary care in Belgium. J Hypertens. 2002;20:1297-1302.
131. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GI, et al; for the ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2417-2428.
132. Duprez DA, Munger MA, Botha J, Keefe DL, Charney AN. Aliskiren for geriatric lowering of systolic hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Hum Hypertens. 2009 Dec 24. DOI:10.1038/jhh.2009.107 [Epub ahead of print].
133. Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens. 2009;27:2121-2158.