Imaging of childhood interstitial lung disease

Pediatric, Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 43-68

  Guillerman, R Paul ^a  

^a TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR RECEPTOR; SODIUM PHOSPHATE COTRANSPORTER 2B; SURFACTANT; SURFACTANT PROTEIN C; THYROID TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1;

ALLERGIC PNEUMONITIS; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; BREATHING MECHANICS; BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHIOLITIS; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE; FOLLICULAR BRONCHIOLITIS; FOLLICULAR BRONCHITIS; GAUCHER DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HISTIOCYTOSIS X; HUMAN; HYPERTRANSLUCENT LUNG; IMAGE QUALITY; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; LUNG ALVEOLUS PROTEINOSIS; LUNG DYSPLASIA; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG HEMORRHAGE; LUNG HEMOSIDEROSIS; LYMPHANGIOMATOSIS; NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; NEUROENDOCRINE CELL HYPERPLASIA OF INFANCY; NIEMANN PICK DISEASE; NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; OXYGEN THERAPY; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MICROLITHIASIS; PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS; PULMONARY INFILTRATE WITH EOSINOPHILIA; PULMONARY INTERSTITIAL GLYCOGENOSIS; PULMONARY LYMPHANGIECTASIA; PULMONARY VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIODIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

EID: 78049414086     PISSN: 2151321X     EISSN: 21513228     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ped.2010.0010     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classifi cation of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 277-304.
2. Deutsch GH, Young LR, Deterding RR, Fan LL, Dell SD, Bean JA, Brody AS, Nogee LM, Trapnell BC, Langston C, Albright EA, Askin FB, Baker P, Chou PM, Cool CM, Coventry SC, Cutz E, Davis MM, Dishop MK, Galambos C, Patterson K, Travis WD, Wert SE, White FV; Pathology Cooperative Group; ChILD Research Co-operative, Diffuse lung disease in young children: application of a novel classifi cation scheme, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 1120-1128.
3. Clement A; ERS Task Force, Task force on chronic interstitial lung disease in immunocompetent children, Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 686-697. (Pubitemid 39406144)
4. Lynch DA, Brasch RC, Hardy KA, Webb WR, Pediatric pulmonary disease: assessment with high-resolution ultrafast CT, Radiology 1990; 176: 243-248.
5. Brody AS, Imaging considerations: interstitial lung disease in children, Radiol Clin North Am 2005; 43: 391-403.
6. Mayo JR, CT evaluation of diffuse infi ltrative lung disease: dose considerations and optimal technique, J Thorac Imaging 2009; 24: 252-259.
7. Studler U, Gluecker T, Bongartz G, Roth J, Steinbrich W, Image quality from high-resolution CT of the lung: comparison of axial scans and of sections reconstructed from volumetric data acquired using MDCT, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 602-607.
8. Bastos M, Lee EY, Strauss KJ, Zurakowski D, Tracy DA, Boiselle PM, Motion artifact on high-resolution CT images of pediatric patients: comparison of volumetric and axial CT methods, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193: 1414-1418.
9. Funama Y, Awai K, Taguchi K, Hatemura M, Yanaga Y, Shimamura M, Yamashita Y, Cone-beam technique for 64-MDCT of lung: image quality comparison with stepwise (step-andshoot) technique, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192: 273-278.
10. Dodd JD, Souza CA, Müller NL, Conventional high-resolution CT versus helical high-resolution MDCT in the detection of bronchiectasis, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187: 414-420.
11. Hill LE, Ritchie G, Wightman AJ, Hill AT, Murchison JT, Comparison between conventional interrupted high-resolution CT and volume multidetector CT acquisition in the assessment of bronchiectasis, Br J Radiol 2010; 83: 67-70.
12. Deterding R, Evaluating infants and children with interstitial lung disease, Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28: 333-341.
13. Long FR, High-resolution CT of the lungs in infants and young children, J Thorac Imaging 2001; 16: 251-258.
14. Garcia-Peña P, Lucaya J, HRCT in children: technique and indications. Eur Radiol 2004; 14 Suppl 4: L13-L30
15. Ritchie CJ, Godwin JD, Crawford CR, Stanford W, Anno H, Kim Y, Minimum scan speeds for suppression of motion artifacts in CT, Radiology 1992; 185: 37-42.
16. de Jong PA, Nakano Y, Lequin MH, Tiddens HA, Dose reduction for CT in children with cystic fi brosis: is it feasible to reduce the number of images per scan? Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36: 50-53.
17. Goris ML, Robinson TE, Sampling density for the quantitative evaluation of air trapping, Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39: 221-225.
18. Choi SJ, Choi BK, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Choi SH, Park SJ, Goo HW, Lee JS, Yoon CH, Lateral decubitus HRCT: a simple technique to replace expiratory CT in children with air trapping, Pediatr Radiol 2002; 32: 179-182.
19. Goo HW, Kim HJ, Detection of air trapping on inspiratory and expiratory phase images obtained by 0.3-second cine CT in the lungs of free-breathing young children, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187: 1019-1023.
20. Tusman G, Böhm SH, Tempra A, Melkun F, García E, Turchetto E, Mulder PG, Lachmann B, Effects of recruitment maneuver on atelectasis in anesthetized children, Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 14-22.
21. Long FR, Castile RG, Technique and clinical applications of fullinfl ation and end-exhalation controlled-ventilation chest CT in infants and young children, Pediatr Radiol 2001; 31: 413-422.
22. Zhang J, Bruesewitz MR, Bartholmai BJ, McCollough CH, Selection of appropriate computed tomographic image reconstruction algorithms for a quantitative multicenter trial of diffuse lung disease, J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008; 32: 233-237.
23. Owens C, Pearls and pitfalls in HRCT in children, Paediatr Respir Rev 2006; 7(Suppl 1): S44-S49
24. Brody AS, Guillerman RP, Hay TC, Wagner BD, Young LR, Deutsch GH, Fan LL, Deterding RR, Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: diagnosis with high-resolution CT, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 238-244.
25. Altes TA, Mata J, de Lange EE, Brookeman JR, Mugler JP III. Assessment of lung development using hyperpolarized helium-3 diffusion MR imaging, J Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24: 1277-1283.
26. Ochs M, Nyengaard JR, Jung A, Knudsen L, Voigt M, Wahlers T, Richter J, Gundersen HJ, The number of alveoli in the human lung, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 120-124.
27. Zompatori M, Sverzellati N, Poletti V, Bnà C, Ormitti F, Spaggiari E, Maffei E, High-resolution CT in diagnosis of diffuse infi ltrative lung disease, Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2005; 26: 332-347.
28. Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Müller NL, Remy J, Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging, Radiology 2008; 246: 697-722.
29. MacDonald S, Müller NL, Insights from HRCT: how they affect the management of diffuse parenchymal lung disease, Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24: 357-364.
30. Johnson JL, Kramer SS, Mahboubi S, Air trapping in children: evaluation with dynamic lung densitometry with spiral CT, Radiology 1998; 206: 95-101.
31. Stankiewicz P, Sen P, Bhatt SS, Storer M, Xia Z, Bejjani BA, Ou Z, Wiszniewska J, Driscoll DJ, Maisenbacher MK, Bolivar J, Bauer M, Zackai EH, McDonald-McGinn D, Nowaczyk MM, Murray M, Hustead V, Mascotti K, Schultz R, Hallam L, McRae D, Nicholson AG, Newbury R, Durham-O'Donnell J, Knight G, Kini U, Shaikh TH, Martin V, Tyreman M, Simonic I, Willatt L, Paterson J, Mehta S, Rajan D, Fitzgerald T, Gribble S, Prigmore E, Patel A, Shaffer LG, Carter NP, Cheung SW, Langston C, Shaw-Smith C, Genomic and genic deletions of the FOX gene cluster on 16q24.1 and inactivating mutations of FOXF1 cause alveolar capillary dysplasia and other malformations, Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84: 780-791.
32. Michalsky MP, Arca MJ, Groenman F, Hammond S, Tibboel D, Caniano DA, Alveolar capillary dysplasia: a logical approach to a fatal disease, J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40: 1100-1105.
33. Hugosson CO, Salama HM, Al-Dayel F, Khoumais N, Kattan AH, Primary alveolar capillary dysplasia (acinar dysplasia) and surfactant protein B defi ciency: a clinical, radiological and pathological study, Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35: 311-316.
34. Gillespie LM, Fenton AC, Wright C, Acinar dysplasia: a rare cause of neonatal respiratory failure, Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 712-713.
35. Newman B, Yunis E, Primary alveolar capillary dysplasia, Pediatr Radiol 1990; 21: 20-22.
36. Agrons GA, Courtney SE, Stocker JT, Markowitz RI, From the archives of the AFIP: Lung disease in premature neonates: radiologic-pathologic correlation, Radiographics 2005; 25: 1047-1073.
37. Mahut B, De Blic J, Emond S, Benoist MR, Jarreau PH, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Magny JF, Delacourt C, Chest computed tomography fi ndings in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and correlation with lung function, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92: F459-F464
38. Biko DM, Schwartz M, Anupindi SA, Altes TA, Subpleural lung cysts in Down syndrome: prevalence and association with coexisting diagnoses, Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38: 280-284.
39. Taylor PA, Dishop MK, Lotze TE, Mallory GB, Guillerman RP. Congenital multilobar emphysema: a characteristic lung growth disorder attributable to Filamin A gene mutations, Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39 (Suppl 3): S516
40. Deterding RR, Pye C, Fan LL, Langston C, Persistent tachypnea of infancy is associated with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, Pediatr Pulmonol 2005; 40: 157-165.
41. Deterding RR, Infants and young children with children's interstitial lung disease. Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmo nology 2010; 23: 25-31.
42. Smets K, Dhaene K, Schelstraete P, Meersschaut V, Vanhaesebrouck P, Neonatal pulmonary interstitial glycogen accumulation disorder, Eur J Pediatr 2004; 163: 408-409.
43. Onland W, Molenaar JJ, Leguit RJ, van Nierop JC, Noorduyn LA, van Rijn RR, Geukers VG, Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis in identical twins, Pediatr Pulmonol 2005; 40: 362-366.
44. Canakis AM, Cutz E, Manson D, O'Brodovich H, Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis: a new variant of neonatal interstitial lung disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1557-1565.
45. Lanfranchi M, Allbery SM, Wheelock L, Perry D, Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, Pediatr Radiol 2010; 40: 361-365.
46. Bush A, Paediatric interstitial lung disease: not just kid's stuff, Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 521-523
47. Olsen E ØE, Sebire NJ, Jaffe A, Owens CM, Chronic pneumonitis of infancy: high-resolution CT fi ndings, Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34: 86-88.
48. Hamvas A, Inherited surfactant protein-B defi ciency and surfactant protein-C associated disease: clinical features and evaluation. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 316-326.
49. Soraisham AS, Tierney AJ, Amin HJ, Neonatal respiratory failure associated with mutation in the surfactant protein C gene, J Perinatol 2006; 26: 67-70.
50. Prestridge A, Wooldridge J, Deutsch G, Young LR, Wert SE, Whitsett JA, Nogee L, Persistent tachypnea and hypoxia in a 3-month-old term infant, J Pediatr 2006; 149: 702-706.
51. Stevens PA, Pettenazzo A, Brasch F, Mulugeta S, Baritussio A, Ochs M, Morrison L, Russo SJ, Beers MF, Nonspecifi c interstitial pneumonia, alveolar proteinosis, and abnormal proprotein traffi cking resulting from a spontaneous mutation in the surfactant protein C gene, Pediatr Res 2005; 57: 89-98.
52. Doan ML, Guillerman RP, Dishop MK, Nogee LM, Langston C, Mallory GB, Sockrider MM, Fan LL, Clinical, radiological and pathological features of ABCA3 mutations in children, Thorax 2008; 63: 366-373.
53. Gordon IO, Cipriani N, Arif Q, Mackinnon AC, Husain AN, Update in nonneoplastic lung diseases, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133: 1096-1105.
54. Griese M, Brasch F, Aldana VR, Cabrera MM, Goelnitz U, Ikonen E, Karam BJ, Liebisch G, Linder MD, Lohse P, Meyer W, Schmitz G, Pamir A, Ripper J, Rolfs A, Schams A, Lezana FJ, Respiratory disease in Niemann-Pick type C2 is caused by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, Clin Genet 2010; 77: 119-130.
55. Krude H, Schütz B, Biebermann H, von Moers A, Schnabel D, Neitzel H, Tönnies H, Weise D, Lafferty A, Schwarz S, DeFelice M, von Deimling A, van Landeghem F, DiLauro R, Grüters A, Choreoathetosis, hypothyroidism, and pulmonary alterations due to human NKX2-1 haploinsuffi ciency, J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 475-480.
56. Albafouille V, Sayegh N, De Coudenhove S, Scheinmann P, De Blic J, Mamou-Mani T, Hassine A, Jaubert F, Brunelle F, CT scan patterns of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in children, Pediatr Radiol 1999; 29: 147-152.
57. Vrielynck S, Mamou-Mani T, Emond S, Scheinmann P, Brunelle F, de Blic J, Diagnostic value of high-resolution CT in the evaluation of chronic infi ltrative lung disease in children, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 914-920.
58. Copley SJ, Padley SP, High-resolution CT of paediatric lung disease. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 2564-2575.
59. Suzuki T, Sakagami T, Rubin BK, Nogee LM, Wood RE, Zimmerman SL, Smolarek T, Dishop MK, Wert SE, Whitsett JA, Grabowski G, Carey BC, Stevens C, van der Loo JC, Trapnell BC, Familial pulmonary alveolar proteinosis caused by mutations in CSF2RA, J Exp Med 2008; 205: 2703-2710.
60. Martinez-Moczygemba M, Doan ML, Elidemir O, Fan LL, Cheung SW, Lei JT, Moore JP, Tavana G, Lewis LR, Zhu Y, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Huston DP, Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis caused by deletion of the GM-CSFRalpha gene in the X chromosome pseudoautosomal region 1, J Exp Med 2008; 205: 2711-2716.
61. Parto K, Svedström E, Majurin ML, Härkönen R, Simell O, Pulmonary manifestations in lysinuric protein intolerance, Chest 1993; 104: 1176-1182. (Pubitemid 23306073)
62. Santamaria F, Parenti G, Guidi G, Rotondo A, Grillo G, Larocca MR, Celentano L, Strisciuglio P, Sebastio G, Andria G, Early detection of lung involvement in lysinuric protein intolerance: role of high-resolution computed tomography and radioisotopic methods, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 731-735.
63. Chung CJ, Fordham LA, Barker P, Cooper LL, Children with congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia: after infancy, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: 1583-1588.
64. Barker PM, Esther CR Jr., Fordham LA, Maygarden SJ, Funkhouser WK, Primary pulmonary lymphangiectasia in infancy and childhood, Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 413-419.
65. Esther CR Jr., Barker PM, Pulmonary lymphangiectasia: diagnosis and clinical course, Pediatr Pulmonol 2004; 38: 308-313.
66. Copley SJ, Coren M, Nicholson AG, Rubens MB, Bush A, Hansell DM, Diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT and chest radiography of pediatric interstitial lung disease, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 174: 549-554.
67. Swensen SJ, Hartman TE, Mayo JR, Colby TV, Tazelaar HD, Müller NL, Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis: CT fi ndings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995; 19: 348-352.
68. Faul JL, Berry GJ, Colby TV, Ruoss SJ, Walter MB, Rosen GD, Raffi n TA, Thoracic lymphangiomas, lymphangiectasis, lymphangiomatosis, and lymphatic dysplasia syndrome, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1037-1046.
69. Frazier AA, Franks TJ, Mohammed TL, Ozbudak IH, Galvin JR, From the Archives of the AFIP: pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, Radiographics 2007; 27: 867-882.
70. Nicholson AG, Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and other lymphoproliferative disorders in the lung, Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 22: 409-422.
71. Bramson RT, Cleveland R, Blickman JG, Kinane TB, Radiographic appearance of follicular bronchitis in children, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 166: 1447-1450.
72. Becciolini V, Gudinchet F, Cheseaux JJ, Schnyder P, Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia in children with AIDS: high-resolution CT fi ndings, Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 1015-1020.
73. Howling SJ, Hansell DM, Wells AU, Nicholson AG, Flint JD, Müller NL, Follicular bronchiolitis: thin-section CT and histologic fi ndings, Radiology 1999; 212: 637-642.
74. Pitcher RD, Beningfi eld SJ, Zar HJ, Chest radiographic features of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis in HIV-infected children. Clin Radiol 2010; 65: 150-154.
75. Marks MJ, Haney PJ, McDermott MP, White CS, Vennos AD, Thoracic disease in children with AIDS, Radiographics 1996; 16: 1349-1362.
76. Yalçin E, Dogru D, Haliloglu M, Ozçelik U, Kiper N, Göçmen A, Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical and radiological profi le and prognostic factors, Respiration 2003; 70: 371-375.
77. Zhang L, Irion K, da Silva Porto N, Abreu e Silva F, High-resolution computed tomography in pediatric patients with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans, J Thorac Imaging 1999; 14: 85-89.
78. Moonnumakal SP, Fan LL, Bronchiolitis obliterans in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 2008; 20: 272-278.
79. Lucaya J, Gartner S, García-Peña P, Cobos N, Roca I, Liñan S, Spectrum of manifestations of Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998; 22: 592-597.
80. Fan LL, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 2002; 14: 323-326.
81. Hartman TE, The HRCT features of extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24: 419-426.
82. Susarla SC, Fan LL, Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndromes in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 2007; 19: 314-320.
83. Fullmer JJ, Langston C, Dishop MK, Fan LL, Pulmonary capillaritis in children: a review of eight cases with comparison to other alveolar hemorrhage syndromes, J Pediatr 2005; 146: 376-381.
84. Nuesslein TG, Teig N, Rieger CH, Pulmonary haemosiderosis in infants and children, Paediatr Respir Rev 2006; 7: 45-48.
85. Ravenel JG, McAdams HP, Pulmonary vasculitis: CT features, Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24: 427-436.
86. Koh DM, Hansell DM, Computed tomography of diffuse interstitial lung disease in children, Clin Radiol 2000; 55: 659-667.
87. Connolly B, Manson D, Eberhard A, Laxer RM, Smith C, CT appearance of pulmonary vasculitis in children, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 901-904.
88. Deniz O, Ors F, Tozkoparan E, Ozcan A, Gumus S, Bozlar U, Bilgic H, Ekiz K, Demirci N, High resolution computed tomographic features of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, Eur J Radiol 2005; 55: 452-460.
89. Tachibana T, Hagiwara K, Johkoh T, Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: review and management, Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15: 486-490.
90. Kligerman SJ, Groshong S, Brown KK, Lynch DA, Nonspecifi c interstitial pneumonia: radiologic, clinical, and pathologic considerations. Radiographics 2009; 29: 73-87.
91. Panigada S, Ravelli A, Silvestri M, Granata C, Magni-Manzoni S, Cerveri I, Dore R, Tomà P, Martini A, Rossi GA, Sacco O, HRCT and pulmonary function tests in monitoring of lung involvement in juvenile systemic sclerosis, Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44: 1226-1234.
92. Seely JM, Jones LT, Wallace C, Sherry D, Effmann EL, Systemic sclerosis: using high-resolution CT to detect lung disease in children, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 691-697.
93. Aaløkken TM, Lilleby V, Søyseth V, Mynarek G, Pripp AH, Johansen B, Førre O, Kolbenstvedt A, Chest abnormalities in juvenile-onset mixed connective tissue disease: assessment with high-resolution computed tomography and pulmonary function tests, Acta Radiol 2009; 50: 430-436.
94. Fenlon HM, Doran M, Sant SM, Breatnach E, High-resolution chest CT in systemic lupus erythematosus, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 166: 301-307.
95. Lilleby C, Aalokeen TM, Johansen B, Førre Ø, Pulmonary involvement in patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006; 24: 203-208. (Pubitemid 43826874)
96. Keesling CA, Frush DP, O'Hara SM, Fordham LA, Clinical and imaging manifestations of pediatric sarcoidosis, Acad Radiol 1998; 5: 122-132.
97. Milman N, Hoffmann AL, Byg KE, Sarcoidosis in children. Epidemiology in Danes, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, Acta Paediatr 1998; 87: 871-878.
98. Fan LL, Deterding RR, Langston C, Pediatric interstitial lung disease revisited, Pediatr Pulmonol 2004; 38: 369-378.
99. Polverosi R, Maffesanti M, Dalpiaz G, Organizing pneumonia: typical and atypical HRCT patterns, Radiol Med 2006; 111: 202-212.
100. Zanetti G, Marchiori E, Gasparetto TD, Escuissato DL, Soares Souza A Jr. Lipoid pneumonia in children following aspiration of mineral oil used in the treatment of constipation: highresolution CT fi ndings in 17 patients, Pediatr Radiol 2007; 37: 1135-1139.
101. Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Mano CM, Irion KL, Daltro PA, Hochhegger B, Lipoid pneumonia in 53 patients after aspiration of mineral oil: comparison of high-resolution computed tomography fi ndings in adults and children, J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010; 34: 9-12.
102. Jeong YJ, Kim KI, Seo IJ, Lee CH, Lee KN, Kim KN, Kim JS, Kwon WJ, Eosinophilic lung diseases: a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic overview, Radiographics 2007; 27: 617-37; discussion 637
103. Oermann CM, Panesar KS, Langston C, Larsen GL, Menendez AA, Schofield DE, Cosio C, Fan LL, Pulmonary infi ltrates with eosinophilia syndromes in children, J Pediatr 2000; 136: 351-358.
104. Ha SY, Helms P, Fletcher M, Broadbent V, Pritchard J, Lung involvement in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: prevalence, clinical features, and outcome, Pediatrics 1992; 89: 466-469.
105. Odame I, Li P, Lau L, Doda W, Noseworthy M, Babyn P, Weitzman S, Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a variable disease in childhood, Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47: 889-893.
106. Junewick JJ, Fitzgerald NE, The thymus in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Radiol 1999; 29: 904-907.
107. McHugh K, Olsen E ØE, Vellodi A, Gaucher disease in children: radiology of non-central nervous system manifestations, Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 117-123.
108. Goitein O, Elstein D, Abrahamov A, Hadas-Halpern I, Melzer E, Kerem E, Zimran A, Lung involvement and enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher's disease, QJM 2001; 94: 407-415. (Pubitemid 32776282)
109. Guillemot N, Troadec C, de Villemeur TB, Clément A, Fauroux B, Lung disease in Niemann-Pick disease, Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42: 1207-1214.
110. Lynch DA, Hay T, Newell JD Jr., Divgi VD, Fan LL, Pediatric diffuse lung disease: diagnosis and classifi cation using highresolution CT, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: 713-718.
111. Schneebaum N, Blau H, Soferman R, Mussaffi H, Ben-Sira L, Schwarz M, Sivan Y, Use and yield of chest computed tomography in the diagnostic evaluation of pediatric lung disease, Pediatrics 2009; 124: 472-479.
112. Nogee LM, Genetic basis of children's interstitial lung disease, Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology 2010; 23: 15-24.
113. Brody AS, New perspectives in imaging interstitial lung disease in children, Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38(Suppl 2): S205-S207
114. Mattiello R, Sarria EE, Mallol J, Fischer GB, Mocelin H, Bello R, Flores JA, Irion K, Jones Y, Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans: Can CT scan fi ndings at early age anticipate lung function? Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45: 315-319.
115. Wells AU, High-resolution computed tomography in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease: a clinical perspective, Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24: 347-356