Challenges in immunisation against bacterial infection in children

Early Human Development

Volumn 86, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 695-701

  Trück, Johannes ^a   Pollard, Andrew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Conjugate vaccines; Haemophilus vaccines; Herd immunity; Immunologic memory; Meningococcal vaccines; Pneumococcal vaccines; Premature infant

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATE VACCINE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VACCINE;

ANTIBODY BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG FORMULATION; ENCAPSULATION; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B; HERD IMMUNITY; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; INFECTION RISK; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; PREMATURITY; RISK FACTOR; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL VACCINES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS; HAEMOPHILUS VACCINES; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION, SECONDARY; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL; MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES; VACCINATION; VACCINES, CONJUGATE;

EID: 78049256714     PISSN: 03783782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.010     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Scott J.A. The preventable burden of pneumococcal disease in the developing world. Vaccine 2007, 25:2398-2405.
2. O'Brien K.L., Wolfson L.J., Watt J.P., et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5years: global estimates. Lancet 2009, 374:893-902.
3. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization-WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007, 82:93-104.
4. WHO position paper on Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2006, 81:445-452.
5. Watt J.P., Wolfson L.J., O'Brien K.L., et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5years: global estimates. Lancet 2009, 374:903-911.
6. Meningococcal vaccines: polysaccharide and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2002, 77:331-339.
7. Health Protection Agency - Hib laboratory reports to CDSC: England and Wales 1990-2003. [accessed April 2010]; available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk.
8. Trotter C.L., Andrews N.J., Kaczmarski E.B., Miller E., Ramsay M.E. Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine 4years after introduction. Lancet 2004, 364:365-367.
9. Kaye P., Malkani R., Martin S., et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in England & Wales after 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7); potential impact of 10 and 13-valent vaccines: Health Protection Agency 2009, ESPID. Brussels, Belgium.
10. Reinert R.R. The antimicrobial resistance profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15(Suppl 3):7-11.
11. Dagan R., Givon-Lavi N., Leibovitz E., Greenberg D., Porat N. Introduction and proliferation of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A clones that cause acute otitis media in an unvaccinated population. J Infect Dis 2009, 199:776-785.
12. Kaplan S.L., Mason E.O., Wald E., et al. Six year multicenter surveillance of invasive pneumococcal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002, 21:141-147.
13. Appelbaum P.C. Resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for drug selection. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:1613-1620.
14. Garcia-Rodriguez J.A., Fresnadillo Martinez M.J. Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002, 50(Suppl S2):59-73.
15. Sleeman K.L., Daniels L., Gardiner M., et al. Acquisition of Streptococcus pneumoniae and nonspecific morbidity in infants and their families: a cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005, 24:121-127.
16. Hoffman J.A., Mason E.O., Schutze G.E., et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the neonate. Pediatrics 2003, 112:1095-1102.
17. Oh S.Y., Griffiths D., John T., et al. School-aged children: a reservoir for continued circulation of Haemophilus influenzae type b in the United Kingdom. J Infect Dis 2008, 197:1275-1281.
18. Murphy T.V., Pastor P., Medley F., Osterholm M.T., Granoff D.M. Decreased Haemophilus colonization in children vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. J Pediatr 1993, 122:517-523.
19. Murphy T.V., White K.E., Pastor P., et al. Declining incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination. JAMA 1993, 269:246-248.
20. Khatami A., Pollard A.J. The epidemiology of meningococcal disease and the impact of vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010, 9:285-298.
21. Maiden M.C., Ibarz-Pavon A.B., Urwin R., et al. Impact of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines on carriage and herd immunity. J Infect Dis 2008, 197:737-743.
22. Trotter C.L., McVernon J., Ramsay M.E., et al. Optimising the use of conjugate vaccines to prevent disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2008, 26:4434-4445.
23. Mulholland K., Hilton S., Adegbola R., et al. Randomised trial of Haemophilus influenzae type-b tetanus protein conjugate vaccine [corrected] for prevention of pneumonia and meningitis in Gambian infants. Lancet 1997, 349:1191-1197.
24. Black S., Shinefield H., Fireman B., et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19:187-195.
25. Hansen J., Black S., Shinefield H., et al. Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 5years of age for prevention of pneumonia: updated analysis using World Health Organization standardized interpretation of chest radiographs. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006, 25:779-781.
26. Jansen A.G., Hak E., Veenhoven R.H., et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, CD001480.
27. Campbell H., Andrews N., Borrow R., Trotter C., Miller E. Updated post-licensure surveillance of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in England and Wales: effectiveness, validation of serological correlate of protection and modelling predictions of the duration of herd immunity. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010, 17:840-847.
28. Perrett K.P., Winter A.P., Kibwana E., et al. Antibody persistence after serogroup C meningococcal conjugate immunization of United kingdom primary-school children in 1999-2000 and response to a booster: a phase 4 clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:1601-1610.
29. Siber G.R., Chang I., Baker S., et al. Estimating the protective concentration of anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies. Vaccine 2007, 25:3816-3826.
30. Pichichero M.E. Booster vaccinations: can immunologic memory outpace disease pathogenesis?. Pediatrics 2009, 124:1633-1641.
31. Blanchard Rohner G., Snape M.D., Kelly D.F., et al. The magnitude of the antibody and memory B cell responses during priming with a protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in human infants is associated with the persistence of antibody and the intensity of booster response. J Immunol 2008, 180:2165-2173.
32. Kelly D.F., Pollard A.J., Moxon E.R. Immunological memory: the role of B cells in long-term protection against invasive bacterial pathogens. JAMA 2005, 294:3019-3023.
33. Snape M.D., Kelly D.F., Salt P., et al. Serogroup C meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine in adolescents: persistence of bactericidal antibodies and kinetics of the immune response to a booster vaccine more than 3years after immunization. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:1387-1394.
34. McVernon J., Johnson P.D., Pollard A.J., Slack M.P., Moxon E.R. Immunologic memory in Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine failure. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88:379-383.
35. Snape M.D., Kelly D.F., Lewis S., et al. Seroprotection against serogroup C meningococcal disease in adolescents in the United Kingdom: observational study. BMJ 2008, 336:1487-1491.
36. Borrow R., Andrews N., Findlow H., et al. Kinetics of antibody persistence following administration of a combination meningococcal serogroup C and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in healthy infants in the United Kingdom primed with a monovalent meningococcal serogroup C vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010, 17:154-159.
37. Khatami A., Snape M.D., John T. et al. Persistence of immunity following a booster dose of Hib-MenC-TT glycoconjugate vaccine: follow-up of a randomised controlled trial Pediatr Infect Dis in press;30(3), doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181f728fd.
38. Heath P.T., Booy R., Azzopardi H.J., et al. Antibody concentration and clinical protection after Hib conjugate vaccination in the United Kingdom. JAMA 2000, 284:2334-2340.
39. Givon-Lavi N., Greenberg D., Dagan R. Immunogenicity of alternative regimens of the conjugated 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29:756-762.
40. Blanchard-Rohner G., Pollard A.J. Sustaining immunity after immunization against encapsulated bacteria. Hum Vaccin 2008, 4:309-312.
41. Bernasconi N.L., Traggiai E., Lanzavecchia A. Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells. Science 2002, 298:2199-2202.
42. Lanzavecchia A. One out of five peripheral blood B lymphocytes is activated to high-rate Ig production by human alloreactive T cell clones. Eur J Immunol 1983, 13:820-824.
43. Ochsenbein A.F., Pinschewer D.D., Sierro S., et al. Protective long-term antibody memory by antigen-driven and T help-dependent differentiation of long-lived memory B cells to short-lived plasma cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:13263-13268.
44. Pollard A.J., Perrett K.P., Beverley P.C. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2009, 9:213-220.
45. Pilishvili T., Lexau C., Farley M.M., et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 2010, 201:32-41.
46. Lexau C.A., Lynfield R., Danila R., et al. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA 2005, 294:2043-2051.
47. Ladhani S., Heath P.T., Ramsay M.E., et al. Long-term immunological follow-up of children with haemophilus influenzae serotype b vaccine failure in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 49:372-380.
48. Park S.Y., Van Beneden C.A., Pilishvili T., et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections among vaccinated children in the United States. J Pediatr 2010, 156. 478-83 e2.
49. Auckland C., Gray S., Borrow R., et al. Clinical and immunologic risk factors for meningococcal C conjugate vaccine failure in the United Kingdom. J Infect Dis 2006, 194:1745-1752.
50. Goldblatt D., Southern J., Ashton L., et al. Immunogenicity of a reduced schedule of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants and correlates of protection for serotype 6B in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29:401-405.
51. Richmond P., Borrow R., Goldblatt D., et al. Ability of 3 different meningococcal C conjugate vaccines to induce immunologic memory after a single dose in UK toddlers. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:160-163.
52. Booy R., Taylor S.A., Dobson S.R., et al. Immunogenicity and safety of PRP-T conjugate vaccine given according to the British accelerated immunisation schedule. Arch Dis Child 1992, 67:475-478.
53. Holmes S.J., Lucas A.H., Osterholm M.T., Froeschle J.E., Granoff D.M. Immunoglobulin deficiency and idiotype expression in children developing Haemophilus influenzae type b disease after vaccination with conjugate vaccine. The Collaborative Study Group. JAMA 1991, 266:1960-1965.
54. Lee Y.C., Kelly D.F., Yu L.M., et al. Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine failure in children is associated with inadequate production of high-quality antibody. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:186-192.
55. Ramsay M.E., McVernon J., Andrews N.J., Heath P.T., Slack M.P. Estimating Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine effectiveness in England and Wales by use of the screening method. J Infect Dis 2003, 188:481-485.
56. Heath P.T., Ramsay M.E. Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine-booster campaign. BMJ 2003, 326:1158-1159.
57. McVernon J., Andrews N., Slack M.P., Ramsay M.E. Risk of vaccine failure after Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) combination vaccines with acellular pertussis. Lancet 2003, 361:1521-1523.
58. Immunisation against infectious disease "The green book" 2006, 17-23. London. Third edition ed. D. Salisbury, M. Ramsay, K. Noakes (Eds.).
59. Diggle L., Deeks J.J., Pollard A.J. Effect of needle size on immunogenicity and reactogenicity of vaccines in infants: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006, 333:571.
60. Immunisation againts infectious disease "The green book" 2006, 25-33. London. Third edition ed. D. Salisbury, M. Ramsay, K. Noakes (Eds.).
61. O'Brien K.L., Moisi J., Romero-Steiner S., et al. Pneumococcal antibodies in a child with type 14 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine failure. Vaccine 2009, 27:1863-1868.
62. Dagan R., Kayhty H., Wuorimaa T., et al. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an eleven valent mixed carrier Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid or tetanus protein conjugate vaccine in Finnish and Israeli infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004, 23:91-98.
63. Mahon B.E., Hsu K., Karumuri S., et al. Effectiveness of abbreviated and delayed 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing regimens. Vaccine 2006, 24:2514-2520.
64. Whitney C.G., Pilishvili T., Farley M.M., et al. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case-control study. Lancet 2006, 368:1495-1502.
65. Trotter C.L., Ramsay M.E., Gray S., Fox A., Kaczmarski E. No evidence for capsule replacement following mass immunisation with meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines in England and Wales. Lancet Infect Dis 2006, 6:616-617. author reply 7-8.
66. Heath P.T., McVernon J. The UK Hib vaccine experience. Arch Dis Child 2002, 86:396-399.
67. O'Brien K.L., Dagan R. The potential indirect effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines. Vaccine 2003, 21:1815-1825.
68. Eskola J., Kilpi T., Palmu A., et al. Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:403-409.
69. Hicks L.A., Harrison L.H., Flannery B., et al. Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998-2004. J Infect Dis 2007, 196:1346-1354.
70. Moore M.R. Rethinking replacement and resistance. J Infect Dis 2009, 199:771-773.
71. Black S. The volatile nature of pneumococcal serotype epidemiology: potential for misinterpretation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29:301-303.
72. Saari T.N. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics 2003, 112:193-198.
73. Batra J.S., Eriksen E.M., Zangwill K.M., et al. Evaluation of vaccine coverage for low birth weight infants during the first year of life in a large managed care population. Pediatrics 2009, 123:951-958.
74. Bonhoeffer J., Siegrist C.A., Heath P.T. Immunisation of premature infants. Arch Dis Child 2006, 91:929-935.
75. Immunisation against infectious disease "The green book" 2006, 50. London. Third Edition ed. D. Salisbury, M. Ramsay, K. Noakes (Eds.).
76. Shinefield H., Black S., Ray P., et al. Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low birth weight and preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002, 21:182-186.
77. Ruckinger S., van der Linden M., von Kries R. Effect of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in preterm born infants. BMC Infect Dis 2010, 10:12.
78. Collins C.L., Ruggeberg J.U., Balfour G., et al. Immunogenicity and immunologic memory of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in premature infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005, 24:966-968.
79. Slack M.H., Schapira D., Thwaites R.J., et al. Immune response of premature infants to meningococcal serogroup C and combined diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis 2001, 184:1617-1620.
80. Immunisation against infectious disease "The green book". In: Salisbury, D., Ramsay, M., Noakes, K., editors. Third edition ed. London; 2006. p. 134-5; 246-7; 307.
81. Esposito S., Pugni L., Bosis S., et al. Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered at 3, 5 and 11months post-natally to pre- and full-term infants. Vaccine 2005, 23:1703-1708.
82. Ruggeberg J.U., Collins C., Clarke P., et al. Immunogenicity and induction of immunological memory of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in preterm UK infants. Vaccine 2007, 25:264-271.
83. D'Angio C.T., Heyne R.J., O'Shea T.M., et al. Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunogenicity in very-low-birth-weight, premature infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29:600-606.
84. Esposito S., Corbellini B., Bosis S., et al. Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of meningococcal C CRM197 conjugate vaccine administered 3, 5 and 11months post-natally to pre- and full-term infants. Vaccine 2007, 25:4889-4894.
85. Washburn L.K., O'Shea T.M., Gillis D.C., Block S.M., Abramson J.S. Response to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in chronically ill premature infants. J Pediatr 1993, 123:791-794.
86. Granoff D.M., Anderson E.L., Osterholm M.T., et al. Differences in the immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants. J Pediatr 1992, 121:187-194.
87. Munoz A., Salvador A., Brodsky N.L., Arbeter A.M., Porat R. Antibody response of low birth weight infants to Haemophilus influenzae type b polyribosylribitol phosphate-outer membrane protein conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 1995, 96:216-219.
88. Kirmani K.I., Lofthus G., Pichichero M.E., Voloshen T., D'Angio C.T. Seven-year follow-up of vaccine response in extremely premature infants. Pediatrics 2002, 109:498-504.
89. D'Angio C.T., Maniscalco W.M., Pichichero M.E. Immunologic response of extremely premature infants to tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae, and polio immunizations. Pediatrics 1995, 96:18-22.
90. Robinson M.J., Campbell F., Powell P., Sims D., Thornton C. Antibody response to accelerated Hib immunisation in preterm infants receiving dexamethasone for chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999, 80:F69-F71.
91. Kristensen K., Gyhrs A., Lausen B., Barington T., Heilmann C. Antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid in preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996, 15:525-529.
92. Heath P.T., Booy R., McVernon J., et al. Hib vaccination in infants born prematurely. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88:206-210.