Hydrothermal fluid flow within a tectonically active rift-ridge transform junction: Tjörnes Fracture Zone, Iceland

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 115, Issue 5, 2010, Pages

  Lupi, M ^a   Geiger, S ^a   Graham, C M ^b  

^a HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASEMENT ROCK; FLUID FLOW; FRACTURE ZONE; HEAT FLOW; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; RIFTING; SEDIMENTARY BASIN; SEISMICITY; TECTONIC SETTING; TECTONIC STRUCTURE; TRANSFORM FAULT;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ICELAND; NORWEGIAN SEA; TJORNES FRACTURE ZONE;

CALLUNA VULGARIS;

EID: 78049245966     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009JB006640     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Arnórsson, S. (1995a), Geothermal systems in Iceland: Structure and conceptual models I. High temperature areas, Geothermics, 24(5-6), 561-602. (Pubitemid 26462682)
2. Arnórsson, S. (1995b), Geothermal systems in Iceland: Structure and conceptual models II. Low temperature areas, Geothermics, 24(5-6), 603-629. (Pubitemid 26462683)
3. Bächler, D., T. Kohl, and L. Rybach (2003), Impact of graben-parallel faults on hydrothermal convection: Rhine graben case study, Phys. Chem. Earth, 28(9-11), 431-441.
4. Bodvarsson, G. S., S. M. Benson, O. Sigurdsson, V. Stefansson, and E. T. Eliasson (1984a), The Krafla geothermal field, Iceland 1. Analysis of well test data, Water Resour. Res., 20(11), 1515-1530.
5. Bodvarsson, G. S., K. Pruess, V. Stefansson, and E. T. Eliasson (1984b), The Krafla geothermal field, Iceland 2. The natural state of the system, Water Resour. Res., 20(11), 1531-1544.
6. Bodvarsson, G. S., K. Pruess, V. Stefansson, and E. T. Eliasson (1984c), The Krafla geothermal field, Iceland 3. The generating capacity of the field, Water Resour. Res., 20(11), 1545-1559.
7. Cathles, L. M. (1977), An analysis of the cooling of intrusives by groundwater convection which includes boiling, Econ. Geol., 72(5), 804-826.
8. Claesson, L., A. Skelton, C. Graham, C. Dietl, C. M. Morth, P. Torssander, and I. Kockum (2004), Hydrogeochemical changes before and after a major earthquake, Geology, 32(8), 641-644.
9. Claesson, L., A. Skelton, C. Graham, and C. M. Morth (2007), The timescale and mechanisms of fault sealing and water-rock interaction after an earthquake, Geofluids, 7, 427-440.
10. Coumou, D., T. Driesner, and C. A. Heinrich (2008), The structure and dynamics of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems, Science, 321 (5897), 1825-1828.
11. Coumou, D., T. Driesner, P. Weis, and C. A. Heinrich (2009), Phase separation, brine formation and salinity variation at black smoker hydrothermal systems, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B03212, doi:10.1029/2008JB005764.
12. Crampin, S., A. Gudmundsson, and R. Stefansson (2002), Indication of high pore-fluid pressures in a seismically-active fault zone, Geophys. J. Int., 151(2), 1-5.
13. 2O - NaCl. Part II. Correlations for molar volume, enthalpy, and isobaric heat capacity from 0 to 1000°C, 1 to 5000 bar, and 0 to 1 XNaCl, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71(20), 4902-4919.
14. Driesner, T., and S. Geiger (2007), Numerical simulation of multiphase fluid flow in hydrothermal systems, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 65(1), 187-212.
15. 2O - NaCl. Part I: Correlation formulae for phase relations in temperature-pressure- composition space from 0 to 1000°C, 0 to 5000 bar, and 0 to 1 XNaCl, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71(20), 4880-4901.
16. Einarsson, P. (1976), Relative location of earthquakes in the Tjörnes fracture zone, Soc. Sci. Iceland, 5, 45-60.
17. Elkhoury, J. E., E. E. Brodsky, and D. C. Agnew (2006), Seismic waves increase permeability, Nature, 441, 1135-1138.
18. Evans, J. P., C. B. Forster, and J. V. Goddard (1997), Permeability of faultrelated rocks, and implications for hydraulic structure of fault zones, J. Struct. Geol., 19(11), 1393-1404.
19. Fisher, A. T., et al. (2003), Hydrothermal recharge and discharge across 50 km guided by seamounts on a young ridge flank, Nature, 421, 618-621.
20. Flóvenz, O. G. (2008), On geothermal energy in Iceland, paper presented at the 11th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, Nordic Energy Res., Reykjavik, Iceland.
21. Flóvenz, O. G., and K. Saemundsson (1993), Heat flow and geothermal processes in Iceland, Tectonophysics, 225(1-2), 123-138.
22. Flóvenz, O. G., L. S. Georgsson, and K. Árnason (1985), Resistivity structure of the upper crust in Iceland, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10,136-10,150.
23. Fontaine, F. J., W. S. D. Wilcock, and D. A. Butterfield (2007), Physical controls on the salinity of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluids, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 257(1-2), 132-145.
24. Fridleifsson, G. O. (1994), Geothermal gradient and hydrothermal systems off north Iceland, Rep. GF-94-05, p. 4, Orkustofnun Natl. Energy Auth., Reykjavík.
25. 2 emissions and heat flow through soil, fumaroles, and steam heated mud pools at the Reykjanes geothermal area, SW Iceland, Appl. Geochem., 21(9), 1551-1569.
26. Garven, G., S. W. Bull, and R. R. Large (2001), Hydrothermal fluid flow models of stratiform ore genesis in the McArthur basin, Northern territory, Australia, Geofluids, 1, 289-311.
27. Geiger, S., S. Roberts, S. K. Matthäi, C. Zoppou, and A. Burri (2004), Combining finite element and finite volume methods for efficient multiphase flow simulations in highly heterogeneous and structurally complex geologic media, Geofluids, 4, 284-299.
28. 2O - NaCl fluid convection in the Earth's crust, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B07101, doi:10.1029/2004JB003362. (Pubitemid 41363593)
29. 2O - NaCl, Transp. Porous Media, 63(3), 399-434. (Pubitemid 43949679)
30. 2O - NaCl equation of state, Transp. Porous Media, 63(3), 435-461. (Pubitemid 43949680)
31. Geoffroy, L., and C. Dorbath (2008), Deep downward fluid percolation driven by localized crust dilatation in Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17302, doi:10.1029/2008GL034514.
32. Geptner, A. R., B. Richter, Y. I. Pikovskii, S. S. Chernyansky, and T. A. Alekseeva (2006), Hydrothermal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine and lagoon sediments at the intersection between Tjörnes fracture zone and recent rift zone (Skjálfandi and Öxarfjördhur bays), Iceland, Mar. Chem., 101(3-4), 153-165. (Pubitemid 44131682)
33. Gudmundsson, A. (1999), Fluid overpressure and stress drop in fault zones, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(1), 115-118.
34. Gudmundsson, A. (2001), Fluid overpressure and flow in fault zones: Field measurements and models, Tectonophysics, 336(1-4), 183-197.
35. Gudmundsson, A. (2007), Infrastructure and evolution of ocean-ridge discontinuities in Iceland, J. Geodyn., 43(1), 6-29.
36. Gudmundsson, A., S. Brynjolfsson, and M. T. Jonsson (1993), Structural analysis of a transform fault-rift zone function in north Iceland, Tectonophysics, 220(1-4), 205-221.
37. Gunnarsson, K. (1998), Sedimentary basins of the N-Iceland shelf: Draft version for discussion, Rep. OS-98014, Orkustofnun Natl. Energy Auth., Reykjavík.
38. Hanson, R. B. (1995), The hydrodynamics of contact metamorphism, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107(5), 595-611.
39. Hayba, D. O., and S. E. Ingebritsen (1997), Multiphase groundwater flow near cooling plutons, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12,235-12,252.
40. Heft, K. L., K. M. Gillis, M. A. Pollock, J. A. Karson, and E. M. Klein (2008), Role of upwelling hydrothermal fluids in the development of alteration patterns at fast spreading ridges: Evidence from the sheeted dike complex at Pito deep, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9(5), Q05O07, doi:10.1029/2007GC001926.
41. Hensch, M., C. Riedel, J. Reinhardt, and T. Dahm (2007), Hypocenter migration of fluid-induced earthquake swarms in the Tjörnes fracture zone (north Iceland), Tectonophysics, 447(1-4), 80-94.
42. Hill, D. P., et al. (1993), Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 landers, California, earthquake, Science, 260(5114), 1617-1623.
43. Hurwitz, S., K. L. Kipp, S. E. Ingebritsen, and M. E. Reid (2003), Groundwater flow, heat transport, and water table position within volcanic edifices: Implications for volcanic processes in the Cascade Range, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B12), 2557, doi:10.1029/2003JB002565.
44. Husen, S., R. Taylor, R. B. Smith, and H. Healser (2004), Changes in geyser eruption behavior and remotely triggered seismicity in Yellowstone national park produced by the 2002 7.9M Denali fault earthquake, Alaska, Geology, 32(6), 537-540. (Pubitemid 38908355)
45. Ingebritsen, S. E., and W. E. Sanford (2006), Groundwater in Geologic Processes, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
46. Ingebritsen, S. E., S. Geiger, S. Hurwitz, and T. Driesner (2010), Numerical simultion of magmatic hydrothermal systems, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG1002, doi:10.1029/2009RG000287.
47. Jakobsdóttir, S. S., G. B. Gudmundsson, and R. Stefansson (2002), Seismicity in Iceland 1991-2000 monitored by the SIL seismic system. Joküll, 51, 87-94.
48. Jóhannesson, H., and K. Saemundsson (1998), Geological map of Iceland, scale 1: 500 000, Tectonics Icelandic Inst. of Nat. History, Reykjavík.
49. Johnson, H. P., M. Hutnak, R. P. Dziak, C. G. Fox, I. Urcuyo, J. P. Cowen, J. Nabelek, and C. Fisher (2000), Earthquake-induced changes in a hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge, Nature, 407, 174-177.
50. Join, J. L., J. L. Folio, and B. Robineau (2005), Aquifers and groundwater within active shield volcanoes: Evolution of conceptual models in the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 147(1-2), 187-201.
51. Lowell, R. P. (1991), Modeling continental and submarine hydrothermal systems, Rev. Geophys., 29, 457-476.
52. Lowell, R. P., S. R. Gosnell, and Y. Yang (2007), Numerical simulations of single-pass hydrothermal convection at mid-ocean ridges: Effects of the extrusive layer and temperature-dependent permeability, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q10011, doi:10.1029/2007GC001653.
53. Manga, M., and E. Brodsky (2006), Seismic triggering of eruptions in the far field: Volcanoes and geysers, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 34, 263-291.
54. Manning, C. E., and S. E. Ingebritsen (1999), Permeability of the continental crust: Implications of geothermal data and metamorphic systems, Rev. Geophys., 37(1), 127-150.
55. Matthäi, S. K., C. A. Heinrich, and T. Driesner (2004), Is the mount Isa copper deposit the product of forced brine convection in the footwall of a major reverse fault?, Geology, 32(4), 357-360.
56. Matthäi, S. K., S. Geiger, S. G. Roberts, A. Paluszny, M. Belayneh, A. Burri, A. Mezentsev, H. Lu, D. Coumou, and T. Driesner (2007), Numerical simulation of multi-phase fluid flow in structurally complex reservoirs, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 292(1), 405-429.
57. Miller, S. A., and A. Nur (2000), Permeability as a toggle switch in fluidcontrolled crustal processes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183(1-2), 133-146.
58. 2 source at depth, Nature, 427, 724-727.
59. Palmason, G. (1974), Heat flow and hydrothermal activity in Iceland, in Geodynamics of Iceland and the North Atlantic Area, edited by L. Kristjansson, pp. 297-306, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
60. Palmason, G., and K. Saemundsson (1974), Iceland in relation to the midatlantic ridge, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 2(1), 25-50.
61. Paluszny, A., S. K. Matthäi, and M. Hohmeyer (2007), Hybrid finite element-finite volume discretization of complex geologic structures and a new simulation workflow demonstrated on fractured rocks, Geofluids, 7, 186-208.
62. Riedel, C., M. Schmidt, R. Botz, and F. Theilen (2001), The grimsey hydrothermal field offshore north Iceland: Crustal structure, faulting and related gas venting, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193(3-4), 409-421.
63. Riedel, C., A. Tryggvason, T. Dahm, R. Stefanson, R. Bödvarson, and G. B. Gudmundsson (2005), The seismic velocity structure north of Iceland from joint inversion of local earthquake data, J. Seismol., 9(4), 383-404.
64. Roeloffs, E., M. Sneed, D. L. Galloway, M. L. Sorey, C. D. Farrar, J. F. Howle, and J. Hughes (2003), Water-level changes induced by local and distant earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 127(3-4), 269-303.
65. Rögnvaldasson, S. T., A. Gudmundsson, and R. Slunga (1998), Seismotectonic analysis of the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, an active transform fault in north Iceland, J. Geophys. Res., 10330,117-30,129.
66. Saemundsson,K. (1974), Evolution of the axial rifting zone in northern Iceland and the Tjörnes fracture zone, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 85(4), 495-504.
67. Saemundsson, K. (1979), Outline of the geology of Iceland, Joküll, 29, 7-28.
68. Schardt, C., R. Large, and J. Yang (2006), Controls on heat flow, fluid migration, and massive sulfide formation of an off-axis hydrothermal system-the Lau basin perspective, Am. J. Sci., 306(2), 103-134.
69. Sibson, R. H. (2007), An episode of fault-valve behavior during compressional inversion? The 2004 6. 8M mid - Niigata prefecture, Japan, earthquake sequence, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 257(1-2), 188-199.
70. Stefansson, R., G. B. Gudmundsson, and P. Halldorsson (2008), Tjörnes fracture zone: New and old seismic evidences for the link between the north Iceland rift zone and the mid-Atlantic ridge, Tectonophysics, 447(1-4), 117-126.
71. Stüben, K. (2001), A review of algebraic multigrid, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 128, 281-309.
72. Sykes, L. R. (1967), Mechanism of earthquakes and nature of faulting on the mid-oceanic ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 2131-2153.
73. Tomasson, J., G. Palmason, J. Jonsson, and S. Bjornsson (1969), Jardhiti vid Húsavik: Lithological report from the Icelandic energy association, 83 pp., Orkustofnun Natl. Energy Auth., Reykjavík.
74. Tryggvason, E. (1973), Seismicity, earthquake swarms, and plate boundaries in the Iceland region, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 63(4), 1327-1348.
75. Wilcock, W. S. D. (1998), Cellular convection models of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal circulation and the temperatures of black smoker fluids, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2585-2596.