On compromise and rotten compromises

On Compromise and Rotten Compromises

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Margalit, Avishai ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

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EID: 77958195443     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (135)

1. Reported to me by Robert Schulman.
2. The Day after Trinity: Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb, directed by Jon Else (1981).
3. Attributed to the poet George Herbert.
4. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, ed. D.C.R.A Goonetillke, 2nd ed. (Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 1999).
5. Neal Ascherson, The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo (London: Granta Books 1999), 102.
6. Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (London: Macmillan, 1998).
7. Avishai Margalit, "Ideals and Second Bests," in Philosophy for Education, ed. Seymour Fox (Jerusalem: Van Leer Foundation, 1983), 77-90.
8. R. Lipsey and K. Lancaster, "The General Theory of Second-Best," Review of Economic Studies 24, no. 1 (1956): 11-32.
9. W. B. Gallie, "Art as an Essentially Contested Concept," Philosophical Quarterly 6, no. 23 (April 1956): 97-114.
10. W. B. Gallie, "Essentially Contested Concepts," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56 (1956): 167-198.
11. Heinrich von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas (1810) (New York: Melville House, 2005). Kleist's book is about a sixteenth-century law-abiding horse dealer, Kohlhaas, who has been wronged. In his mad pursuit of redress for the injustice done to him, he brings about horrific destruction.
12. Heraclitus Fragments in Greek (Unicode) and English, DK 80, at www.heraclitusfragments.com. See Stuart Hampshire, Justice Is Conflict (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
13. Babylonian Talmud, tractate Yevamoth (65 b).
14. Babylonian Talmud, tractate Sanhedrin (64).
15. Quoted in Max H. Bazerman, "Why Negotiations Go Wrong," in The Negotiation Sourcebook, ed. Ira G. Asherman and Sandra Vance Asherman, 2nd ed. (Amherst, Mass.: HRD Press, 2001), 219.
16. Parliamentary Debates, 5th ser., vol. 339 (1938), October 5, 1938.
17. A.J.P. Taylor claims that the terms of Munich were much closer to what Chamberlain proposed in Berchtesgaden than what Hitler offered at Bad Godesberg. See the discussion in Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006), 361f.
18. From http://doctor-horsefeathers.com/archives/2003.php.
19. French Constitution, Article 1, October 4, 1958.
20. R. Chang, ed., Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical Reason (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).
21. See http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Talk:F._Scott_Fitzgerald.
22. Oscar Wilde, Lady Windermere's Fan, in The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays, (London: Penguin, 1940), act 3.
23. Alan Fiske and Philip Tetlock, "Taboo Trade-offs: Reactions to Transactions That Transgress the Spheres of Justice," Political Psychology 18, no. 2 (1997): 255-297.
24. James Griffin, Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement and Moral Importance (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989), 83.
25. William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, ed. Jay L. Halio, Oxford World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 1.3.153.
26. "Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany," at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany
27. David Hume, Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge, 3rd ed. rev. P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), bk. 3, sec. 2;
28. Dialogues concerning Natural Religion, ed. Norman Kemp Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1935), pt. 10.
29. See, however, John P. Conley, Rich McLean, and Simon Wilkie, "Axiomatic Foundations for Compromise Theory: The Duality of Bargaining Theory and Multi-Objective Programming," at http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Econ/jpconley/documents/COOP-games/dual-bargain.pdf
30. Youngsub Chun and William Thomson, "Bargaining Problems with Claims," Mathematical Social Sciences 24, no. 1 (August 1992): 19-33.
31. Abhinay Muthoo, Bargaining Theory with Application (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
32. George Lowenstein, Leigh Thompson, and Max Bazerman, "Social Utility and Decision Making in Interpersonal Context," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, no. 3 (1989): 426-441.
33. I leave the expression "form of recognition" vague, indeed as a placeholder to be filled by, among other things, expressions such as "political recognition," "legal recognition," "moral recognition," or even "recognition of the humanity of the other."
34. However, my sense of "dream point" is exogenous to the game: "a dream" is more a wishful payoff than an expected payoff, which is the "aspiration point" in the game theory lingo.
35. Indeed, for a while, it looked like a major compromise and a major achievement: Israel recognizing the PLO and the PLO recognizing Israel's right to exist. This has changed, unfortunately, with the Hamas government and Israel refusing to recognize each other.
36. Thomas C. Schelling, "An Essay on Bargaining," American Economic Review 46, no. 3 (June 1956): 282.
37. Richard Thaler, "Towards a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1 (1980): 39-60.
38. See James Fearon, "Rationalist Explanations for War," International Organization 49, no. 3 (1995): 379-414.
39. I owe this point to Menachem Yaari.
40. Statement to the Knesset by President Sadat, November 20, 1977 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, vols. 4-5 (1977-1979), at http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreign relations/israels Foreign Relations since 1947/1977-1979/73 Statement to the Knesset by President Sadat-20.
41. Robert Nozick, "Coercion," in Philosophy, Science and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel, ed. Sidney Morgenbesser, Patrick Suppes, and Morton White (New York: St. Martin's, 1969). Alan Wertheimer, Coercion: Studies in Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987).
42. Robert Dahl, How Democratic Is the American Constitution?, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 15-16.
43. William Lloyd Garrison, "Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Admits of No Compromise with the Evil of Slavery" (1854), in Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History, ed. William Safire (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992).
44. William Lloyd Garrison, "To the Public," The Liberator, January 1, 1831.
45. William Lloyd Garrison, "Resolution adopted by the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society" (January 27, 1843). Cited in Walter M. Merrill, Against Wind and Tide: A Biography of William Lloyd Garrison (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963), 205.
46. Compare Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson (London: M. E. Sharpe, 2001); Evan Carton, Patriotic Treason: John Brown and the Soul of America (London: Free Press, 2006).
47. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, introd. Jonathan B. Wright (Hampshire: Harriman House, 2007), 53, 252.
48. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, Reported by James Madison, Bicentennial ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 530.
49. Rome statute of the International Criminal Court(http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/icc/statute/part-a.htm#2), Article 7: Crimes against humanity. For discussion see Larry May, Crimes against Humanity: A Normative Account (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
50. Immanuel Kant, "Toward Lasting Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" (1795), in Kant's Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 93.
51. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 149-182.
52. http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/J. What Getty actually said was "The meek shall inherit the Earth, but not its mineral rights."
53. Moshe Halbertal and Avishai Margalit, Idolatry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992).
54. In his autobiography Leon Trotsky writes that on January 11, 1919, he sent a telegram to Lenin in which he said, "Compromise is of course necessary, but not one that is rotten" (My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography [New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1930], chap. 36). Four years later, Trotsky writes, "Lenin returned to the phrase almost word for word" when writing to him that "Stalin will make a rotten compromise and then he will deceive us." This may very well be the origin of the expression "rotten compromise."
55. Muhammed Ibn Ismaiel Al-Bukhari, Shih al-Bukhari 3.891. English translation by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, at http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/
56. Frances Kamm, "Making War (and Its Continuation) Unjust," European Journal of Philosophy 9, no. 3 (2001): 328-343.
57. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2007), 14.
58. A peace brought about by the total destruction of the enemy, as Carthage was destroyed by the Romans in the Third Punic War.
59. I owe this example to Mahmood Mamdani.
60. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006), 587.
61. In my sense, tragic choices does not denote the tragic choices of allocating tragically scarce resources, as in Guido Calabresi and Philip Bobbitt, Tragic Choices (New York:W. W. Norton, 1978).
62. I owe this example to Paul Rozin.
63. http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versailles.html.
64. I owe this sentence to David Hallway.
65. Julius Epstein, Operation Keelhaul: The Story of Forced Repatriation from 1944 to the Present (Old Greenwich, Conn.: Devin Adair, 1973), 1.
66. Nicholas Bethell, The Last Secret: Forcible Repatriation to Russia 1944-7, introd. Hugh Trevor-Roper (London: Andre Deutsch, 1974).
67. Nikolai Tolstoy, The Secret Betrayal 1944-1947 (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977), 20-21.
68. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956, trans. Thomas P. Whitney and Harry Willetts (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), pt. 1, chap. 6.
69. See Bethell, The Last Secret, ix.
70. See Tolstoy, The Secret Betrayal, 413.
71. Bethell, The Last Secret, 8.
72. I thank Jonathan Greenberg for drawing my attention to the notion of "aid and abet" in the law.
73. Leszek Kolakowski, My Correct Views on Everything (South Bend, Ind.: St. Augustine's Press, 2005), 9.
74. In private conversation.
75. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 7, Road to Victory, 1941-1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1986), 1232.
76. Evan Esar, 20,000 Quips & Quotes (New York: Barnes and Noble Publishers, 1968), 857.
77. Ashton Applewhite, William R. Evans II, and Andrew Frothingham, And I Quote- (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), 48.
78. Maimonides, The Laws of the Basic Principles of the Torah, chap. 5, sec. 4.
79. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics (1932; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001).
80. Bertrand Russell, Mysticism and Logic (1917; Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2004), 47.
81. Avishai Margalit, The Ethics of Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).
82. I do not consider relations to be ethical unless they pass a threshold of morality. But here for the sake of contrast I ignore this requirement.
83. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991).
84. Not all thick relations yield ethical relations. Blood feuds can erupt between very thick blood relations.
85. John Locke, The Works, vol. 2 (Aalen, Germany: Scientia Verlag, 1963), 224-225.
86. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, trans. George D. Schwab (1922; Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985);
87. University of Chicago edition, with an introduction by Tracy B. Strong (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
88. Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans. George D. Schwab (1927; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996; exp. ed., with an introduction by Tracy B. Strong, 2006).
89. Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception, trans. Kevin Attell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
90. Avishai Margalit, "Open Texture," in Meaning and Use, ed. Avishai Margalit (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1979), 141-152.
91. Life, December 5, 1960, 146.
92. Judgment of Judge Benjamin Halevi, Criminal Case 124/53; Attorney General v. Malchiel Greenwald, District Court, Jerusalem, June 22, 1955, http://www.fantompowa.net/Flame/judge_halevi.htm.
93. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), pt. 1, chap. 13.
94. Compare Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (1948; New York: Knopf, 1973).
95. Jean-Paul Sartre, "Existentialism Is a Humanism," trans. Philip Mairet, in Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, ed. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Meridian, 1956), 287-311.
96. Mitchell N. Berman, "Justification and Excuse, Law and Morality," Duke Law Journal 53 (2003): col. 53, no. 1.
97. J. C. Smith, "Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law," Modern Law Review 52, no. 6 (1989): 868-869.
98. Peter Westen and James Mangiafico, "The Criminal Defense of Duress: A Justification, Not an Excuse-And Why It Matters," Buffalo Criminal Law Review 6 (2003): 833.
99. J. J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam (London: Routledge, 1990)
100. Maureen A. Tilley, The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1997).
101. Norman Chon, Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story in Western Thought (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 28-31.
102. Michael White, De Stijl and Dutch Modernism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003).
103. Seymour Martin Lipset, Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (New York: Routledge, 1990), 42-57.
104. Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Out of the Cave: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Dead Sea Scrolls Research (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), chap. 3.
105. In a lecture at Princeton University, winter 2007.
106. The Encyclopedia of Islam, new ed. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965), 2:930-931.
107. Michael Cook, Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-Critical Study (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
108. Johann Jakob Herzog, Philip Schaff, and Albert Hauck, eds., Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge(New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1908-1914), 24-25.
109. Jonathan D. Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York: Penguin, 1994).
110. Moshe Halbertal, Concealment and Revelation: Esotericism in Jewish Thought and Its Philosophical Implications, Trans. Jackie Feldman (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), esp. 166-167.
111. See Gadi Yatziv, The Sectorial Society (Jerusalem: The Bialik Institue, 1999) (in Hebrew).
112. Alan Cameron, Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976).
113. Khaled Haroub, Hamas: Political Thought and Practice (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestinian Studies, 2000);
114. Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
115. See James D. Fearon and David Laitin, "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War," American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 57-90.
116. Jonathan J. Price, Thucydides and Internal War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
117. The Encyclopedia of Islam, new ed., vol. 10 (2000), 134-135.
118. Gilles Kepel, Fitna. Guerre au coeur de l'islam (Paris: Gallimard, 2004).
119. Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
120. Stuart Hampshire, Innocence and Experience (London: Jonathan Cape, 1999).
121. Gilbert Ryle, "Jane Austen and the Moralists," in Collected Papers: Critical Essays and Collected Essays 1929-68, vol. 1 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1971).
122. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Mariner Books, 1986), 332.
123. Churchill, The Second World War, 3:332-332.
124. Eric Hobsbaum, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), 14.
125. Stéphane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
126. Jonathan Glover, Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century (London: Jonathan Cape, 1999), 317.
127. Compare Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-1945: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001);
128. Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin, Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
129. "Khrushchev: Notes from a Forbidden Land," Time, November 30, 1970.
130. The best account is to be found in François Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, trans. Deborah Furet(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
131. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror, trans. John O'Neill (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969), xiv.
132. Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), chap. 7, "The Moral Universe of Dictatorship."
133. Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, trans. Constance Garnett (New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2004), bk. 5, chap. 5.
134. BlaisePascal, Pascal's Pensées, trans. W. F. Trotter (New York: P. F. Collier and Son, 1910), 233.
135. Glover, Humanity, 315.