The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828-1861

The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828-1861

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-252

  Eyal, Yonatan ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958044859     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511511561     Document Type: Book

References (315)

1. Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 December 1853, 2.
2. Democratic Review 31 (July 1852), 87.
3. John Bigelow, ed., Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden, 2 vols. (1908; New York: Books for Libraries, 1971), I, 70.
4. Perry Miller, The Raven and the Whale: The War of Words and Wits in the Era of Poe and Melville (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1956), 71-117
5. Edward L. Widmer, Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999)
6. Robert E. Riegel, Young America, 1830-1840 (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1949).
7. John Stafford, The Literary Criticism of Young America (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1952)
8. Brady Harrison, “The Young Americans: Emerson, Walker, and the Early Literature of American Empire,” American Studies 40 (Fall 1999): 75-97
9. Robert E. Spiller, “Emerson’s ‘The Young American,’” Clio 1 (Oct. 1971): 37-41
10. William T. Kerrigan, “‘Young America!’ Romantic Nationalism in Literature and Politics, 1843-1861” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 1997).
11. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: A Study in American Nationalism Before the CivilWar” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939).
12. David B. Danbom, “The Young America Movement,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 67 (June 1974): 294-306
13. Merle Curti, “Young America,” American Historical Review 32 (Oct. 1926): 34-55
14. Robert W. Johannsen, “Young America and the War with Mexico,” in Richard Francaviglia and Douglas Richmond, eds., Dueling Eagles: Reinterpreting the U.S.-MexicanWar, 1846-48 (FortWorth: Texas Christian Univ. Press, 2000), 155-75
15. Dale R. Prentiss, “Economic Progress and Social Dissent in Michigan and Mississippi, 1837-1860” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford Univ., 1990)
16. Bradley Jay Cartwright, “Young America: Manifest Destiny and the Rhetoric of Race and Gender, 1837-1855” (M.A. thesis, Univ. of Texas at El Paso, 1999)
17. Donald S. Spencer, Louis Kossuth and Young America: A Study in Sectionalism and Foreign Policy, 1848-1852 (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1977)
18. Jere W. Roberson, “The Memphis Commercial Convention of 1853: Southern Dreams and ‘Young America,’” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 33 (Fall 1974): 279-96
19. George B. Forgie, Patricide in the House Divided: A Psychological Interpretation of Lincoln and His Age (New York: W.W. Norton, 1979)
20. Stewart Winger, Lincoln, Religion, and Romantic Cultural Politics (DeKalb: Northern Illinois Univ. Press, 2003)
21. Mark A. Lause, Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2005)
22. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1945)
23. Wallace Hettle, The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War (Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 2001)
24. Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1983; New York: Fordham Univ. Press, 1998)
25. Roy F. Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1948)
26. Michael F. Holt, “The Democratic Party, 1828-1860,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U.S. Political Parties, I (New York: Chelsea House, 1973)
27. Joel Silbey, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the CivilWar Era, 1860-68 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977)
28. James C. N. Paul, Rift in the Democracy (1951; New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1961)
29. William N. Chambers, The Democrats, 1789-1864: A Short History of a Popular Party (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1964)
30. Jonathan H. Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2004).
31. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Young American,” The Dial (April 1844): 484-507
32. Edwin De Leon, The Position and Duties of Young America (Columbia, SC: A. S. Johnston, 1845)
33. Widmer, Young America, 51, 60-1;
34. Kerrigan, “Young America,” 1-28.
35. Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1963), 54.
36. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, 6 January 1851, 2, 3.
37. Reginald C. McGrane, William Allen: A Study in Western Democracy (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1925), 198-9.
38. Democratic Review 6 (Nov. 1839), 439-40.
39. American Whig Review 15 (April 1852), 311, 316
40. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1760-1840 (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1969).
41. Forgie, Patricide in the House Divided, 89-158.
42. Widmer, Young America, 21, 57.
43. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 564.
44. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1980).
45. Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 2000).
46. John Lauritz Larson, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2001)
47. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1977)
48. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999).
49. Richard Hofstadter, “Andrew Jackson and the Rise of Liberal Capitalism,” in The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Vintage Books, 1948)
50. Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1984)
51. Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1978)
52. Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1960)
53. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1945)
54. Charles G. Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991).
55. Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), 15.
56. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005), 423.
57. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1967)
58. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1969).
59. J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1975).
60. Daniel T. Rodgers, “Republicanism: The Career of a Concept,” Journal of American History 79 (June 1992): 11-38.
61. James T. Kloppenberg, “Premature Requiem: Republicanism in American History,” in The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998), 59-70.
62. Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988).
63. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays (New York: Knopf, 1965).
64. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 391-467.
65. Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Hill&Wang, 1990)
66. Louis P. Masur, 1831: Year of Eclipse (New York: Hill & Wang, 2001).
67. William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1966)
68. Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States’ Rights, and the Nullification Crisis (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987)
69. Merrill D. Peterson, Olive Branch and Sword: The Compromise of 1833 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1982).
70. William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1990)
71. William J. Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828-1856 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1978).
72. Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 [New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984].
73. Wilentz, Rise of American Democracy, 409-12, 423.
74. Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780- 1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2000)
75. Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery, completed and edited by Ward McAfee (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001).
76. William E. Gienapp, “The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War,” in Gabor S. Boritt, ed., Why the Civil War Came (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1996), 81-124.
77. Wilentz, Chants Democratic; Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1970).
78. Robert H. Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994)
79. James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (New York: Hill & Wang, 1976)
80. George M. Fredrickson, The Inner CivilWar: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).
81. Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine 37 (1857), 71.
82. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: A Study in American Nationalism Before the Civil War” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939), 23.
83. Belmont, Letters, Speeches, and Addresses of August Belmont (New York: Privately Printed, 1890), 16.
84. Irving Katz, August Belmont: A Political Biography (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1968).
85. David Black, The King of Fifth Avenue: The Fortunes of August Belmont (New York: Dial Press, 1981).
86. Jacob Westervelt, et al., 12 August 1853, in Letters of Belmont, 6
87. Sven Beckert, The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001), 81.
88. Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961), 134-5.
89. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 11 vols. (New York: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1897-1908), IV, 501.
90. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, 30 January 1846, 3.
91. Ohio Statesman, 6 March 1846, 1
92. Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, 1815-1837 (New York: Hill&Wang, 1978)
93. Harry L.Watson, Jacksonian Politics and Community Conflict: The Emergence of the Second American Party System in Cumberland County, North Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1981)
94. Carol Sheriff, The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress, 1817-1862 (New York: Hill &Wang, 1996).
95. Riepma, “Young America,” 119;
96. A Sketch of Events in the Life of George Law (New York: J. C. Derby, 1855).
97. Merle Curti, “George N. Sanders - American Patriot of the Fifties,” South Atlantic Quarterly 27 (Jan. 1928): 79-87.
98. American National Biography Online, s.v. “Breese, Sidney,” http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/11/11-00100.html (accessed 18 March 2003).
99. George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 (New York: Rinehart, 1951)
100. RobertW. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (1973; Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997)
101. The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1989).
102. American Whig Review 15 (April 1852), 312.
103. Washington Union, 4 February 1846, 2.
104. Reginald C. McGrane, William Allen: A Study in Western Democracy (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1925), 259-63.
105. Riepma, “Young America,” 228, 309-10.
106. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 132-6
107. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: Democrats and Whigs, 1829-1861 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2005), 13-16.
108. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, 5 April 1848, 5.
109. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 342.
110. Allan Nevins, ed., Polk: The Diary of a President, 1845-1849 (New York: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1929)
111. John Lauritz Larson, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2001), 240.
112. William T. Kerrigan, “‘Young America!’ Romantic Nationalism in Literature and Politics, 1843- 1861” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1997), 99, 172.
113. Dale R. Prentiss, “Economic Progress and Social Dissent in Michigan and Mississippi, 1837-1860” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford Univ., 1990).
114. Edward L.Widmer, Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999), 4-5
115. Prentiss, “Economic Progress and Social Dissent,” 28, 159.
116. Democratic Review 1 (Jan. 1838), 257
117. Robert D. Sampson, John L. O’sullivan and His Times (Kent, Ohio: Kent State Univ. Press, 2003), 34.
118. Michael F. Holt, “The Democratic Party, 1828-1860,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U.S. Political Parties (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), I, 529.
119. Gemme Paola, “Imperial Designs of Political Philanthropy: A Study of Antebellum Accounts of Italian Liberalism,” American Studies International 39 (Feb. 2001): 19-51
120. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 11 vols. (New York: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1897-1908), IV, 636-7.
121. RobertW. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961), 130-1.
122. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1980).
123. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: A Study in American Nationalism Before the Civil War” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939), 257.
124. Don E. Fehrenbacher, Chicago Giant: A Biography of “Long John” Wentworth (Madison, Wisconsin: American History Research Center, 1957).
125. Widmer, Young America, 27-63, 201-9
126. Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1983; New York: Fordham Univ. Press, 1998), 337.
127. Congressional Globe, 30 Congress, 2 Session, 18 December 1848, 49
128. New York Daily Times, 20 September 1851, 2
129. Sampson, John L. O’sullivan, 144.
130. Samuel J. Tilden, “Effect of the Democratic Policy,” speech draft, [no date], Box 16.
131. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, 11 November 1853, 2
132. New York Evening Post, 26 August 1845, 1.
133. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999), 233-4.
134. New York Evening Post, 22 February 1848, 2
135. Congressional Globe, 30 Congress, 1 Session, 7 February 1848, 306.
136. Speech of Capt. R. F. Stockton, Delivered at the Great Democratic Meeting, at New Brunswick, New Jersey, Wednesday, September 24, 1844 (New York: Jared W. Bell, 1844), 7.
137. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 53.
138. American National Biography Online, s.v. “Stockton, Robert Field,” http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/04/04-00960.html (accessed 29 April 2003).
139. Baker, Affairs of Party, 42-5.
140. Reginald C. McGrane, William Allen: A Study inWestern Democracy (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1925).
141. McGrane, William Allen, 194, 203-4, 237.
142. A Sketch of Events in the Life of George Law (New York: J. C. Derby, 1855), 19.
143. American National Biography Online, s.v. “Richmond, Dean,” http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/04/04-00847.html (accessed 8 May 2003).
144. American National Biography Online, s.v. “Quitman, John Anthony,” http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/03/03-00408.html (accessed 16 August 2002).
145. Robert E. May, John A. Quitman: Old South Crusader (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1985).
146. Prentiss, “Economic Progress and Social Dissent,” 241-5.
147. Lilian Handlin, George Bancroft: The Intellectual as Democrat (New York: Harper&Row, 1984).
148. New York Herald, 24 January 1848, 2
149. Messages and Papers, IV, 643.
150. Sampson, John L. O’sullivan, 133.
151. Wallace Hettle, The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War (Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 2001), 47.
152. Merle Curti, “George N. Sanders - American Patriot of the Fifties,” South Atlantic Quarterly 27 (Jan. 1928): 79-87
153. Edward L.Widmer, Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999), 74, 198-9, 267.
154. North American Review 61 (July 1845), 238.
155. Democratic Review 15 (Dec. 1844), 569-70.
156. Ohio Statesman, 17 March 1847, 2.
157. Speech of Hon. James Shields, of Illinois, on the Resolutions Expressive of Sympathy for the Exiled Irish Patriots (Washington, DC: Congressional Globe Office, 1852).
158. Allan Nevins, ed., Polk: The Diary of a President, 1845-1849 (New York: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1929).
159. New York Daily Times, 23 July 1852, 1
160. American National Biography Online, s.v. “Shields, James,” http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/04/04-00905.html (accessed 9 May 2003)
161. Dale R. Prentiss, “Economic Progress and Social Dissent in Michigan and Mississippi, 1837- 1860” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford Univ., 1990), 139-44
162. Curti, “George N. Sanders,” 79-87
163. Fuller, “These Sad But Glorious Days”: Dispatches from Europe, 1846-1850, ed. Larry J. Reynolds and Susan Belasco Smith (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1991).
164. Charles Capper, Margaret Fuller: An American Romantic Life (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992).
165. Donald S. Spencer, Louis Kossuth and Young America: A Study of Sectionalism and Foreign Policy, 1848-1852 (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1977)
166. John H. Komlos, Louis Kossuth in America, 1851-52 (Buffalo: East European Institute, 1973).
167. Congressional Globe, 32 Congress, 1 Session, 11 December 1851, 71.
168. Widmer, Young America, 74, 198-9, 267
169. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: AStudy in American Nationalism Before the Civil War” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939), 273-6.
170. Amos Aschbach Ettinger, The Mission to Spain of Pierre Soul´e, 1853-1855 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1932).
171. RobertW. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (1973; Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997), 374-8.
172. Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961), 260-6.
173. Riepma, “Young America,” 290-1
174. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, 14 January 1854, 1.
175. Riepma, “Young America,” 147, 274-5, 314
176. George B. Forgie, Patricide in the House Divided: A Psychological Interpretation of Lincoln and His Age (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979).
177. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: A Study in American Nationalism Before the Civil War” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939), 163.
178. Democratic Review 18 (March 1846), 163-84.
179. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 11 vols. (New York: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1897-1908), IV, 398.
180. Allan Nevins, ed., Polk: The Diary of a President, 1845-1849 (New York: Longmans, Green,&Co., 1929).
181. Congressional Globe, 32 Congress, 2 Session, 6 January 1853, 237
182. Thomas R. Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1985), 230-1.
183. Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1963), 39.
184. RobertW. Johannsen, The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1989).
185. New York Evening Post, 23 May 1846, 2.
186. Joel H. Silbey, Storm Over Texas: The Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005).
187. Democratic Review 14 (April 1844), 423
188. Benjamin Z. Galper, “Lessons Learned from James K. Polk: Presidential Power and the Mexican War, 1846-1848” (Senior Honors Thesis, Harvard Univ., 2002).
189. Riepma, “Young America,” 74.
190. Robert D. Sampson, John L. O’sullivan and His Times (Kent, OH: Kent State Univ. Press, 2003), 192.
191. Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005), 227.
192. Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict During the Mexican- American War (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2002)
193. Richard Bruce Winders, Mr. Polk’s Army: The American Military Experience in the MexicanWar (College Station: Texas A&M Univ. Press, 1997).
194. Democratic Review 20 (June 1847), 484.
195. RobertW. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961), 119-20
196. Robert W. Johannsen, “Young America and the War with Mexico,” in Richard Francaviglia, et al., eds., Dueling Eagles: Reinterpreting the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1848 (FortWorth: Texas Christian Univ. Press, 2000), 155-75.
197. Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985).
198. Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission, 202-7.
199. Robert E. May, Manifest Destiny’s Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2002).
200. Robert E. May, John A. Quitman: Old South Crusader (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1985).
201. Riepma, “Young America,” 254.
202. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 183-91
203. Lilian Handlin, George Bancroft: The Intellectual as Democrat (New York: Harper & Row, 1984).
204. William T. Kerrigan, “Young America! Romantic Nationalism in Literature and Politics, 1843-1861” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1997), 99-165.
205. Margaret Fuller, “These Sad But Glorious Days”: Dispatches from Europe, 1846-1850, ed. Larry J. Reynolds and Susan Belasco Smith (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1991), 162.
206. Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (1973; Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997), 382-6
207. Johannsen, The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas, 80-1
208. New York Daily Times, 11 November 1853, 2.
209. James C. N. Paul, Rift in the Democracy (1951; New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1961), 13.
210. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (New York: Little, Brown, & Co., 1945)
211. Jonathan H. Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2004)
212. William T. Kerrigan, “Young America! Romantic Nationalism in Literature and Politics, 1843-1861” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1997).
213. Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1983; New York: Fordham Univ. Press, 1998), 177-211.
214. Wallace Hettle, The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War (Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 2001).
215. David B. Danbom, “The Young America Movement,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 67 (June 1974): 294-306
216. Edward L. Widmer, Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999), 54, 58, 77.
217. Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 361-8.
218. Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989).
219. Democratic Review 23 (July 1848), 27-30.
220. Jamie L. Bronstein, Land Reform and Working-Class Experience in Britain and the United States, 1800-1862 (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1999)
221. Mark A. Lause, Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2005).
222. Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961), 188
223. George M. Fredrickson, The Inner CivilWar: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).
224. Paul H. Oehser, Sons of Science: The Story of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Leaders (New York: Henry Schuman, 1949)
225. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 11 vols. (New York: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1897- 1908), V, 218
226. New York Evening Post, 1 May 1846, 2.
227. RobertW. Johannsen, The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1989), 83.
228. John Y. Cole, For Congress and the Nation: A Chronological History of the Library of Congress (Washington: Library of Congress, 1979).
229. Johannsen, Frontier, Union, and Stephen A. Douglas, 81-3
230. C. H. Koenitzer, “History of the First University of Chicago, 1856-1886,” typescript in Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago
231. RobertW. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (1973; Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1997), 558.
232. Charles G. Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991), 270.
233. Allan Nevins, ed., Polk: The Diary of a President, 1845-1849 (New York: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1929), entry for 3 March 1849, 387
234. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, 16 October 1852, 2.
235. Democratic Review 16 (March 1845), 291-303
236. Michael Zakim, “A Labor History of the Bourgeoisie: Merchant Clerks, Industrial Statistics, and the Fate of Free Soil,” lecture delivered at the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History, Harvard University, 19 February 2004.
237. Cleveland Daily Plain Dealer, 22 October 1853, 2.
238. Linda S. Hudson, Mistress of Manifest Destiny: A Biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807-1878 (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2001)
239. Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005), 225-30.
240. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991)
241. Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Verso, 1990)
242. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1981)
243. Ronald T. Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979).
244. Kerrigan, “Young America,” 164, 199.
245. Merle Curti, “Young America,” American Historical Review 32 (Oct. 1926), 40-1
246. Letter of Hon. James Shields, Addressed to a Committee of His Fellow Citizens, at Galena, Illinois ([no place, no publisher], 1852)
247. Speech of Hon. James Shields, of Illinois, on the Resolutions Expressive of Sympathy for the Exiled Irish Patriots (Washington, DC: Congressional Globe Office, 1852).
248. Johannsen, Frontier, Union, and Stephen A. Douglas, 82
249. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: A Study in American Nationalism Before the CivilWar” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939), 285.
250. John Bigelow, ed., The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden, 2 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1885), I, xiv.
251. Mark W. Summers, The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849-1861 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987), 179-80, 190-200, 239.
252. A Sketch of Events in the Life of George Law (New York: J. C. Derby, 1855), 92
253. American National Biography Online, s.v. “Bright, Jesse David,” http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/04/04-00145.html (accessed 9 May 2003).
254. Robert H. Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), 107-11
255. Ronald G. Walters, American Reformers, 1815-1860 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1978), 33-5, 80-1
256. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve Univ. Press, 1969).
257. Daniel Feller, “A Brother in Arms: Benjamin Tappan and the Antislavery Democracy,” Journal of American History 88 (June 2001): 48-74.
258. Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire [Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005], 228.
259. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005), 563.
260. Jonathan H. Earle, “The Undaunted Democracy: Jacksonian Antislavery and Free Soil, 1828- 1848” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton Univ., 1996), 131-43
261. Edward L. Widmer, Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999), 83.
262. John Bigelow, ed., The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden, 2 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1885), 563
263. New York Evening Post, 22 October 1847, 2.
264. Speech of Capt. R. F. Stockton, delivered at the Great Democratic Meeting, at New Brunswick, New Jersey, Wednesday, September 24, 1844 (New York: Jared W. Bell, 1844), 11.
265. Letter of Commodore Stockton on the Slavery Question (New York: S. W. Benedict, 1850).
266. George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (1971; Hanover, NH: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1987), 97-129.
267. William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987), 333
268. American National Biography Online, s.v. “Stockton, Robert Field,” http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/04/04-00960.html (accessed 29 April 2003).
269. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: A Study in American Nationalism Before the Civil War” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939), 344.
270. Reginald C. McGrane, William Allen: A Study inWestern Democracy (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1925), 138
271. Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961), 190
272. David Black, The King of Fifth Avenue: The Fortunes of August Belmont (New York: Dial Press, 1981), 183.
273. Don E. Fehrenbacher, Chicago Giant: A Biography of “Long John” Wentworth (Madison, WI: American History Research Center, 1957).
274. Jonathan Earle, “Marcus Morton and the Dilemma of Jacksonian Antislavery in Massachusetts, 1817-1849,” Massachusetts Historical Review 4 (2002): 61-87.
275. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson [New York: Little, Brown, & Co., 1945], 450-68
276. Earle, “Marcus Morton,” 74
277. Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 91
278. Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery, completed and edited by Ward McAfee (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001), 291.
279. James C. N. Paul, Rift in the Democracy (1951; New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1961).
280. Eric Foner, “TheWilmot Proviso Revisited,” Journal of American History 56 (Sept. 1969): 277-8.
281. The Democratic Campaign, 5 October 1844, 4
282. Jonathan H. Earle, “The Undaunted Democracy: Jacksonian Antislavery and Free Soil, 1828- 1848” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton Univ., 1996), 269
283. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 11 vols. (New York: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1897-1908), IV, 373-82.
284. Paul H. Bergeron, The Presidency of James K. Polk (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1987)
285. Charles G. Sellers, James K. Polk, Continentalist, 1843-1846 (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1966).
286. Siert F. Riepma, “Young America: A Study in American Nationalism Before the Civil War” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Western Reserve Univ., 1939), 172
287. Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961), 218
288. Roy F. Nichols, The Democratic Machine, 1850-1854 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1923), 110-11
289. Riepma, “Young America,” 271-2.
290. Michael F. Holt, “The Democratic Party, 1828-1860,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U.S. Political Parties, 4 vols. (New York: Chelsea House, 1973), I, 525
291. Nichols, Democratic Machine, 169-220.
292. Roy F. Nichols, Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1931), 220
293. John Bigelow, ed., Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden, 2 vols. (1908; New York: Books for Libraries, 1971), I, 70.
294. Riepma, “Young America,” 62.
295. Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984), 326-35
296. Merle Curti, “Young America,” American Historical Review 32 (Oct. 1926), 37
297. Edward L. Widmer, Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999), 193
298. Donald S. Spencer, Louis Kossuth and Young America: A Study of Sectionalism and Foreign Policy, 1848-1852 (Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1977), 99-102, 154-8
299. William T. Kerrigan, “Young America! Romantic Nationalism in Literature and Politics, 1843-1861” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1997), 100-1.
300. Jere W. Roberson, “The Memphis Commercial Convention of 1853: Southern Dreams and ‘Young America,’” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 33 (Fall 1974): 279-96.
301. Kerrigan, “Young America,” 23-7.
302. Gary J. Kornblith, “Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise,” Journal of American History 90 (June 2003): 76-105.
303. Yonatan Eyal, “With His Eyes Open: Stephen A. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Disaster of 1854,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 91 (Winter 1998): 175-217.
304. Michael F. Holt, “Change and Continuity in the Party Period: The Substance and Structure of American Politics, 1835- 1885,” in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, eds., Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000 (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 2001), 105-13.
305. Mark Voss-Hubbard, “The ‘Third Party Tradition’ Reconsidered: Third Parties and American Public Life, 1830-1900,” Journal of American History 86 (June 1999): 121-50.
306. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Life of Franklin Pierce (London: George Routledge & Co., 1853), 134.
307. Michael A. Morrison, Slavery and the AmericanWest: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the CivilWar (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997), 141.
308. Sven Beckert, The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001), 86-7.
309. Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000), 38-9.
310. Michael F. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s (New York: Wiley, 1978), 101-38
311. William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987), 66-7, 87
312. Morrison, Slavery and the AmericanWest, 141.
313. J. Mills Thornton III, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1978).
314. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 145-76
315. Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 2004).