A brother in arms: Benjamin Tappan and the antislavery democracy

Journal of American History

Volumn 88, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 48-74

  Feller, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34748883083     PISSN: 00218723     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2674918     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, June 6, 1840 (microfilm), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society, Columbus). For acknowledgments of Benjamin's shaping influence, see Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, Jan. 18, 1808 (microfilm: frame 347, reel 1), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.); and Lewis Tappan Journal, Oct. 24, 1821 (microfilm: frame 229, reel 1),
2. Lewis Tappan Papers, Lewis Tappan Journal, ibid. On Lewis Tappan,
3. see also Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War against Slavery (Cleveland, 1969).
4. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, March 5, Aug. 26, 1847, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
5. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (New York, 1945), 433, 471, 489.
6. For Lewis Cass's claim to True Democracy, see Willard Carl Klunder, Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation (Kent, 1996).
7. For secession as a true Jacksonian expression, see J. Mills Thornton III, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge, 1978).
8. On Jacksonian Democracy as proslavery and antiblack, see Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (New York, 1975);
9. Edward Pessen, Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics (Homewood, 1978);
10. Leonard L. Richards, "The Jacksonians and Slavery," in Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists, ed. Lewis Perry and Michael Fellman (Baton Rouge, 1979), 99-118;
11. John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, vol. I: Commerce and Compromise, 1820-1850 (New York, 1995);
12. David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War (New York, 1998);
13. and Anthony Gronowicz, Race and Class Politics in New York City before the Civil War (Boston, 1998).
14. For a balancing perspective and historiographic review, see Sean Wilentz, "Slavery, Antislavery, and Jacksonian Democracy," in The Market Revolution in America: Social, Political, and Religious Expressions, 1800-1880, ed. Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway (Charlottesville, 1996), 202-23.
15. George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters, ed. C. Vann Woodward (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 201;
16. Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth Century America (New York, 1990), 154;
17. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991), 170-74.
18. Contrast with Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York, 1970);
19. and Richard H. Sewell, Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837-1860 (New York, 1976).
20. Compare the accounts of David Wilmot in Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 450-53;
21. Frederick J. Blue, The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848-1854 (Urbana, 1973);
22. and Saxton, Rise and Fall of the White Republic, 154.
23. For a rehabilitation of Wilmot, see Jonathan Earle, The Undaunted Democracy (forthcoming).
24. For a sampling of perspectives on antislavery politics, see Alan M. Kraut, ed., Crusaders and Compromisers: Essays on the Relationship of the Antislavery Struggle to the Antebellum Party System (Westport, 1983).
25. On the debunking of abolitionism, see Perry and Fellman, eds., Antislavery Reconsidered, vii-xvi;
26. and James Brewer Stewart, "Assessing Abolitionism: 'So What's New?,'" Reviews in American History, 27 (Sept. 1999), 397-405.
27. Even William Lloyd Garrison is not immune. See Joanne Pope Melish, "The 'Condition' Debate and Racial Discourse in the Antebellum North," Journal of the Early Republic, 19 (Winter 1999), 658-59.
28. Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 149-85.
29. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, June 9, 1818 (frame 424, reel 2), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Walter B. Beebe to Thomas Ewing, April 10, 1834, Ewing Family Papers, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 149-85. ibid.
30. See Donald J. Ratcliffe, ed., "The Autobiography of Benjamin Tappan," Ohio History, 85 (Spring 1976), 109-57;
31. and Daniel Feller, "Benjamin Tappan: Democrat, Scientist, Iconoclast," in The Human Tradition in Antebellum America, ed. Michael A. Morrison (Wilmington, 2000), 213-28.
32. On the affiliations between science, education, and democracy as facets of a unified Enlightenment project, see Anthony F. C. Wallace, Rockdale: The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution (New York, 1978);
33. William Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 (Berkeley, 1975);
34. and John F. C. Harrison, Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America (New York, 1969).
35. Elijah Hayward to Benjamin Tappan, Jan. 12, 1841 (frame 136, reel 6), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress). On Tappan in Ohio politics, see Donald J. Ratcliffe, Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793-1821 (Columbus, 1998);
36. and Daniel Feller, "Benjamin Tappan: The Making of a Democrat," in The Pursuit of Public Power: Political Culture in Ohio, 1787-1861, ed. Jeffrey P. Brown and Andrew R. L. Cayton (Kent, 1994), 69-82.
37. Allan Nevins, ed., The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828-1851 (New York, 1927), 375;
38. Charles Hammond, c. Dec. 1838, quoted in B. F. Morris, The Life of Thomas Morris (Cincinnati, 1856), 195.
39. Barret v. Jarvis in Benjamin Tappan, Cases Decided in the Courts of Common Pleas in the Fifth Circuit of the State of Ohio (Cleveland, 1875), 244-47. Originally published in 1818-1819, this work, also known as Tappan's Reports, was the first volume of judicial reports west of the Appalachians.
40. Benjamin Tappan, Cases Decided in the Courts of Common Pleas in the Fifth Circuit of the State of Ohio (1875), 244-47. Ibid.
41. Steubenville Western Herald, July 8, 1820; John Sloane to Benjamin Tappan, May 4, 1820 (frame 610, reel 2), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress);
42. Benjamin O. Peers to Ralph R. Gurley, Oct. 13, 1826 (microfilm: reel 1), American Colonization Society Papers, Steubenville Western Herald, ibid.;
43. Steubenville Republican Ledger, Oct. 25, 1826.
44. Address Delivered by Benj. Tappan, Esq., on the Celebration of the Eighth of January, 1828, at Columbus, Ohio (n.p., n.d.) (frames 274-77, reel 10), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress).
45. On Ohio Jacksonianism in 1828, see Donald J. Ratcliffe, The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 1818-1828 (Columbus, 2000).
46. Micajah T. Williams to Benjamin Tappan, June 1, 1834, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Alfred Kelley to Benjamin Tappan, June 11, 1834, Alfred Kelley Papers, The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 1818-1828 ibid.; Thomas Morris to Benjamin Tappan, July 10, 1834 (frame 537, reel 4), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Joshua Giddings to Elisha Whittlesey, Dec. 26, 1838, Jan. 9, 1839, Elisha Whittlesey Papers (Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Oh.);
47. Whittlesey to Giddings, Jan. 1, 1839, The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 1818-1828 ibid.
48. Thomas J. Buchanan, John Brough, and David Tod to Benjamin Tappan, Dec. 7, 1838 (frame 324, reel 5), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Morris to Buchanan, Brough, and Tod, Dec. 11, 1838, in Morris, Life of Thomas Morris, 191-94.
49. Columbus Ohio Statesman, Dec. 21, 1838, Jan. 14, 1839;
50. Columbus Ohio State Journal, Dec. 21, 1838;
51. Morris, Life of Thomas Morris, 194-97.
52. Antislavery petitions (frames 6-13, reel 10), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Remarks of Mr. Tappan, of Ohio, on Abolition Petitions, Delivered in Senate, February 4, 1840 (n.p., n.d.) (frames 293-95),
53. Remarks of Mr. Tappan, of Ohio, on Abolition Petitions, Delivered in Senate, February 4, 1840 ibid.
54. Congressional Globe, 26 Cong., 1 sess., Feb. 4, 13, 1840, pp. 161, 187-92;
55. Pennsylvania Freeman, Feb. 13, 1840; Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, Feb. 7, 1840 (frame 478, reel 5), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress).
56. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Nov. 8, 1839, May 16, 1838, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
57. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, Feb. 13, Aug. 26, Oct. 26, 28, Nov. 14, 1839 (frames 365, 396, 411, 415, 418, reel 5), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress).
58. Many of Tappan's scientist and educator friends, especially at New Harmony, likewise linked Democratic politics with social and scientific progress. See Nathan Reingold, ed., Science in Nineteenth-Century America: A Documentary History (New York, 1964), 31-39, 51-57;
59. and Josephine Mirabella Elliott, ed., Partnership for Posterity: The Correspondence of William Maclure and Marie Duclos Fretageot, 1820-1833 (Indianapolis, 1994).
60. No better illustration of these views can be found than in Andrew Jackson's Bank Veto and Farewell Address; see James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (10 vols., Washington, 1896-1899), II, 576-91, III, 292-308.
61. See also Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise: America, 1815-1840 (Baltimore, 1995), 160-84.
62. For an interpretation of Democrats as traditionalist foes of a capitalist "market revolution," see Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (New York, 1991);
63. and Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York, 1990). My avoidance of the word "capitalism" here is deliberate, as it inevitably imports into the discussion images of a modern corporatism that no one in Jacksonian America foresaw.
64. On the Democrats' reconciliation of equality and laissezfaire, see James L. Huston, Securing the Fruits of Labor: The American Concept of Wealth Distribution (Baton Rouge, 1998).
65. On the transatlantic connections and influences of Jacksonian Democracy, see Frank Thistlethwaite, The Anglo-American Connection in the Early Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia, 1959);
66. David Paul Crook, American Democracy in English Politics, 1815-1850 (Oxford, 1965);
67. and Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel, ed. Daniel Feller (Armonk, 2000).
68. On parallels between Democratic and abolitionist antiaristocracy, see Paul Goodman, Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality (Berkeley, 1998), 139-60;
69. and James L. Huston, "Abolitionists, Political Economists, and Capitalism," Journal of the Early Republic, 20 (Fall 2000), 487-521.
70. Benjamin Tappan, oration, July 4, 1801 (frames 77-84, reel 1), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Proceedings of the Democratic State Convention, Held in Columbus on the Eighth of January, 1836; With an Address to the People of Ohio (Columbus, 1836) (frames 287-88, reel 10),
71. Proceedings of the Democratic State Convention, Held in Columbus on the Eighth of January, 1836; With an Address to the People of Ohio (1836) ibid.
72. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Nov. 8, 1839, Aug. 11, 1842, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
73. Martin Van Buren, Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States (New York, 1867), 365-66.
74. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Jan. 4, Nov. 21, 1839, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
75. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, Aug. 21, 1830, Nov. 18, 1833, Oct. 4, 1834 (frames 62, 343, 574, reel 4), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Benjamin Tappan quoted in Steubenville Western Herald, March 7, 1832.
76. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, May 1, 1835 (frame 621, reel 4), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Aug. 14, 1836, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
77. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Aug. 14, Sept. 3, 1836, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
78. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Sept. 3, 1836, ibid.
79. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, May 1, 1835, Jan. 29, 1839 (frame 621, reel 4, frame 359, reel 5), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Feb. 3, 1839, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Lewis Tappan to Henry Clay, May 1, June 5, 1838, in The Papers of Henry Clay, ed. James F. Hopkins et al. (11 vols., Lexington, Ky., 1959-1992), IX, 181-82, 199-200. Clay politely turned Lewis down.
80. Remarks of Mr. Tappan . . . an Abolition Petitions; Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Jan. 4, 1839, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
81. Robert Hanna to Benjamin Tappan, Jan. 11, Feb. 13, 1840 (frames 2-4, reel 10), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Benjamin Tappan Senate Journal, Dec. 29, 1839, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Benjamin Tappan to Edwin Stanton, Jan. 4, 1840, Remarks of Mr. Tappan . . . an Abolition Petitions; ibid.;
82. John C. Calhoun to Andrew Pickens Calhoun, Feb. 14, 1840, in The Papers of John C. Calhoun, ed. Robert L. Meriwether et al. (25 vols., Columbia, S.C., 1959-), XV, 105.
83. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, April 24, 1840 (frame 830, reel 2), Lewis Tappan Papers; Lewis Tappan to Roger S. Baldwin, April 27, 1840, box 21, Baldwin Family Papers (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.); Benjamin Tappan Senate Journal, April 25, 1840, Jan. 24, 1841, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Oct. 24, 1840, The Papers of John C. Calhoun, ibid.
84. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, Feb. 13, Oct. 8, 1839 (frames 365, 405, reel 5), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, June 25, 1840 (frame 928, reel 2), Lewis Tappan Papers; Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, June 30, 1840, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Lewis Tappan to Patrick H. Reason, July 11, 1840 (frame 944, reel 2), Lewis Tappan Papers; "Political Portraits, With Pen and Pencil, No. XIX: Benjamin Tappan, Senator from Ohio," United States Magazine and Democratic Review, 7 (June 1840), 540-62;
85. "Political Portraits, With Pen and Pencil, No. XIX: Benjamin Tappan, Senator from Ohio," United States Magazine and Democratic Review, ibid., 8 (July 1840), 42-51; receipt from M. M. Clark, Aug. 2, 1839 (frame 339, reel 11), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress).
86. Benjamin Tappan to Eli Todd Tappan, Oct. 14, 1840, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
87. Landmarks of this literature include Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (Chapel Hill, 1966);
88. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (Berkeley, 1969);
89. and Joel H. Silbey, The American Political Nation, 1838-1893 (Stanford, 1991).
90. Proceedings of the Democratic State Convention, Held in Columbus. . . 1836.
91. Andrew Jackson to Martin Van Buren, Nov. 24, 1840, in Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, ed. John Spencer Bassett (7 vols., Washington, 1926-1935), VI, 83-84;
92. Benjamin Tappan Senate Journal, Dec. 6, 11, 1840, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); postelection correspondence, Nov. 1840 (microfilm: reel 24), Martin Van Buren Papers (Library of Congress). Martin Van Buren's autobiography, written in 1854, blamed defeat on passions and delusions, while absolving "the People" of guilt.
93. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., Autobiography of Martin Van Buren (Washington, 1920), 8. Van Buren's retrospective writings breathe a partisan fervor strikingly at odds with the prevailing picture of him as the quintessential business politician.
94. Historians have allowed Van Buren's imperturbable temperament to obscure his ideological stridency. See Autobiography of Martin Van Buren (1920) 8 ibid.;
95. and Van Buren, Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States.
96. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Jan. 31, 1841, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
97. Schlesinger, Age of Jackson, 392; Elijah Hayward to Benjamin Tappan, Jan. 12, 1841 (frame 136, reel 6), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Silas Wright to Benjamin F. Butler, May 15, 1844, Silas Wright Papers (New York Public Library, New York, N.Y.); Benjamin Tappan to William H. Boyce et al., Dec. 22, 1842 (frames 106-7, reel 7), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress).
98. Letter to John A. Dix, March 14, 1845, in Memoirs of John Adams Dix, ed. Morgan Dix (2 vols., New York, 1883), I, 229.
99. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, May 5, 1844, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
100. Richardson, ed., Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, IV, 307-13;
101. Calhoun to Richard Pakenham, April 18, 1844, in Papers of John C. Calhoun, ed. Meriwether et al., XVIH, 273-78.
102. Wright to Butler, May 17, 1844, Wright Papers; Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, April 22, 1844, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
103. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, April 24, 1844 (frame 560, reel 3), Lewis Tappan Papers; Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, April 27, 1844 (frame 25, reel 8), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress); Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (16 vols., Washington, 1887), VI, 264, 268-74;
104. Congressional Globe, 28 Cong., 1 sess., May 24, 1844, p. 659.
105. "Letter of the Democratic members of Congress to the Democracy of Ohio," Niles' National Register, May 11, 1844, p. 162.
106. For the convention story, see James C. N. Paul, Rift in the Democracy (Philadelphia, 1951);
107. and Charles Sellers, James K. Polk: Continentalist, 1843-1846 (Princeton, 1966).
108. Marcus Morton to Benjamin Tappan, Jan. 6, 1845 (frame 247, reel 8), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress).
109. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Sept. 17, Dec. 22, 1844, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
110. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Jan. 18, March 10, 1845, ibid.
111. Francis Blair to Benjamin Tappan and Benjamin Tappan to editor, New York Evening Post, July 28, 1848;
112. Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years' View (2 vols., New York, 1856), II, 632-38.
113. Benton claimed that at least five senators, any one of whom could have killed the resolution by voting nay, were "cheated" into supporting it by Polk's false promise. Polk denied making any promise. See James K. Polk's correspondence with George Bancroft, Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, 43 (Nov. 1909), 110-21;
114. and Milo Milton Quaife, ed., The Diary of James K. Polk (4 vols., Chicago, 1910), IV, 38-47.
115. Benjamin Tappan to William Medill, July 18, 1845, William Medill Papers (Library of Congress); Morton to Benjamin Tappan, April 21, 1846, Marcus Morton Letterbooks (Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston). For Democratic infighting in Ohio, see Stephen E. Maizlish, The Triumph of Sectionalism: The Transformation of Ohio Politics, 1844-1856 (Kent, 1983);
116. for its presence in New York, see Polk's preinaugural correspondence with Van Buren and others in Herbert Weaver et al., eds., Correspondence of James K. Polk (9 vols., Knoxville, 1969-), IX, 19-165.
117. On the Texas and patronage controversies, see Sellers, James K. Polk.
118. Matthias Martin to William Allen, Jan. 6, 1846, William Allen Papers (Library of Congress); draft editorials in Benjamin Tappan's hand, [c. 1847], Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society). On the conflict of hards and softs in Ohio, see James Roger Sharp, The Jacksonians versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837 (New York, 1970).
119. On the Wilmot Proviso, the Free-Soil party, and the 1848 campaign, see Chaplain W. Morrison, Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy (Chapel Hill, 1967);
120. Maizlish, Triumph of Sectionalism;
121. Blue, Free Soilers;
122. Eric Foner, "The Wilmot Proviso Revisited," Journal of American History, 56 (Sept. 1969), 262-79;
123. John Mayfield, Rehearsal for Republicanism: Free Soil and the Politics of Antislavery (Port Washington, 1980);
124. and especially Joseph G. Rayback, Free Soil: The Election of 1848 (Lexington, Ky., 1970).
125. Walter F. Stone to Thomas Bolton, June 5, 1848, Thomas Bolton Papers (Western Reserve Historical Society).
126. Jacob Brinkerhoff to Salmon P. Chase, Nov. 22, 1847, in The Salmon P. Chase Papers, ed. John Niven (microfilm, 43 reels, University Publications of America, 1987), frame 676, reel 6; Morton to F. A. Hildreth, May 11, Aug. 18, 1849, Morton Letterbooks.
127. Rufus P. Spalding to Chase, Feb. 16, 1850, in Chase Papers, ed. Niven, frame 463, reel 8.
128. Benjamin Tappan to Chase, April 7, 1848, Chase Papers, ibid., frame 799, reel 6; Benjamin Tappan to Eli Todd Tappan, Aug. 15, 27, 1848, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
129. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Sept. 8, 1848, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Benjamin Tappan to Chase, May 16, 1850, in Chase Papers, ed. Niven, frame 734, reel 8.
130. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (1842); Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Feb. 3, 1851, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Benjamin Tappan to Samuel Fessenden et al., c. Jan. 10, 1851, Chase Papers, ibid.
131. Benjamin Tappan to Charles Wilkes, Jan. 15, 1851, Wilkes Family Papers (Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C.); Benjamin Tappan to William Allen, Oct. 23, 1854, in Northampton Hampshire Gazette, Jan. 23, 1855.
132. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Aug. 8, 1851, Nov. 13, 1853, Feb. 3, 1851, Jan. 1, 1855, Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
133. Lewis Tappan to Benjamin Tappan, July 25, 1850 (frame 225, reel 9), Benjamin Tappan Papers (Library of Congress).
134. Joshua Giddings to Flavel Sutliff, Nov. 25, 1838 (microfilm: reel 2), Joshua Giddings Papers (Ohio Historical Society); Joshua Giddings Diary, Nov. 27, 1838 (reel 6), ibid.; Whittlesey to Giddings, Jan. 1, 1839, Whittlesey Papers.
135. Benjamin Tappan to Lewis Tappan, Sept. 19, 1856 [misfiled at 1846], Benjamin Tappan Papers (Ohio Historical Society).
136. Ibid.
137. Lewis Tappan Journal, Nov. 4, 1856 (frame 345, reel 2), Lewis Tappan Papers.